友好城市1

Developing Age-Friendly Cities:Policy Challenges & Options Developing what has been termed ‘age-friendly’ cities has become a significant issue for public and social policy, embracing questions covering different types of communities.The reasons for this include: first, the complexity of demographic change, with the emergence of a wide spectrum of housing and community needs amongst those in the 50 plus age group; second,awareness of the importance of the physical and social environment as a factor influential in maintaining the quality of life of older people; third, the policy debate about what represents‘good’ or ‘optimal’ places to age, as reflected in the work of the World Health Organization(WHO) around ‘age-friendly’ cities, these defined as encouraging: ‘…active ageing by optimizing opportunities for health, participation and security in order to enhance the quality of life as people age’. 老年友好城市背景： 人口变化的复杂化 物理环境和社会环境是决定老年人能否过上有品质生活的重要因素 “老年友好城市”反映了什么样的生活对老年人来说才是最好的生活 Despite the importance attached to building age-friendly cities, the approach itself requires better understanding and elaboration at conceptual and operational levels. Some important and critical questions that might be raised include: • What are the origins of the age-friendly approach? • What is the case for developing an age-friendly approach within cities? • What needs to be done to make age friendly communities a realistic option for older people? • What are some of the barriers that might be encountered in attempting to implement the policy? • What are some of the issues and alternatives that policy-makers need to consider? 在概念和操作层面上，对研究本身应当注意的关键点： 老年友好城市研究方法的起源是什么 建立老年友好城市所采用的方法案例 为老年人建造一个切实可用的老年友好社区需要做些什么 在实施这一政策时可能会遇到哪些障碍 决策者需要考虑的问题和选择是什么 Debates about securing optimum community environments for ageing populations emerged from a number of organizations during the 1990s. The theme of age-friendly communities arose from policy initiatives launched by the World Health Organization (WHO). A precursor was the notion of ‘active aging’ developed during the United Nations’ Year of Older People in1999 and elaborated by the European Union and the WHO.The idea of maintaining ‘active ageing’ referred to the notion of older people’s ‘continuing participation in social, economic,cultural, spiritual and civic affairs, not just the ability to be physically active or to participate in the labour market. 适老宜居社区最早有WHO发起 雏形是联合国提出的积极老龄化的概念，经过欧盟和WHO发展而来,active ageing 是指老年人继续参与社会、经济、文化、精神和公民事务，而不仅仅是身体活动能力和参与劳动力市场的能力 The theme of age-friendly environments was subsequently applied to urban contexts, with work beginning in 2005 around the theme of ‘Global Age-friendly Cities’. Subsequent work by the WHO, based upon focus groups with older people, caregivers and service providers,produced a guide and checklist of action points focused on producing an ‘ideal’ city relevant to all age groups. This work concluded that: ‘It should be normal in an age-friendly city for the natural and built environment to anticipate users with different capacities instead of designing for the mythical “average” (i.e. young) person. An age-friendly city emphasises enablement rather than disablement; it is friendly for all ages and not just “elder friendly”’. Building on this work, in 2010 the WHO launched the ‘Global Network of Age-friendly Cities’ in an attempt to encourage implementation of policy recommendations from the 2006 project. By 2012 there were 103 cities and communities participating across 18 countries. In the UK, the Urban Ageing Consortium has been formed, the result of a collaboration between the Beth Johnson Foundation, Keele University, and the Valuing Older People (VOP) Partnership at Manchester City Council – Manchester having been a founding member of the WHO Network.6 The aims of the Consortium include: developing a strong research and evidence base to inform workaround age-friendly issues; to develop a strong network of UK cities working on the age friendly theme; and to encourage private and public sector partnerships of groups working to improve the quality of life of older people living in cities. 老年友好城市强调的是可实施性而不是无能力进行的，它是对所有的年龄层友好而不仅仅是老年人。 The possibility of creating age-friendly cities may also be linked with models of urban development produced during the 1990s and early 2000s, notably ideas around ‘sustainable’ and ‘harmonious cities’. The former raised questions about managing urban growth in a manner able to meet the needs of future as well as current generations. The latter emphasised values such as tolerance, fairness, social justice and good governance, these regarded as essential in achieving sustainable development in urban planning. 老年友好城市是与可持续发展和和谐社会紧密相连的，前者要求治理城市需要考虑到能够满足未来几代的需求。后者强调宽容，公平，社会正义以及好的治理的价值，这些同样是城市能够持续发展的根本。 The argument for an age-friendly approach revolves around the mix of challenges and benefits which urban environments pose for older people. The challenges may be summarised as follows: 建立老年友好城市所面临的一些挑战： • 80 percent of the time people aged 70 and over is spent at home or in the neighbourhood surrounding the home: hence the importance of maintaining a high quality physical environment 七十岁以上老人百分之八十的时间是在家里或者邻里度过的，因此维护一个高质量的物理环境很重要 • Cities have to meet the needs of stable groups (e.g. older people who may have lived in or around the same community for much of their lives) and highly mobile groups (e.g.students, professional workers) who may stay for a very short period within a particular neighbourhood. The two groups may bring contrasting expectations about the way in which particular localities should be developed. 城市需要满足不同群体的需求：固定群体（长期生活在一个社区或地方的人）和流动群体（在特定地点生活的时间很短，如学生，职业工作者） • Fear of crime / feelings of insecurity: these may be especially strong among older people living in urban areas (despite low levels of victimisation). Such perceptions may limit participation in certain aspects of daily life e.g. 33 – 55 per cent of older people are likely to feel unsafe moving around their neighbourhood at night. 害怕犯罪、不安全感：这些对生活在城市中的老年人来说尤其如此(尽管他们是低危受害群体）。这种感觉会限制他们去参加一些某方面的日常活动。 • Withdrawal of resources such as shops, banks and other key services. Some neighbourhoods may suffer from a form of ‘institutional disengagement’ as traditional businesses close–unable to compete with hypermarkets and out-of-town developments. Older residents(but other age groups as well) may be particularly vulnerable to such changes – especially those with limited mobility and who rely on good quality facilities within easy reach. 随着大卖场和城外卖场的发展，传统商业如小商店，银行等重要的基础服务设施因竞争失败而逐渐消亡，这对那些老居民的伤害很大，因为他们的移动能力较差，只能依赖着周边的便利设施来生活。 对老年人来说，城市所拥有的优点： • Cities have an infrastructure of resources and facilities which can work to raise the quality of life for older people (e.g. museums, galleries, libraries). 城市所拥有的资源和基础设施能够提高老年人的生活质量 • Cities are centres for creative and technical innovation – this can be used to develop new ideas to engage with ageing populations. 城市是技术和创造力的中心，这对应对人口老龄化问题有帮助 • Cities provide specialist resources for minority groups – these may become particularly important for migrants adjusting to old age. 城市给弱势群体提供特殊的资源 • Cities provide a broad range of social networks around which healthy ageing can be built. 城市提供了一个广泛的社会网络，有助于建立老年友好城市的建立。 建立老年友好社区： Creating a better ‘fit’ between urban environments on the one side and ageing populations on the other is assuming some urgency within social policy. The WHO develops the point that‘making cities more age-friendly is a necessary and logical response to promote the wellbeing and contributions of older urban residents and keep cities thriving’.Equally, measures to support the inclusion of elderly people within cities must be viewed as a key part of the agenda for creating sustainable and harmonious urban environments. Implementing this agenda will, however, demand radical interventions across urban areas. A number of themes can be identified here: 采取措施来支持城市中的老年人，是创造可持续发展、和谐城市的关键组成部分。 • first, developing new forms of ‘urban citizenship’ which recognize and support changing social needs across the life course。 建立新形式的“城市公民”，这种公民在整个生命历程中能够不断认知和适应社会需求的变化。 • second, applying an age-friendly approach within the context of lifelong/lifetime communities 老年友好应当建立在终身社区的背景下 • third, encouraging innovation in housing options for older people 在为老年人选择房子方面鼓励创新 • fourth, ensuring the engagement of older people in the re-generation of neighbourhoods 确保老人在重新建立的社区中的参与 The use-value of the city over its exchange value, emphasizing that citizens have a right to make use of the city, and that it is not just a collection of resources to enable economic activity. The uses of the city by citizens should be seen as valid ends in themselves,not merely as a means to produce economic growth ... The right to the city is the right to live a fully urban life, with all the liberating benefits it brings. [Lefebvre] believed the majority of city residents are denied this right because their lives are subordinated to economic pressures — despite being in the city, they are not fully of the city. 城市的使用价值要大于它的交换价值。城市的使用不应当只是停留在为了活跃经济而聚集资源方面，更应该体现在为市民的生活提供各种自由便利的基本生活条件方面。 This last point applies especially well to older people, who may find that despite having contributed to an urban world in which they have spent most of their life, it may present major obstacles to achieving a fulfilling existence in old age. On the one hand, cities are increasingly viewed as key drivers of a nation’s economic and cultural success. On the other hand, the reconstruction of cities is often to the detriment of those outside the labour market, especially those on low incomes. Achieving recognition of the needs of different generations within cities, and exploiting the potential of the city for groups of whatever age, will be central to implementing an age-friendly approach. 城市往往被视为一个国家的经济和文化的关键驱动因素。城市的重建往往会损害到劳动市场，尤其是低收入人群。正确认知各个年龄层市民的需求，为各个年龄层来挖掘城市的潜力，是执行老年友好的中关键。 Second, some of the issues associated with the above are being developed through the ideas associated with lifetime communities and neighbourhoods. In planning for lifetime neighbourhoods, Harding suggests the need to consider: 建立终身社区应当考虑： • accessibility of the built environment;• appropriateness of housing available;• fostering social capital;• location and accessibility of services;• creating aesthetically pleasing public spaces which promote a sense of place and social cohesion;• cross-sectoral integration and planning of services;• building intergenerational relationships by shared site usage;• better use of information technology. 建造环境的可行性 住房的适宜性 社会资本的培育 服务点的位置和可访问性 创建美观的公共空间，促进地方感和社会凝聚力 跨部门整合与服务计划 通过共享站点的使用建立代际关系 更好地利用信息技术 Conclusion Despite the benefits of applying an age-friendly approach, some critical questions also need to be faced to ensure effective implementation of such a policy. At the present time,discussions around age-friendliness have been largely disconnected from the pressures on urban environments in the Global North, where private developers retain the dominant influence on urban planning. The result, according to Harvey is that the ‘quality of urban life has become a commodity, as has the city itself, in a world where consumerism, tourism,cultural and knowledge-based industries have become major aspects of the urban political economy’.The tension here is between the social needs of older people, as an increasingly important constituent of urban populations, and the pressures on public space arising from private ownership. This may lead to a distortion in provision in terms of meeting the needs of competing groups within the urban system 实行老年友好计划的一个主要矛盾：来自于不断增长的老年人的社会需求和由于公共空间私有化所带来的压力