高考定语从句知识讲解

定语从句 一. 复合句定义 复合句又称主从复合句，有一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。 主句为句子的主体，从句不能独立，只用作句子的一个成分，如主语，语，宾语，介词宾语，定语，同位语，状语等。从句担任的是哪个句子成分，这个从句就叫做该成分的从句。如主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句等。 二. 定语从句定义 在句子中起到定语的作用，修饰句中的名词或代词的从句称为定语从句。 被修饰的名词或代词被称为先行词。定语从句一般位于先行词的后面。 定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引导。当关系代词作定语从句的主语时，其后的谓语动词的人称和数取决于先行词的人称和数。 关系代(副)词是定语从句的连接枢纽，在定语从句中起了三层作用：①引导定语从句，②替代先行词，③在从句中作成分。关系代词代替先行词在从句中作主语、宾语等；关系副词代替先行词在定语从句中作状语。关系词代替先行词在定语从句中作什么成分是判断该用关系代词还是关系副词的依据。因此把先行词正确还原到定语从句中是做定语从句很重要的一个技巧。 三. 关系代词引导的定语从句 先行词是人或事物的名词或代词；并在句中作主语，宾语，表语，定语。 关系代词 意义 who 指人，在从句中作主语或宾语 whom 指人，在从句中作宾语，常可以省略 whose 通常指人，也可以指物，在从句中作定语 which 指物，在从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可以省略 that 通常指事物，也可指人，在从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略     eg. The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman. 和我父亲握手的那个人是警察。 eg. That is the man who teaches us English. 那位就是叫我们英语的老师。 eg. Those who wish to go to the museum must be at the gate by 7:00 a.m. 想去博物馆的人必须早上七点到大门口集合。 eg. Mr. Smith (whom) you met yesterday is a friend of mine. 你昨天遇见的那位史密斯先生是我的一位朋友。 eg. The singer (whom) you wish to see has come. 你想见的那位歌手已经来了。 eg. This is the basketball player whose name is known all over the country. 这就是那位闻名全国的篮球手。 eg. Nobody wants the house whose roof has fallen in. 没人愿意要这个屋顶已经倒塌的房子。 eg. Guilin is a city which has a history of 2000 years. 桂林是座具有2000年历史的城市。 eg. A dictionary is a book which gives the meaning of the words. 字典是解释词语的书。 eg. The young lady was very happy to get back the gold ring(which) she had lost on the train.  那位年轻的女式领回了丢在火车上的金戒指，非常高兴。 eg. There are some films (that) I’d like to see. 有几部电影我很想去看。 eg. She is the only one among us that know French.  她是我们当中唯一懂法语的人。 五. 关系代词that与which的区别 1. 只用which不用that的情况 which可引导非限制性定语从句，that则不能。 eg. He had failed in the maths exam, which made his father very angry. 他考试没及格，这是他父亲很生气。 which之前可以有介词，that之前不能有介词。 eg. This is the house in which Lu Xun used to live. 这是鲁迅过去居住的房子。 2. that和which都指物时，在以下四种情况下用that而不能用which。 【观察】 1. Is there anything（that） I can do for you in town? 2. All the books that have selected are useful ones. 3. The first thing（that） we should do is to work out the plan. 4. The last place that we visited in the countryside was a farm. 5. This is one of the most exciting table tennis games that I have ever seen. 6. This is the just thing (that)I need. 7. They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school. 【归纳】 当先行词是everything，something，anything，all，much，little，few等不定代词时 eg. That is all that I want to say. 那就是我想要说的。 eg. There is nothing that can prevent him from doing it. 没什么能阻止他做那件事。 eg. There was little that I could do for you. 我不能为你做什么。 先行词被序数词修饰时 eg. The first place that they visited Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill. 在桂林他们参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。 先行词被形容词最高级修饰时 eg. This is the best film that I have ever seen. 这部电影是我看过的最好的一部。 先行词被the very， the only， the just等修饰时 eg. This is the very dictionary (that ) I want to buy. 这正是我要买的字典。 eg. Mr. Smith is the only foreigner (that) he knows. 史密斯先生是他认识的唯一一位外国人。 如果出现两个或两个以上的先行词，并同时兼指人和物时，关系代词用that。 eg. They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school. 他们谈论着记忆中学校里的人和事。 eg. Look at the man and his donkey that are walking up the street. 你看正在街上走的的那个人和那头驴子。 当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时。如： eg. Who is the man that is standing in front of the crowd? 站在窗户那边的人是谁？ eg. Which is the room that Mr. Wang lives in? 王先生住的屋子是哪间？ 当先行词在句中作表语时。 eg. Mary is no longer the girl (that) she used to be. 玛丽已经不是以前的那个她了。 eg. China is no longer the country that it used to be. 中国不再是以前的老样子了。 六. 关系副词引导的定语从句 先行词是时间，地点，原因方面的名词，还原到从句中后在从句中作状语。 关系副词 意义 when 表示时间 其先行词往往是表示时间的词，如time，day， year，hour等 where 表示地点 其先行词往往是表示地点的名词，如place，room，house，street，area等 why 表示原因 常用在先行词reason后面     eg. October 1, 1949 was the day when the People’s Republic of China was founded. 1949年10月1日是中华人民共和国成立的日子。 eg. From the time when he was little, he had known what he wanted to be when he grew up.  从小时候起，他就已经知道长大后做什么。 eg. This is the place where I was born. 这就是我出生的地方。 eg. Is this the room where we were living last winter? 这就是我们去年冬天住过的地方吗？ eg. I don’t know the reason why she looks unhappy today. 我不知道为什么她今天看起来不高兴。 eg. The reason why he said that is quite clear. 他为什么那样说的理由是十分清楚的。