掌握摄影三要素精确拿捏艺术尺度

掌握摄影三要素精确拿捏艺术尺度 掌握摄影三要素精确拿捏艺术尺度 很多朋友(摄影爱好者)第一次接触摄影三要素的概念，可能都是从《纽约摄影学院教程》中习得。我也不例外。因为很难找到比这更为准确更为简练，和更为好用的法则系统，所以我决定借用一下美国人的这套理论，不过遵照小学语文老师的要求——尽量用自己的话来说。(事实上我是过分地做到了) 摄影三要素为“主题、主体和减法”，三者的关系可以用一句话来概括:运用减法手段，让主体最佳地为主题服务，我们不妨称之为“摄影公式”。摄影三要素可以作为我们判定一张照片的美学高度和艺术价值的尺度工具，也可以作为我们如何创造精益求精的影像作品的指南，方法就是用上面的“摄影公式”进行检验:最佳的主体是否在最佳的减法手段的应用下，最佳地为主题服务了, 主题 主题的作用多说都是废话，反正没有艺术作品是可以不需要一个主题的，(小学生写记叙文也要中心思想)一张照片也一样。如果一张照片的主题非常鲜明，而且与主流的价值观紧紧相扣，一下子就撼动人心，那么它毋庸置疑是一张成功的照片，从艺术的角度评判，直接称之为“美”也未尝不可。这种美叫做“主题美”。主题赤裸，直指人心的照片，是“典型主题美”照片，这类照片的鉴赏较为有迹可循，甚至不需要用到摄影公式做检验，譬如说卡帕的《诺曼底登陆》(一般情况下那甚至算不上是照片，但在那个特定的环境下，能按下快门显影成像已经足够伟大)。不过显然并非所有的摄影作品都是“典型主题美”照片，所以我们的公式不至于被置之高阁。 更多的照片，其“主题”要么是“广义概念”的，要么是模糊隐晦的，要么是“非绝对不可替代性”的，(这里删除了第一稿中大篇幅关于主题概念的讨论，因过分发散了，这部分的讨论连同上述几个提法的定义，我们将在第二章《冷暖纪实——主题美和形式美》中再展开)在这个时候，“主题”的高低可能并不能直接决定一张照片艺术价值的高低，而更多地需要看这张照片的主题是否通过某种形式被正确地表达出来。即是说，鉴赏一张照片的艺术价值，一是看其主题本身，而更重要的是看该主题的展现过程和展现结果，匹配“公式”的话，就是“主题”是否得到了“最佳服务”。此时，我们的检验公式将派上用场。 lujianhua (South area ahead Office Director and to war victory)]. County Government operates 3 Civil Affairs, finance, education and Finance Committee, with espionage, sabotage, standing and political team. Soon, the tomb of the Wujiang District Committee of the Kuomintang relocated to the countryside village. Pre-war, strict tomb for seventh district, its regional range for this Taoyuan town and town of Nan Ma Street, and Tan Qiu street of rotten Brook Tang West of area, in Wujiang South border, and Zhejiang Province Tongxiang County, and Wuxing County adjacent, ancient for two province (River, and Zhejiang) three House (Suzhou, and huzhou, and jiaxing) seven County (wuxing, and return Ann, and Tongxiang, and jiaxing, and show water, and Wujiang, and earthquake Ze) of make, is located in remote, territory size Lake swing dotted, river port criss-cross, easy hidden combat, and no Highway, traffic inconvenience. Therefore, this has become the refuge of many, where Wujiang gentleman most of the refuge is not the fall of four townships, at this time of grave, there has been a monstrous prosperity, Nanxun town, even the neighboring Zhejiang Province, there are also some merchants to Yan Tao DUN Cun opened shop. Cang during the depression as a regional political center and military base in the area. In May 1938, Chairman Mao Zedong in the guerrilla war in the strategic issues of: "North zone, South of the Lake of hongze Lake area branching stream of all enemy-occupied areas and along the coastal areas, should be well organized guerrilla and in rivers, lakes and estuaries and build lasting base nearby, as one aspect of the development of the national guerrilla". 主体 主体说直白了就是照片中的具体内容，其对应的是现实中的被摄对象。主体是主题表达的物理载体，主题通过主体在照片上的物理排布外具象化。 有些理论(包括《纽摄》)另立一个“陪体”的概念，以和“主体”区分开来。这种区分的意思大致和电影的主角配角一样:主体是表达主题最重要最有力的载体，在一张照片中充当核心角色正面角色;陪体是辅助性的，具有一定的衬托和渲染意义，有时候作为主体的对比面或强化面，作用比较大，但有的时候则无关痛痒可有可无(犹如花瓶)，另有时候反而对主题的表达带有干扰性和危害性，需要剔除和处理。(由于摄影高度依附于现实景象的非纯粹创作特点，一些多余甚至有害的景象元素有时很难完全屏蔽，形成“无法修正的艺术瑕疵”，这也是摄影和其他艺术体例的差异之一。) 在我们的讨论里，主体指的是一张照片中的全部内容(元素)，相对独立的各元素单元即不同的主体，其“主”字并无“主次”之意。(这和民法里面的主体概念类同，譬如说每一个独立法人是一个特定主体)，为什么不考虑将照片元素划分为“主体”和“陪体”，是因为很多时候，并不容易对一张照片上不同元素单元就其对“主题”作用的次重程度进行强制性的划分，尤其是一些结构复杂的艺术照片和环境要素极其重要的纪实照片。事实上如果一张照片是“无瑕疵”照片，那么它上面每一个元素单元都应对主题的表达有积极贡献，缺一不可，硬要让它们分出高下来一容易牵强，二来没有意义。 在《纽摄》里，对摄影三要素中“主体”的要求是“一张好照片必须有一个能直接有效地吸引观片者注意力的主体”，故此“主体”和“陪体”的区分是必须的。(其实这种定义存在较大的局限性，在很多传世佳作上也难以完全适用，这在后面章节我们再讨论，是关于局部兴奋点和整体视觉平衡的问题)这里我的观点略有出入，我认为多个主体在一张照片上独特的，符合美学原则，并且有利于展现主题的“排布状态”，才是形成一张好照片的条件。正因为我所强调的是主体(元素)之间的“分布和组合”关系，因此区分“主体”和“陪体”就变得无关痛痒了。(从多元的美学构图法则来看，“重要的”不一定要居中，“次要”的不一定占比小，而关键在于整体的和谐性和特定主题的表达，所以划分元素间的次重性，意义不大。) lujianhua (South area ahead Office Director and to war victory)]. County Government operates 3 Civil Affairs, finance, education and Finance Committee, with espionage, sabotage, standing and political team. Soon, the tomb of the Wujiang District Committee of the Kuomintang relocated to the countryside village. Pre-war, strict tomb for seventh district, its regional range for this Taoyuan town and town of Nan Ma Street, and Tan Qiu street of rotten Brook Tang West of area, in Wujiang South border, and Zhejiang Province Tongxiang County, and Wuxing County adjacent, ancient for two province (River, and Zhejiang) three House (Suzhou, and huzhou, and jiaxing) seven County (wuxing, and return Ann, and Tongxiang, and jiaxing, and show water, and Wujiang, and earthquake Ze) of make, is located in remote, territory size Lake swing dotted, river port criss-cross, easy hidden combat, and no Highway, traffic inconvenience. Therefore, this has become the refuge of many, where Wujiang gentleman most of the refuge is not the fall of four townships, at this time of grave, there has been a monstrous prosperity, Nanxun town, even the neighboring Zhejiang Province, there are also some merchants to Yan Tao DUN Cun opened shop. Cang during the depression as a regional political center and military base in the area. In May 1938, Chairman Mao Zedong in the guerrilla war in the strategic issues of: "North zone, South of the Lake of hongze Lake area branching stream of all enemy-occupied areas and along the coastal areas, should be well organized guerrilla and in rivers, lakes and estuaries and build lasting base nearby, as one aspect of the development of the national guerrilla". 事实上不同的主体(元素)之于一张照片，只有有益于主题表达和无益于主题表达两种类型，前者的地位可以无需分高低，后者则本应殚精竭虑地将之剔除在照片之外(前期和后期等各种手段)，而无“将其视作照片主体”之说。所以，对于“主体”的检验，我们面对一张照片(别人的或者你自己拍的)时可以问两个问题:1.照片上每一主体(元素单元)，是否都与“主题”有关且有益于“主题”的表达，有无多余不雅之物;2.照片各主体间搭配的整体画面效果，是否和谐而富有美感。 另一个层面是，如前面提到的，由于对现实景象的高度依赖，摄影艺术很难实现“无瑕疵”。现实景象具有客观的不可分割性，很多时候你为了拍摄到一个主体，则不得不让另外一个主体进入镜头:前者可能是你心仪的，后者则可能对主题的表达无益无关甚至有害。除却蒙太奇等剪裁拼接的处理桥段，要拍摄到一张仅有对主题表达有益的主体而无其他旁节的照片，难度是很大的。如何让你的照片的主体(内容)变得更加“纯粹”，配搭组合更趋完美，这时候就需要“减法”的指导思想。 减法 “减法”作为摄影三要素之一，和前述的“主题”和“主体”有所不同:它并非一种独立要素，而是一种理念和技法，是一种摄影方法论，包括“减法原则”和“减法技术”。 前面我们下过定义，摄影是关于选择的艺术，而“减法”在“选择理论”里最为核心。从技术层面说，“选择理论”有两个大方面，第一是在“要还是不要”之间选择(摄影第一选择:主体弃留选择)，第二是在“这样还是那样”之间选择(摄影第二选择:主体属性选择)，减法原则主要在第一选择上起基础指导作用(第二选择主要由“对比原则“指导。“选择”、“减法”和“对比”是Raison最核心的几大摄影观点)。减法的重要性，再怎么强调都不为过，甚至可以说摄影的本质就是减法:现实景象是客观存在的，其属性为“有而全”，故以现实景象为载体的摄影的艺术创造形式在于“减”(而非无中生有的“增”)。一张摄影照片的独特魅力在于，虽然它反映的无非是人肉眼所见的客观景象，但是运用特定的镜头和角度，将某一现实景象进行提炼和框定，并在底片上将之呈现为二维的画像，这时候，现实景象被“删减”得只剩下一个奇特的“局部造型”，迫使观赏者依从摄影师的独特视角，将全部的注意力和兴趣点集中在现实景象(人、物、事件、场面)这一“局部造型”之上，使人骤然发现到平日呼吸般普通的一般景象中(的某个局部)竟然蕴含惊人的美lujianhua (South area ahead Office Director and to war victory)]. County Government operates 3 Civil Affairs, finance, education and Finance Committee, with espionage, sabotage, standing and political team. Soon, the tomb of the Wujiang District Committee of the Kuomintang relocated to the countryside village. Pre-war, strict tomb for seventh district, its regional range for this Taoyuan town and town of Nan Ma Street, and Tan Qiu street of rotten Brook Tang West of area, in Wujiang South border, and Zhejiang Province Tongxiang County, and Wuxing County adjacent, ancient for two province (River, and Zhejiang) three House (Suzhou, and huzhou, and jiaxing) seven County (wuxing, and return Ann, and Tongxiang, and jiaxing, and show water, and Wujiang, and earthquake Ze) of make, is located in remote, territory size Lake swing dotted, river port criss-cross, easy hidden combat, and no Highway, traffic inconvenience. Therefore, this has become the refuge of many, where Wujiang gentleman most of the refuge is not the fall of four townships, at this time of grave, there has been a monstrous prosperity, Nanxun town, even the neighboring Zhejiang Province, there are also some merchants to Yan Tao DUN Cun opened shop. Cang during the depression as a regional political center and military base in the area. In May 1938, Chairman Mao Zedong in the guerrilla war in the strategic issues of: "North zone, South of the Lake of hongze Lake area branching stream of all enemy-occupied areas and along the coastal areas, should be well organized guerrilla and in rivers, lakes and estuaries and build lasting base nearby, as one aspect of the development of the national guerrilla". 态～这种高于常规眼光所见的奇妙景象，能给人以超越现实感受的感叹和联想，启迪人的心灵，这就是减法的神奇作用。 减法原则的不完全定义是通过摄影技术手段，减除掉一切对主题表达无益的主体(即使之不呈现在照片之上)，以实现照片的全部(或尽量多)主体，最优服务于主题的纯粹性。需要注意的是，减法原则并不意味着简单。有些摄影理论(包括纽摄)认为，减法原则要求照片尽量简洁，画面充分简化。这和我的理解有若干出入。一如中国画既有简练至极的写意画，也有纹理丰满的工笔画，简洁无疑是一种重要美学表达法，但不是全部。一张耐看的好照片不应该是空洞无物的，有时为了阐明丰富的故事情节或隐喻主旨，画面上“主体”的“众多”是必须的，片面追求画面简化是一刀切的做法。而在主体间搭配组合的形式上，也不见得非得讲究“简洁”不可，譬如目前欧美流行的时尚摄影，就以元素复杂和结构华丽著称。事实上，减法原则应只体现一种目的，就是减去“无益”之物，而不代表某一固定的美学形式，如“简洁”。 接下来，我们谈一下减法技术(这是我们首次谈到技术问题)。减法技术是减法原则的一个引申概念，即减法原则的实现手段。有些朋友认为，减法技术就是“选景”，即不让那些“无益”主体入镜，这种理解较为机械和片面。事实上，减法技术是多元的，而且贯穿摄影前后期的全程。 从狭义上说，减法技术即“主体摒弃”技术，其目标是使无益主体完全不呈现在照片上，这主要通过前期“选景”实现，辅助手段也包括利用软件和暗房技术在后期将无益主体“处理掉”，譬如用橡皮工具把电线杆“擦去”。而从广义上说，减法技术除了“主体摒弃”以外，还包括“主体改造”。“主体改造”不要求将无益主体完全摒弃，而是通过技术手段“修改”其“一般属性”(现实景象属性)，目标是降低其对主题表达的干扰性，或者将其改造成为“有益主体”。 举个简单例子，我们平时常挂在嘴边的“背景虚化”就是典型的“主体改造”减法技术:大多时候，杂乱的背景对我们的糖水照主题(突显模特儿的青春靓丽,)是无益的，可惜我们很难不让一丁点背景进入镜头(绝对纯净的现实背景也不多见，除非在影棚里)，后期用图章橡皮把背景抹成白板也非常idior。此时我们最常用的技法，莫过于凭借全画幅大光圈长焦段，将背景虚化成奶油般的色块，使美人儿和龌龊的人行道垃圾桶实现有效分离。在这里，我们通过改造“背lujianhua (South area ahead Office Director and to war victory)]. County Government operates 3 Civil Affairs, finance, education and Finance Committee, with espionage, sabotage, standing and political team. Soon, the tomb of the Wujiang District Committee of the Kuomintang relocated to the countryside village. Pre-war, strict tomb for seventh district, its regional range for this Taoyuan town and town of Nan Ma Street, and Tan Qiu street of rotten Brook Tang West of area, in Wujiang South border, and Zhejiang Province Tongxiang County, and Wuxing County adjacent, ancient for two province (River, and Zhejiang) three House (Suzhou, and huzhou, and jiaxing) seven County (wuxing, and return Ann, and Tongxiang, and jiaxing, and show water, and Wujiang, and earthquake Ze) of make, is located in remote, territory size Lake swing dotted, river port criss-cross, easy hidden combat, and no Highway, traffic inconvenience. Therefore, this has become the refuge of many, where Wujiang gentleman most of the refuge is not the fall of four townships, at this time of grave, there has been a monstrous prosperity, Nanxun town, even the neighboring Zhejiang Province, there are also some merchants to Yan Tao DUN Cun opened shop. Cang during the depression as a regional political center and military base in the area. In May 1938, Chairman Mao Zedong in the guerrilla war in the strategic issues of: "North zone, South of the Lake of hongze Lake area branching stream of all enemy-occupied areas and along the coastal areas, should be well organized guerrilla and in rivers, lakes and estuaries and build lasting base nearby, as one aspect of the development of the national guerrilla". 景”这一主体的“一般属性”(使之虚化简化)，使之从无益主题的杂乱事物，变成了既能烘托气氛突显美女，又能交代环境元素增强现实感的“有益主体”，从而提高了主体服务主题的纯粹性，体现了摄影的减法原则。(这就是为什么大尺寸传感器的单反相机要比小数码相机更容易在人像摄影上拍出艺术味道的原因。) “背景虚化”是一种典型的减法，有利于主题表达。要注意我们此时并没有把“背景”完全摒弃在照片之外，而是通过改变其“一般属性”(清晰度)，将其由“无益”变成“有益”。 这是广义减法技术的其中一种应用。由此我们可以看到，从减掉“无益”主体的目标上说，很多时候我们并不一定非要把该主体排除在照片框框之外(由于现实景象的不可分割性，这不一定总能做到)——事实上哪怕它仍在在照片之中，只要令它的某些属性改变(如“可视度”的大幅度降低)，也可以达到类似的效果。 lujianhua (South area ahead Office Director and to war victory)]. County Government operates 3 Civil Affairs, finance, education and Finance Committee, with espionage, sabotage, standing and political team. Soon, the tomb of the Wujiang District Committee of the Kuomintang relocated to the countryside village. Pre-war, strict tomb for seventh district, its regional range for this Taoyuan town and town of Nan Ma Street, and Tan Qiu street of rotten Brook Tang West of area, in Wujiang South border, and Zhejiang Province Tongxiang County, and Wuxing County adjacent, ancient for two province (River, and Zhejiang) three House (Suzhou, and huzhou, and jiaxing) seven County (wuxing, and return Ann, and Tongxiang, and jiaxing, and show water, and Wujiang, and earthquake Ze) of make, is located in remote, territory size Lake swing dotted, river port criss-cross, easy hidden combat, and no Highway, traffic inconvenience. Therefore, this has become the refuge of many, where Wujiang gentleman most of the refuge is not the fall of four townships, at this time of grave, there has been a monstrous prosperity, Nanxun town, even the neighboring Zhejiang Province, there are also some merchants to Yan Tao DUN Cun opened shop. Cang during the depression as a regional political center and military base in the area. In May 1938, Chairman Mao Zedong in the guerrilla war in the strategic issues of: "North zone, South of the Lake of hongze Lake area branching stream of all enemy-occupied areas and along the coastal areas, should be well organized guerrilla and in rivers, lakes and estuaries and build lasting base nearby, as one aspect of the development of the national guerrilla". 在下面的表格中，我们汇总了一些减法技术，供大家参考: lujianhua (South area ahead Office Director and to war victory)]. County Government operates 3 Civil Affairs, finance, education and Finance Committee, with espionage, sabotage, standing and political team. Soon, the tomb of the Wujiang District Committee of the Kuomintang relocated to the countryside village. Pre-war, strict tomb for seventh district, its regional range for this Taoyuan town and town of Nan Ma Street, and Tan Qiu street of rotten Brook Tang West of area, in Wujiang South border, and Zhejiang Province Tongxiang County, and Wuxing County adjacent, ancient for two province (River, and Zhejiang) three House (Suzhou, and huzhou, and jiaxing) seven County (wuxing, and return Ann, and Tongxiang, and jiaxing, and show water, and Wujiang, and earthquake Ze) of make, is located in remote, territory size Lake swing dotted, river port criss-cross, easy hidden combat, and no Highway, traffic inconvenience. Therefore, this has become the refuge of many, where Wujiang gentleman most of the refuge is not the fall of four townships, at this time of grave, there has been a monstrous prosperity, Nanxun town, even the neighboring Zhejiang Province, there are also some merchants to Yan Tao DUN Cun opened shop. Cang during the depression as a regional political center and military base in the area. In May 1938, Chairman Mao Zedong in the guerrilla war in the strategic issues of: "North zone, South of the Lake of hongze Lake area branching stream of all enemy-occupied areas and along the coastal areas, should be well organized guerrilla and in rivers, lakes and estuaries and build lasting base nearby, as one aspect of the development of the national guerrilla".