微观经济学英文版名词解释超详细

微观经济学名词解释 Chapter 1   business cycle 经济周期 fluctuations in economic activity, such as employment and production economics经济学; 经济，国家的经济状况 the study of how society manages its scarce缺乏的，罕见的 resources efficiencyn.功效; 效率，效能; 实力，能力; [物] 性能; the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources equalityn.同等，平等; [数] 相等，等式; the property of distributing economic prosperity uniformly among the members of society externality[,ekst??'n?l?t?]外部性 the uncompensated impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander旁观者; 局外人; 看热闹的人 incentive something that induces a person to act Inflation[?n'fle??(?)n] an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy marginal changes small incremental增加的 adjustments to a plan of action market economy an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized 权力分散; 人口疏散; 密度分散;decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services market failure a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate分配，分派; 把…拨给;英[??l?ke?t] resources efficiently market power the ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market prices opportunity cost whatever must be given up to obtain some item productivity the quantity of goods and services produced from each unit of labor input property rights the ability of an individual to own and exercise control over scarce resources rational people people who systematically and purposefully do the best they can to achieve their objectives scarcity the limited nature of society’s resources           Chapter 2   circular-flow diagram a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households 家庭; 家庭，户and firms macroeconomics [,m?kr??i?k?'n?m?ks; -ek-] the study of economy-wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economic growth microeconomics [,ma?kr??i?k?'n?m?ks the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets normative['n??m?t?v]的 statements claims that attempt to prescribe定，规定; 指定，规定;美[pr??skra?b] how the world should be positive statements claims that attempt to describe the world as it is production possibilities frontier ['fr?nt??） a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology           Chapter 3   absolute advantage the ability to produce a good using fewer inputs than another producer comparative advantage the ability to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another producer exports goods produced domestically美[d?'mest?kl?】合乎国内的and sold abroad imports goods produced abroad and sold domestically opportunity cost whatever must be given up to obtain some item     Chapter 4   competitive market 完全竞争市场 a market with many buyers and sellers['sel?] trading identical同一的，完全相同的美[a??d?nt?k?l] products so that each buyer and seller is a price taker Complements互补品['kɑmpl?m?nt] two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to a decrease in the demand for the other demand curve 需求曲线 a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded demand schedule需求表 a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded Equilibrium[,ikw?'l?br??m] 均衡 a situation in which the market price has reached the level at which quantity supplied equals quantity demanded equilibrium price 均衡价格 the price that balances quantity supplied and quantity demanded equilibrium quantity the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the equilibrium price inferior good 劣质品 [?n'f??r??] a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to a decrease in demand law of demand 需求原理 the claim that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good rises law of supply 供给原理 the claim that, other things equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of the good rises law of supply and demand the claim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded for that good into balance market a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or service normal good 普通商品 a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to an increase in demand quantity demanded 需求量 the amount of a good that buyers are willing and able to purchase quantity supplied the amount of a good that sellers are willing and able to sell shortage a situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied substitutes two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to an increase in the demand for the other supply curve a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied supply schedule a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied surplus ['s?:pl?s] a situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded                   Chapter 5   cross-price elasticity of demand 需求交叉弹性是需求交叉价格弹性 a measure of how much the quantity demanded of one good responds to a change in the price of another good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded of the first good divided by the percentage change in the price of the second good elasticity[,il?'st?s?ti] n. 弹性; 弹力; 灵活性; 伸缩性;     a measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded or quantity supplied to one of its determinants income elasticity of demand 需求的收入弹性 a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in consumers’ income, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in income price elasticity of demand 需求价格弹性 a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price price elasticity of supply 供给的价格弹性 a measure of how much the quantity supplied of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity supplied divided by the percentage change in price total revenue (in a market)总收入; 总收益 the amount paid by buyers and received by sellers of a good, computed as the price of the good times the quantity sold         Chapter 6   price ceiling ['si?l??] a legal maximum['m?ks?m?m] on the price at which a good can be sold price floor a legal minimum on the price at which a good can be sold tax incidence['?ns?d(?)ns] the manner in which the burden of a tax is shared among participants in a market           Chapter 7   consumer[k?n'sju?m?] surplus ['s??pl?s]消费者剩余 the amount a buyer is willing to pay for a good minus ['ma?n?s] the amount the buyer actually pays for it cost the value of everything a seller must give up to produce a good efficiency the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources equality the property of distributing economic prosperity uniformly among the members of society producer surplus the amount a seller is paid for a good minus the seller’s cost of providing it welfare economics the study of how the allocation美[??l??ke??n]分配，配给 of resources affects economic well-being willingness to pay 受益者负担 the maximum amount that a buyer will pay for a good     继续阅读