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英语名词解释

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英语名词解释英语名词解释 1. Alliteration(押头韵): (also known as “head rhyme” or “initial rhyme”) means a repetition of the same sound—usually initial consonants of words or of stressed syllables—in any sequence of neighboring words in a line or group. In Old English alliterative vers...
英语名词解释
英语名词解释 1. Alliteration(押头韵): (also known as “head rhyme” or “initial rhyme”) means a repetition of the same sound—usually initial consonants of words or of stressed syllables—in any sequence of neighboring words in a line or group. In Old English alliterative verse, alliteration is the principal organizing device of the verse line, such as in Beowulf. 2. Ballad (民谣): Ballad is also known as the folk ballad or traditional ballad, popular ballad. It is a story in poetic form to be sung or recited, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed. Ballads were passed down from generation to generation. Robin Hood is a famous ballad singing the goods of Robin Hood. Coleridge’s The Rime of the Ancient Mariner is a th19 century English ballad. 3. Blank verse (无韵诗): Unrhymed lines of iambic pentameter. It is a very flexible English verse form which can attain rhetorical grandeur while echoing the natural rhythms of speech and allowing smooth enjambment(跨行连续). Much of the finest verse in English—by Shakespeare, Milton, Wordsworth, Tennyson, and Stevens—has been written in blank verse. 4. Comedy (喜剧): In the most common literary application, a comedy is a fictional work in which the materials are selected and managed primarily in order to interest and amuse us: the characters and their discomfitures engage our pleasurable attention rather than our profound concern, we are made to feel confident that no great disaster will occur, and usually the action turns out happily for the chief characters. 5. Epic (史诗): A long narrative poem celebrating the great deeds of one or more legendary heroes, in a grand ceremonious style. The hero, usually protected by or even descended from gods, performs superhuman exploits in battle or in marvelous voyages, often saving or founding a nation—as in Virgil’s Aeneid (30-20 BC)—or the human race itself, in Milton’s Paradise Lost. The Anglo-Saxon poem Beowulf is a primary epic. 6. Farce (滑稽戏): A type of comedy designed to provoke the audience to simple, hearty laughter—“belly laughs”, in the parlance of the theater. To do so it commonly employs highly exaggerated or caricatured types of characters, puts them into improbable and ludicrous situations, and makes free use of sexual mix-ups, broad verbal humor, and physical bustle and horseplay. Farce was a component in the comic episodes in medieval miracle plays. In the English drama, farce is usually an episode in a more complex form of comedy. th7. Humanism (人文主义): A 19 century term for the values and ideals of the European Renaissance, which placed a new emphasis on the expansion of human capacities. Reviving the study of Greek and Roman history, philosophy and arts, the Renaissance humanists developed an image of “Man” more positive and hopeful than that of medieval ascetic Christianity. It is the essence of the Renaissance. It emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life, but had the ability to perfect himself and perform wonders. 8. Interlude (幕间剧): (Latin, “between the play”) A term applied to a variety of short stage entertainments, such as secular farces and ththwitty dialogues with a religious or political point. In the late 15 and early 16 centuries, these little dramas were performed by bands of professional actors; it is believed that they were often put on between the courses of a feast or between the acts of a longer play. 9. Legend (传说): A story or group of stories handed down through popular oral tradition, usually consisting of an exaggerated or unreliable account of some actually or possibly historical person—often a saint, monarch, or popular hero. Legends are sometimes distinguished from myths in that they concern human beings rather than gods, and sometimes in that they have some sort of historical basis whereas myths do not. 10. Meter (格律): The word “meter” is derived from the Greek word “metron”, meaning “measure”. In English when applied to poetry, it refers to the regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables. The analysis of the meter is called scansion. 11. Miracle play (奇迹剧): The miracle play had as its subject either a story from the Bible, or else the life and martyrdom of a saint. In the usage of some historians, however, “miracle play” denotes only dramas based on saints’ lives, and the term “mystery play” is applied only to dramas based on the Bible. 12. Morality play (道德剧): Morality plays are medieval allegorical plays in which personified human qualities acted and disputed, thmostly coming from the 15 century. They developed into the interludes, from which it is not always possible to distinguish them, and hence had a considerable influence on the development of Elizabethan drama. 13.Renaissance (文艺复兴): The word “Renaissance” means “rebirth”. It meant the reintroduction into Western Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome. The Renaissance is commonly held to mark the close of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the modern Western world. The essence of the Renaissance is Humanism. The real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama with William Shakespeare being the leading dramatist. 14. Romance (罗曼史/骑士文学): It is a literary genre popular in the medieval England. It sings knightly adventures or other heroic deeds. Chivalry (such as bravery, honor, generosity, loyalty and kindness to the weak and poor) is the spirit of romance. 15. Soliloquy (独白): It is the act of talking to oneself. In drama it denotes the convention by which a character, alone on the stage, utters his or her thoughts aloud. 16. Stanza (诗节): A group of lines of poetry, usually four or more, arranged according to a fixed plan. The stanza is the unit of structure in a poem and poets do not vary the unit within a poem. 17. Tragedy (悲剧): In general, a literary work in which the protagonist meets an unhappy or disastrous end. Unlike comedy, tragedy depicts the action of a central character who is usually dignified or heroic. 18. Tragicomedy (悲喜剧): A type of Elizabethan and Jacobean drama which intermingled both the standard characters and subject matter and the standard plot-forms of tragedy and comedy. Tragicomedy represented a serious action which threatened a tragic disaster to the protagonist, yet, by an abrupt reversal of circumstances, turned out happily. 19. University wits (大学才子): The name given by some modern literary historians to a group of scholars during the Elizabethan Age who graduated from either Oxford or Cambridge. They came to London in the 1580s and 190s with the ambition to become professional writers. Some of them later became famous poets and playwrights. They were called “university wits”. Robert Greene, Thomas Kyd, John Lyly and Christopher Marlowe were among them. They paved the way, to some degree, for the coming of Shakespeare. There seems to have been some rivalry between this group and the newcomers Shakespeare and Jonson, who did not have university education. 20. Cavalier poets (骑士派诗人): The verse writers, often knights and squires, who sides with the King against the Parliament and Puritans. They mostly dealt in short songs on the flitting joys of the day, but underneath their lightheartedness lies some foreboding of impending doom. 21. Elegy (挽/哀歌): An elaborately formal lyric poem lamenting the death of a friend or public figure, or reflecting seriously on a solemn subject. In Greek and Latin verse, the term referred to the metre of a poem. 22. Masques (Masks) (假面剧): The masque was inaugurated in Renaissance Italy and flourished in England during the reigns of Elizabeth I, James I and Charles I. It was an elaborate form of court entertainment that combined poetic drama, music, song, dance, splendid costuming and stage spectacle. A plot—often slight, and mainly mythological and allegorical—served to hold together these diverse elements. The speaking characters, who wore masks (hence the title), were often played by amateurs who belonged to courtly society. The play concluded with a dance in which the players doffed their masks and were joined by the audience. th23. Metaphysical poets (玄学派诗人): The name given to a diverse group of 17 century English poets whose work is noted for its ingenious use of intellectual and theological concepts in wits, surprising conceits, strange paradoxes and far-fetched images, mysticism in content and fantasticality in form. The leading metaphysical poet was John Donne. 24. The Enlightenment Movement (启蒙运动): The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement which thflourished in France and swept through the whole Western Europe in the 18 century. The purpose of the movement was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas. The enlighteners celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science. Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like John Dryden, Alexander Pope and so on. th25. Classicism (古典主义): The 18 century classicism is also called Neoclassicism. In the field of literature, the classicists modeled themselves on Greek and Latin authors, and tried to control literary creation by some fixed laws and rules drawn from Greek and Latin works. To some extent, they replaced the Renaissance emphasis on the imagination, on invention and experimentation, and on mysticism with an emphasis on order and reason, on restraint, on common sense, and on religious, political, economic and philosophical conservatism. 26. Epistolary novel (书信体小说): A novel told through the medium of letters written by one or more of the characters. Originating with Samuel Richardson’s Pamela, or, Virtue Rewarded (1740), it was one of the earliest forms of novel to be developed and remained thone of the most popular up to the 19 century. The epistolary novel’s reliance on subjective points of view makes it the forerunner of the modern psychological novel. th27. Sentimentalism (感伤主义): By the middle of the 18 century, Sentimentalism came into being as the result of a bitter discontent among the enlightened people with social reality. In literature, it denotes overmuch use of pathetic effects and attempts to arouse feeling by “pathetic” indulgence. th28. The Graveyard School (墓地派诗歌): It refers to an 18 century school of English poets who wrote primarily about human mortality. Often set in a graveyard, their poems mused on the vicissitudes of life, the solitude of death and the grave, and the anguish of bereavement. The most famous graveyard poem was Thomas Gray’s Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard. th29. Pre-Romanticism (浪漫主义前期): In the latter half of the 18 century, a new literary movement arose in Europe, called the Romantic Revival. It was marked by a strong protest against the bondage of Classicism, by a recognition of the claims of passion and emotion, and by a renewed interest in medieval literature. In England, this movement showed itself in the trend of the Pre-Romanticism in poetry, which was ushered in by Percy, Macpherson and Chatterton, and represented by Blake and Burns. th30. Romanticism (浪漫主义): In the mid-18 century, a new literary movement called Romanticism came to Europe and then to England. It was characterized by a strong protest against the bondage of Neoclassicism. It gave primary concern to passion, emotion and natural beauty. The English Romantic Period is an age of poetry. It prevailed in England from1798 to 1832. 31. Byronic hero (拜伦式英雄): Byronic heroes are men with fiery passions and unbending will and express the poet’s own ideal of freedom. These heroes rise against tyranny and injustice, but they are merely lone fighters striving for personal freedom and some individualistic ends. Such a hero first can be found in Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, and further developed in later works such as Manfred and Don Juan in different guises. To some extent, the figure is created according to the life and personality of Byron himself. th32. Gothic novel (哥特式小说): Gothic novel is a type of romance very popular late in the 18 century and at the beginning of the th19 century. Gothic novel emphasizes things which are grotesque, violent, mysterious, supernatural, desolate and horrifying. With its description of the dark, irrational side of human nature, gothic novel has exerted a great influence over the writers of the Romantic Period. Works like Frankenstein by Mary Shelley are typical gothic romance. 33. Ode (颂歌): In ancient literature, ode refers to a poem intended or adapted to be sung. In modern use, it refers to a rhymed lyric, often in the form of an address, generally dignified or exalted in subject, feeling and style. The great odes such as “Ode to a Nightingale” written by the Romantic poet John Keats is a case in point. 34. Lake Poets (湖畔派诗人): In English literature Lake Poets refer to such Romantic poets as William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Robert Southey who lived in the Lake District in the northwestern part of England. They came to be known as the Lake School or Lakers. th35. Critical realism (批判现实主义): In mid and late 19 century, appeared a new literary trend—critical realism. English critical threalism of the 19century flourished in the forties and in the early fifties. To be true to life becomes the first requirement for literary writing. As the mirror of truth, literature has come very close to daily life, reflecting its practical problems and interests and is used as a powerful instrument of human progress. It found its expression in the form of novel. The greatest English realist of the time was Charles Dickens. 36. Dramatic monologue (戏剧独白): By dramatic monologue, it is meant that a poet chooses a dramatic moment or a crisis, in which his characters are made to talk about their lives, and about their minds and hearts. In “listening” to those one-sided talks, readers can form their own opinions and judgments about the speaker’s personality and about what has really happened. Robert Browning brought this poetic form to its maturity and perfection. His “My Last Duchess” is one of the best-known dramatic monologues. 37. The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood (拉斐尔前派兄弟会): The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood was a group of English painters, poets and critics, founded in 1848 by William Holman Hunt, John Everett Millais and Dante Gabriel Rossetti. They were dissatisfied with the conventional, academic methods in English painting and poetry and tried to reform them by reviving the style of pre-Renaissance art. 38. Naturalism (自然主义): Naturalism is a literary trend prevailing in Europe, especially in France and Germany, in the second half of ththe 19 century. According to the theory of naturalism, literature must be “true to life” and exactly reproduce real life, including all its details without any selection. Naturalism, in reality, was a development of realism. It is applied especially to Zola, Maupassant, and other th19-century French writers. In England, George Gissing is one of the novelists who wrote under the influence of naturalism. th39. Neo-Romanticism (新浪漫主义): Neo-Romanticism was a literary trend prevailing at the end of the 19 century. Dissatisfied with the drab and ugly social reality and yet trying to avoid the positive solution of the acute social contradictions, some writers adopted this new trend which laid emphasis on the invention of exciting adventures and fascinating stories to entertain the reading public. They led the novel back towards story-telling and to romance. Stevenson was a representative of neo-romanticism in English literature. th40. Aestheticism (唯美主义): Aestheticism began to prevail in Europe at the middle of the 19 century. The theory “art for art’s sake” was first put forward by the French poet Theophile Gautier. Following him, Swinburne in English literature declared that art should serve no religious, moral or social end, nor any end except itself. The two most important representatives of aestheticists in English literature are Walter Pater and Oscar Wilde. 41. Modernism (现代主义): It is an international movement in literature and arts, especially in literary criticism, which began in the late th19 century and flourished until 1950s. Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psychoanalysis as its theoretical base. The modernist writers concentrate more on the private and subjunctive than on the public and objective, mainly concerned with the inner of an individual. James Joyce, T.S.Eliot, Virginia Woolf and William Faulkner are prominent modernist writers. 42. Oedipus complex (俄狄浦斯情结/恋母厌父情结): A term coined by Sigmund Freud to designate a son’s subconscious feeling of love toward his mother and jealousy and hatred toward his father. D.H.Lawrence’s Sons and Lovers is a case in point. 43. Stream of consciousness (意识流): A phrase coined by William James in his Principle of Psychology to describe the flow of thoughts of waking mind. It is one of the modern literary techniques, attempting to imitate the natural flow of a character’s thoughts, feelings, reflections, memories and mental images as the characters experience them. In English literature, James Joyce and Virginia Woolf are the two best-known novelists of the “stream of consciousness” school.
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