93年初中英语课本

93年初中英语课本 篇一:93年英语 93年部分考研真题 Text 1 Is language, like food, a basic human need without which a child at a critical period of life can be starved and damaged? Judging from the drastic experiment of Frederick II in the thirteenth century, it may be. Hoping to discover what language a child would speak if he heard no mother tongue, he told the nurses to keep silent. All the infants died before the first year. But clearly there was more than lack of language here. What was missing was good mothering. Without good mothering, in the first year of life especially, the capacity to survive is seriously affected. Today no such severe lack exists as that ordered by 1 Frederick. Nevertheless, some children are still backward in speaking. Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant, whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly. If these sensitive periods are neglected, the ideal time for acquiring skills passes and they might never be learned so easily again. A bird learns to sing and to fly rapidly at the right time, but the process is slow and hard once the critical stage has passed. Experts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age, but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ. At twelve weeks a baby smiles and makes vowel-like sounds; at twelve months he can speak simple words and understand simple commands; at eighteen months he has a vocabulary of three to fifty words. At 2 three he knows about 1,000 words which he can put into sentences, and at four his language differs from that of his parents in style rather than grammar. Recent evidence suggests that an infant is born with the capacity to speak. What is special about man’s brain, compared with that of the monkey, is the complex system which enables a child to connect the sight and feel of, say, a toy-bear with the sound pattern “toy-bear.” And even more incredible is the young brain’s ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyze, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways. But speech has to be induced, and this depends on interaction between the mother and the child, where the mother recognizes the signals in the child’s babbling (咿呀学语), grasping and smiling, and responds to them. Insensitivity of the mother 3 to these signals dulls the interaction because the child gets discouraged and sends out only the obvious signals. Sensitivity to the child’s non-verbal signals is essential to the growth and development of language. 31. The purpose of Frederick II’s experiment was ________. [A] to prove that children are born with the ability to speak [B] to discover what language a child would speak without hearing any human speech [C] to find out what role careful nursing would play in teaching a child to speak [D] to prove that a child could be damaged without learning a language 32. The reason some children are backward in speaking is most probably that________. [A] they are incapable of learning language rapidly [B] they are exposed to too much language at once [C] their mothers respond inadequately to their attempts to speak [D] their mothers are not intelligent enough to help them 4 33. What is exceptionally remarkable about a child is that ________. [A] he is born with the capacity to speak [B] he has a brain more complex than an animal’s [C] he can produce his own sentences [D] he owes his speech ability to good nursing 34. Which of the following can NOT be inferred from the passage? [A] The faculty of speech is inborn in man. [B] Encouragement is anything but essential to a child in language learning. [C] The child’s brain is highly selective. [D] Most children learn their language in definite stages. 35. If a child starts to speak later than others, he will in future ________. [A] have a high IQ [B] be less intelligent [C] be insensitive to verbal signals [D] not necessarily be backward 四、词汇注释 (1) starve(v.)使挨饿，使饿死;使因缺乏某物而困苦， 如:She’s lonely, and starving for companionship. 她很孤 5 独，渴望友谊。 (2) capacity(n.)容量，生产量;智能，才能，能力，接受力;地位，身份，资格 (3) backward(a./ad.)向后地(的)，相反地(的);落后的，迟钝的，如:This part of the country is still ~.这个国家的这个地区仍很落后。 (4) in a fixed sequence 以固定的顺序;sequence(n.)次序, 顺序, 按时间顺序排列的事物，(数学中的)序列 (5) constant(a.)恒定的，不变的;连续发生的，持续不断的，at a ~ age在一特定的年龄 (6) turn out to be 最后结果时是，最终成为，如:Things turned out to be exactly as the professor had foreseen.事情正如教授所预料的那样。 (7) enable (v.)使能够，如A rabbit’s large ears ~ it to hear the slightest sound.兔子的大耳朵使它能听到极微小的声音。 en-前缀意思是:使、使成为，使处于??状态，如:enlarge(v.)扩大，endanger(v.)使处于危险中 (8) induce(vt.)劝诱, 诱导，促使, 导致, 引起感应;inducement(n.)引诱物 (9) dull (a.)感觉或理解迟钝的, 无趣的, 呆滞的, 阴暗的;(v.)使迟钝, 使阴暗, 缓和 五、全文翻译 6 语言是否如同食物这种人们的基本需求一样，没有了它，在关键期的儿童会饿死和受到损害,从十三世纪弗雷德里克一世的极端实验来看，语言可能会是这样。弗雷德里克一世期望发现如果没有母语，儿童将说什么语言，他叫护士保持沉默。 所有的婴儿在第一年就夭折了。但是，显然这不仅仅是缺少语言的问题。(长难句?)真正缺乏的是良好的哺育。没有良好的哺育，尤其是在生命的第一年，人的生存能力会受到严重的影响。 当今不会再存在如同弗雷德里克那样欠缺的安排了。然而，一些儿童仍然在说话方面滞 后。通常是母亲对婴儿发出的信号不敏感，而婴儿的大脑已经对快速学习语言做好了安排。(长难句?)如果这些敏感的阶段被忽略的话，那么学习技能的最佳时间将被错过，同时人可能再也不会那么容易地学习这些技能了。小鸟在合适的时候能够很快地学会唱歌和飞翔，但一旦关键期错过了，那么学起来就会既慢又难。 专家指出人按照固定的顺序并在一定的年龄进入说话阶段，但也有开始说话晚，最后成为高智商者的例子。(长难句?)十二周的时候，婴儿会笑并且发出类似元音的声音;在十二个月的时候，他会说简单的单词并且听懂简单的指令;在十八个月的时候他有三到五十个词汇量。在三岁的时 7 候，他知道大约一千个能够用来造句的单词，到了四岁的时 候，他的语言在风格而不是语法方面与他父母的语言迥异。 最近的研究结果表明，婴儿生来就有说话的能力。与猴子 大脑相比，婴儿大脑之所以特殊在于其复杂的系统能使儿童 把对玩具熊这样具体事物的视觉及感觉与“玩具熊”这个词 语的声音模式连接起来。更让人难以置信的是这个小脑袋从 周围混杂的声音里挑选出语言的顺序，对其对进行分析，再 以新的方式对语言的各部分进行组合、再组合的能力。 但是说话需要引导，这依赖于儿童与母亲的交流，在此过 程中，母亲识别儿童咿呀学语，抓东西和微笑等的信号并对 这些信号做出反应。母亲对这些信号的不敏感性会削弱交 流，因为儿童受挫，同时他们仅仅会发出明显的信号。对儿 童非语言信号的敏感对语言的产生和发展是必要的。 Text 2 In general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic (官僚主义的) management in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, well-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and “human-relations” experts; yet all this 8 oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he does not wholeheartedly participate in his work and that he is bored with it. In fact, the blueand the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management. The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction or interest in life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings. Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is 9 not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the tight mixture of submissiveness and independence. From that moment on they are tested again and again -- by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc. This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than one’s fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness. Am I suggesting that we should return to the preindustrial mode of production or to nineteenth-century “free enterprise” capitalism? Certainly not. Problems are never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in 10 which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities -- those of love and of reason -- are the aims of all social arrangements. Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end, and should be prevented from ruling man. 36. By “a well-oiled cog in the machinery” the author intends to render the idea that man is ________. [A] a necessary part of the society though each individual’ s function is negligible [B] working in complete harmony with the rest of the society [C] an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the society, though functioning smoothly [D] a humble component of the society, especially when working smoothly 37. The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is that ________. [A] they are likely to lose their jobs [B] they have no genuine satisfaction or interest in life 11 [C] they are faced with the fundamental realities of human existence [D] they are deprived of their individuality and independence 38. From the passage we can infer that real happiness of life belongs to those ________. [A] who are at the bottom of the society [B] who are higher up in their social status [C] who prove better than their fellow-competitors [D] who could keep far away from this competitive world 39. To solve the present social problems the author suggests that we should ________. [A] resort to the production mode of our ancestors [B] offer higher wages to the workers and employees [C] enable man to fully develop his potentialities [D] take the fundamental realities for granted 40. The author’s attitude towards industrialism might best be summarized as one of ________. [A] approval [B] dissatisfaction 12 [C] suspicion [D] tolerance 四、词汇注释 (1)well-ventilated (a.)通风良好的;ventilate(v.)使通 风，发表(意见或看法)，表达(感情);ventilation(n.) (2)piped music背景音乐，指商店、餐馆等地连续播放的 轻音乐;pipe(n.)管子，笛子，管乐器 (v.)用管道输送，吹奏音乐 (3) dance to sb’s tune(完全)听从某人指挥，服从某人 差遣;tune(n.)调子，曲调;和谐，融洽，如:in ~ with the times顺应时势(v.)调音，使和谐 (4) confront (vt.)使面临, 面对，对抗;confrontation(n.)对抗，冲突，~with/between，如:military ~军事冲突 (5) social ladder(n.)社会阶梯 (6) no less正是，正如(表示强调)，如:He was ~the President.他原来就是总统。 其他less 构成的短语: 1)no less than不少于，多达，如:The audience was no less than five thousand. 听众有五千人之多。 2)much/still less更不 用说，更谈不上，如:She cannot buy daily necessities, much less luxuries.她连生活必需品都不能买，更不用说奢侈品。 3)in less than no time很快地，迅速地 (7) subordinate (a.)次要的, 从属的, 下级的，~to sth.; 13 (n.)下属，下级，从属物;(v.)把??列入下级，使??位于较低级别，使服从 (8) submissiveness (n.)服从，顺从;submissive(a.)服从的，顺从的;submit(v.)使服从，顺从，降服，提出，提交~ sth. to，如:I ~ted my papers to the examiner.我把试卷交给主考老师。 (9) fellow (n.)人, 家伙, 伙伴, 学会, 朋友, 同事;fellow countryman同胞，同乡，fellow traveler同情某一政治运动或政党的人, 同路人 (10) outgrow (v.)长得比?快(或大、高)，长得太大而使?不再适用;out-前缀意思是:在外、向外;超过、胜过、高于，如:outdoor(a./ad.)(在)户外，outrun跑的比……快或远，超过 (11) a means to this end达到目的的手段;means(n.)手段，方法 五、全文翻译 总的来说，我们的社会正在变成一个由官僚资本主义经营指导的巨大企业，其中，人们已经变成机器里微不足道的、上好油的齿轮。心理学家和人类关系专家认为，高工资、通风良好的工厂、不断播放的音乐等是使人正常运转的“润滑油”。然而这些“润滑油”并没有改变人们变得无能为力的事实，人们不能全身心地投入到他们的工作当中，并且开始厌 14 烦工作。事实上，蓝领和白领们已经变成了经济的木偶，随着自动化机器和官僚主义管理的节拍而跳动。 工人和雇工都很焦虑，不仅因为他们感觉到自己可能会失业，而且因为他们不能得到真正的满足或者对生活的兴趣。他们平淡地活着、死去，没能像情感和智力上很独立并富有成果的人们那样体验到人类存在的基本现实。(佳句?) 那些上层阶级也同样感到焦虑。他们内心的空虚不少于他们的下属。(长难句?)在某些方面他们甚至更加不安全。他们处于竞争非常激烈的一类。升职或落后不单单事关工资，更事关个人尊严。(佳句?)当申请第一份工作时，他们就经历了智力，以及正确协调服从性和独立性的测试。(长难句?)从那以后，他们就被以测试为重任的心理学家们以及评价他们的行为、社交能力、为人能力，等等的上司不断地测试。这种需要不断证明一个人和他们的竞争对手同样优秀或更加出色的局面造成持久的焦虑和紧张，而这正是不幸与疾病的根源。 我是在建议回到我们工业化前的生产模式或十九世纪自由企业资本主义吗,当然不是。回到一个已经过时的阶段永远解决不了问题。我的建议是把以最大化生产和消费为目的的官僚资本主义管理的工业转变成一个人本主义的工业制度，在这里人及其潜力——爱和理性——的充分开发是所有社会安排的目的。生产和消费只是达到这个目的的手 15 段，不能成为奴役人类的工具。(佳句?) Text 3 When an invention is made, the inventor has three possible courses of action open to him: he can give the invention to the world by publishing it, keep the idea secret, or patent it. 篇二:九年级英语课本全部知识点 九年级英语课本全部知识点 Unit 1 How can we become good learners? 1重点短语 1. good learners 优秀的学习者 2. work with friends 和朋友一起学习 3. study for a test 备考 4.have conversations with 与……交谈 5.speaking skills 口语技巧 6.a little 有点儿 7.at first 起初 起先 8.the secret to... .......的秘诀 9.because of 因为 10.as well 也 11.look up 查阅;抬头看 12.so that 以便，为了 16 13.the meaning of ……的意思 14.make mistakes 犯错误 15.talk to 交谈 16.depend on 依靠 依赖 17.in common 共有的 18.pay attention to 注意 关注 19. connect …with …把……联系 20.for example 例如 21.think about 考虑 22.even if 即使 尽管 纵容 23.look for 寻找 24.worry about 担心 担忧 25.make word cards 制作单词卡片 26.ask the teacher for help 向老师求助 27.read aloud 大声读 28.spoken English 英语口语 29.give a re port 作 30.word by word 一字一字地 31. so……that 如此……以至于 32.fall in love with 爱上 33.something interesting 有趣的事情 17 34.take notes 记笔记 35.how often 多久一次 36.a lot of 许多 37.the ability to do sth. 做某事的能力 38.learning habits 学习习惯 39.be interested in 对……感兴趣 40.get bored 感到无聊 2重点句型 1.提建议的句子: ?What/ how about +doing sth.? 做…怎么样, 如:What/ How about going shopping? ?Why don't you + do sth.? 你为什么不做…, 如:Why don't you go shopping? ?Why not + do sth. ? 为什么不做…, 如:Why not go shopping? ?Let's + do sth. 让我们做…吧。 如: Let's go shopping ?Shall we/ I + do sth.? 我们/我…好吗, 如:Shall we/ I go shopping? 2. too…to...... 太…而不能 如:I'm too tired to say anything. 我太累了，什么都不想说。 18 3. be / get excited about sth. 对…感兴奋 4. end up doing sth : 以......结束 如:The party ended up singing. 晚会以唱歌而结束。 5. end up with sth. 以…结束 如: The party ended up with her singing. 晚会以她的歌唱而告终。 Unit 2 I think that mooncakes are delicious! 1重点短语 1.put on 增加(体重);发胖 2.care about 关心; 在乎 3.end up 最终成为， 最后处于 4.not only ……but also……不但……而且…… 5.shoot down 射下 6.used to do 过去常常做…… 7.remind sb. of 使某人想起 8.give out 分发 发放 9.the water festival 泼水节 10.the Chinese spring festival 中国春节 11.next year 明年 12.sound like 听起来像 13.each other 互相 彼此 14.in the shape of 以……的形状 19 15.on mid-autumn night 在中秋之夜 16.fly up to 飞向 17.lay out 摆开 布置 18.come back 回来 19.as a result 结果 因此 20.Mother’s day 母亲节 21.more and more popular 越来越受欢迎 22.think of 想起 ;认为 ;思考 23.dress up 装扮 穿上盛装 24.the importance of ……的重要性 25.make money 挣钱 26.in need 需要帮助 处于困境中 27.between …and…在……和……之间 28.the dragon boat festival 龙舟节 29.the lantern festival 元宵节 30.like best 最喜欢 31.go to …for a vacation 去……度假 32.be similar to 与……相似 33.wash away 冲走 洗掉 34.Mid-autumn festival 中秋节 35.shoot down 射下 36.call out 大声呼喊 20 37.the tradition of ……的传统 38.at night 在夜里; 在晚上 39.one…，the other…一个……，另一个…... 篇三:2014七年级英语上册英语课文原文 系统复习 Unit 1 My name's Gina. Section A 1b A:[1]:Alan. A:Hello，Alan.I'm Ms.Brown. A:Good morning～I'm Cindy.B:Hello，Cindy～I'm Dale. A:Nice to meet you～ A:Hi.My name's Gina.B:I'm Jenny.[2]A:Nice to meet you，too. 2c A:Hello～What's your name?B:My name's... A:I'm...B:Nice to meet you! A:What's his name? B:His name's... A:[3]And what's her name?B:Her name's... 2d Linda:Good afternoon～My name's Linda.Are you Helen? Helen:Yes，I am.Nice to meet you，Linda. Linda:Nice to meet you，too.What's her name? Helen:She's Jane. Linda:Is he Jack? 21 Helen:[4]Section B 1c A:[1]:[2]It's 281-9176. 2a A:[3]:Jack. A:[4] B:Smith. 2b 1(My name is Jenny Green. My phone number is 281-9176. My friend is Gina Smith. Her phone number is 232-4672. 2(I'm Dale Miller and my friend is Eric Brown. His telephone number is 357-5689.My telephone number is 358-6344. 3(My name is Mary Brown.[5]My phone number is 257-8900 and her number is 929-3155. Unit 2 This is my sister Section A 2d Sally:Good morning，Jane. Jane:Good morning，Sally. Sally:[1]，this is my friend Jane.Kate:Nice to meet you， Jane. Jane:Nice to meet you，too.Are those your parents? Kate:Yes，they are. Jane:And who's he?Sally: He's my brother，Paul. Jane:Oh，I see.[2] Kate: Thanks～You，too.Bye～ Section B 22 2b My Family Hi，I'm Jenny.[1]grandfather and grandmother are in the first photo.These are my parents，Alan and Mary.In the next picture are my brothers，Bob and Eric.These two girls are my sister Cindy and my cousin Helen.Coco is in my family，too. Unit 3 Is this your pencil? Section A 2d Teacher:Hi，Anna.Are these your pencils? Anna:No， they're Bob's. Teacher:And is this his green pen?Anna:No，it isn't.The blue pen is his. Teacher:[1]:It's Helen's.And the green pen is hers，too. Teacher:And the eraser,Is that yours? Anna: Yes，it is. Teacher:[2] Anna:You're welcome. Section B 2b Lin Hai， [1] ,[2][3] 23 3539.Call me. Found: Some keys are in Classroom 7E.Are they yours,E-Lost: [4] [5][6] Mike John Tom Unit 4 Where's my schoolbag? Section A 2d Mom:[1]:Oh，no～Where's my bag? Mom:Hmm...is it on your desk? Jack:No.And it's not under the chair. Mom:Oh～It's on the sofa. Jack:Thank you， Mom.Err...where's the map? Mom:I think it's in your grandparents' room.Jack:Yes，it's on their bed～And my hat? Mom:It's on your head! Jack: Oh，yeah～Haha～ Section B 2b I'm Kate，and my sister is Gina.[1]our room，my books and tapes are in the bookcase.My keys are in my 24 schoolbag.I have a clock.It's on the desk.[2] keys, Where's my ruler,Where's my schoolbag,”[3] Unit 5 Do you have a soccer ball? Section A 2d Cindy:[1][2]:OK. Cindy:Do you have the baseball? Helen:Yes，I do.It's in my bag. Cindy:And where's our baseball bat? Helen:Bill has it. Cindy:Oh，yeah.And do you have your jacket? Helen: Oh，no，I don't.It's on the chair.[3]Cindy:And your hat，too!Helen:OK，I have my jacket and hat.Let's go～ Section B 2b Do You Have a Soccer Ball? Frank Brown: I don't have a soccer ball，but my brother Alan does.[1]it at school with our friends.It's relaxing. Gina Smith: Yes，I do.I have two soccer balls，three volleyballs，four basketballs and five baseballs and bats.[2]Wang Wei: 25 No，I don't.Soccer is difficult.[3]easy for me.I have three ping-pong balls and two ping-pong bats.[4] 26