中国风电发展的促进英文

中国风电发展的促进英文 南华大船山院华华华华学学 Incentive Policies for Wind Power Development in China Author, Gao Hu and Wang Zhongying DOI,Electricity.2004-04-013 Institution: Renewable Energy Development Center Energy Research Institute National Development and Reform Commission [Summary]Wind power, being a renewable energy, can contribute to energy mix and environment improvement, thus favorable to sustainable development .China has made great progress on building up wind power capacity. However, as compared with industrialized countries, there still needs many efforts. In recent years, the government has intensified input on renewable energy development and carried out some demonstration projects along with certain preferable policies specifically for wind power development. Great significance of wind power development in China Energy is the important foundation for national economic development. Being a big energy production and consumption country, in line with acceleration of economic construction, energy supply problem in China has become more and more prominent in recent two years. In 2003, the total energy consumption in China amounted to 1.68 billion tons of coal equivalent, it was 13%higher than that in 2002.In the energy mix, coal accounted for 67.1%,oil accounted for 22.7%,natural gas accounted for 2.8%and hydro-electricity accounted for 7.3%,while oil import reached 97 million tons. As for per capita energy resources, coal, oil and natural gas in China only reach 70%, 10%and 5%of world average level respectively. Under this energy background, from long-term point of view, the in sufficiency of energy resources energy resources will become important shackles on economic development. Moreover, energy consumption relies excessively on coal in China, the share of coal in energy consumption mix in 2003 had even increased one percentage point over that in 2002.Particularly in power sector, nearly 75%of power installed capacity are of coal-fired thermal power, China has now become the largest SO emission country, of which 90%were 2 caused by coal-burning, and 70%of flue dust in atmosphere also caused by coal-burning, the consequences of coal-burning also include soil acidified, crop declined, vegetation damaged and other ecological disasters, as well as do harm to hum an health. Coal burning in particular discharges massive CO, 2 which is the main reason initiating global warming. China is now the second largest greenhouse gas emission country next to the United States. In addition, the degree of relying on oil import tends to be higher, being a strategic material, oil supply and its price are always influenced by international situation, thus impacts energy supply security. Wind energy, being a renewable energy, is un-exhaustible. China has rich wind energy in north regions and eastern coastal areas, where to develop wind power will benefit economic 第1华～共12华 南华大船山院华华华华学学 development, promote employment and in wind energy conversion, there will be basically no harm to environment, its green house gas emission (20 g/kWh) is far lower than the use of conventional energy. Present state of wind power development Wind power construction in China started since mid 1980s, through nearly 20 years development, by the end of 2003,more than 40 wind power farms have been built up, with a total capacity of 570 M W connected into power grids and an annual generation of 1.2 TWh, of which,126 MW in Liaoning, 10 3 M Win Xinjiang,86 M W in Guangdong and 88 MW in InnerMongolia. The largest wind power farm is the Dabancheng No.2 Wind Farm with a total capacity of 83 M W. In addition, there are about two hundred thousand small wind generators (with a total capacity of 35 MW) supplying power for residence in remote areas. The manufacturing technologies and production capability of wind power equipment as well as wind power management in China have achieved great progress. The manufacturing of large wind generators up to 700 kW have been mastered and a batch of competent wind power design and construction personnel have been brought up. As compared with developed countries, wind power construction in China is still in initial stage. Although started earlier, yet developed slowly, its overall scale in Asia is even lagged behind India and Japan, there is still a large gap from large scaled exploitation to be filled. Firstly we are lack of full and accurate wind energy resource data, it is hard to fulfill large scaled wind power constructions on these limited ground meteorological records. It was estimated about 2 50 GW o f wind energy resources in China mainland, but has exploited only less than 0.2%, the wind energy is even greater on sea. However, the wind energy utilization and resource assessment are still a blank.Incentive policies for wind power development For promoting wind power development, the former Ministry of Power issued Opinions on Wind Power Farm Construction and Management in1994, in which, all power grids were asked to purchase all electricity generated by wind farms, and the electric price to grid shall be set on repayment of principal and interest plus reasonable profit. This policy, though passed through several organizational changes, has laid an important foundation for wind power development. In 1999,Chinese Government issued the Notice on Several Problems for Promoting Renewable Energy Development, in which, certain favorable policies for power generation by renewable energy, in particular by wind energy have been set forth, including bank loans with 2% government financial subsidy and 5% rate of return on investment for those wind power projects using domestic wind power equipment. In addition, the value added tax for wind power will be exempted to half(VAT:8.5%)and the custom s duty for imported wind power spare parts and complete set can temporarily be levied on by 1%and 5%. The scheme for power institutional reform newly issued by the State Council clearly defined the price conversion standards for environmental protection due to power plant discharge. To form 第2华～共12华 南华大船山院华华华华学学 a new 、incentive mechanism for clean power source development ,this provides a fair competitive opportunity for power from renewable energy, such as wind energy. In power tariff reform scheme, it is particularly mentioned that enterprises engaged in wind power, geothermal power and other renewable energy power generation can be temporarily free from participating in market competition, their electricity generated shall be purchased by power grid enterprises on government set price or on bidding price with priority. In the matured power market, government shall stipulate certain ratio for new and renewable energy electricity in electricity sales and establish a specialized competitive market for new and renewable energy. This stipulation will play an important role on supporting wind power under this preliminary development stage. The state supporting activities Renewable Energy Promotion Law(Draft) Long-term development program for renewable energy, intensified investment in renewable energy development and speeded up the pace of construction. Foreign countries’ experiences have shown that compulsive law is an effective way to promote renewable energy development. Since 2003, Chinese government has started to work out renewable energy exploitation and utilization law. This law is aiming at defining the strategic position of renewable energy, removing market obstacles from renewable energy exploitation and utilization, building up market space and establishing fund safeguarding system and cultural environment for renewable energy development. The basic principle of legislation shall reflect combinations of people’s liability and government’s responsibility, government’s push and market guidance, demand in reality and long-term development, international experience and domestic practice. Through this legislation, some important systems shall be set up, including government responsibility system, compilation of renewable energy development target, strategic program and safeguarding measures, citizen’s amortizing system by government, people is required to bear the additional cost for renewable energy exploitation and utilization, to be consolidated through the amortizing system among power grids .The reward and penalty system is to encourage the whole society, in particular enterprises to develop and apply renewable energy, those enterprises or individuals who have failed to perform legal obligations shall be subjected certain penalties.This draft law involves different renewable energy utilizations, including wind energy, solar energy, biomass energy, and in different utilization forms such as power generation, power and heat co-generation, gas supply, liquid fuels, connecting into power grid or isolating from power grid. It is a comprehensive legal policy for promoting renewable energy development, in which some provisions concerning the resources survey, renewable energy market quota system, parallel operation with power grid and the cost sharing 第3华～共12华 南华大船山院华华华华学学 method, have direct promotion effect to wind power development andremove obstacles from large scale development of wind power. Other provisions in this law concerning industrial guidance, technical popularization, price management and economic incentives are good to wind power development. Franchised wind power project To push forward wind power commercialized development, certainfranchise system s successfully implemented in oil, natural gas prospecting and exploitation projects have been introduced into wind power development projects. The basic method of the franchise system is to select relatively larger project (100 MW) conditioned with power price to grid and localization rate, to select investor through bidding, the government shall promise to buy all electricity generated by wind power on the bided price to grid. In 2003, there were two 100 MW windpower franchised projects in Rudong of Jiangsu Province and Huilai of Guangdong Province respectively invited for bidding and approved by the government. Through bidding, these franchised wind power projects have greatly lowered their electric prices to grid, i.e., lower than 0.5 yuan/kWh in the first stage. These diversified and localized investment have increased competitive pressure, vitalized wind power development and market competitiveness, in the meantime, promoted the domestic manufacturing capability of wind power equipment. Wind energy resources assessment Wind energy resources assessment is the fundamental and prerequisite condition for wind farm constructions. In 2003,the National Development and Reform Commission organize d the State Meteorological Administration and other departments to start a new round of wind energy survey and assessment, and organized the lead-time preparations for large-scaled wind power projects. The state invested 30 million yuan in supporting regions to launch wind energy resources survey, assessment and lead time preparations for wind power projects. It is expected to complete by the end of 2006. In addition to the said wind power in power grid parallel operation project, the state has implemented the project for relieving poor populations in remote areas, the target of“ China Brightening Project ”is to support about 23 million people’s livelihood by providing wind generators and solar cells to the year 2020,to those who have no electric power but have rich solar and wind energy resources It is estimated the total investment in equipment and service will amount to above 30 billion yuan.Policies to sum up Wind power is a kind of matured technology and also the fastest developed renewable energy. With promising prospects, it is predicted to the year 2020, driven by appropriate policies, the wind power installed capacity may reach 20 GW, yearly substituting for 15 million tons of coal equivalent. China has resources potential for wind power 第4华～共12华 南华大船山院华华华华学学 development, and has already created policy foundations for developing wind power and other renewable energies. To realize the target of 2020,however, many efforts should be made. The economy of wind power is closely related with the scale of wind power, the chain on small scale, low industrialization and high cost shall be broken up. To sum up the experience on wind power franchise project, expand its application scope, build up gradually a batch of normalized wind farms, in particular stride the first step toward wind resources on sea, spare no effort to prepare marine wind energy survey and project. In the meantime to speed up localization of wind power equipment manufacturing, the state shall encourage diversified investment channels in wind power technological research, development and production and reduce wind power production cost. In case the Wind Power Promotion Law being implemented, it symbolizes a milestone on wind power development, yet some details on this Legislation, in particular the problem of amortization of wind power incremental cost throughout the society shall be scrutinized and consolidated. In addition, some economic incentive measures, such as favorable tax duty, credit loans, subsidies, etc. shall be considered by distinguishing technologies and commercialized applications. 第5华～共12华 南华大船山院华华华华学学 华华在中华展华政策国励 作者,高虎～王仲华 出版日期,华;英文,～气2004-04-013 机,构国会家华展和改革委华可再生能源华展中心 [摘要]华力华华作华一华可再生能源～可以促华能源华和华境的改善～而有利于可构从 持华华展。中已提出建华华力华华能力巨大的华步。然而～工华化家相比～华有华国与国 多需要努力。近年～政府已加强了华可再生能源的华华投入～华展了华好的政策以来 及某些华华华华华华展中的一些示范华目。 中华华华展的华大意华国 能源是民华华华展的重要基华。中已华是能源的生华和消华的大～着华华建国国国随 华的加快～中的能源供华华华已华越越突出华。国来2003年～在中能源消华华量国达16.8华华准煤～华字高于吨个数2002达13百分点。在中的能源华中～煤炭个国构 占67.1,、石油占22.7,、天然占气2.8,和水华占7.3,～而石油华口高达9700万。至于人均能源华源～煤炭～石油和天然在中只到吨气国达70,、10,和5,的世界平均水平的分华。在此背景下～能源华展的华华角度看～是否充足的能从来 源华源供华成华影华华华展的华华。此外～中的能源消耗华度的依华煤炭～致使将会响国 煤炭在2003年的能源消华华华中增加构份1百分点～特华是在华力部华。近个75,的华力机容量燃煤是华华力～华致中已成华世界最大的二化硫排放～其中装国氧国 90,是由燃煤造成的～70,的大烟华也燃煤引起的～燃煤造成的后果华包括酸气 化土壤～作物少～植被破等生华害～以及危害健康的华华。燃煤排放大量减坏灾声 的二化～尤其是～华是引华全球华暖的主要原因。中华在是第二大室氧碳国温气体 排放华次于美。此外～华石油华口的依华国国程度也日华上升～作华华略物华～石油供华和价格华是受国响从响华形华影～而影能源供华安全。华能作华一华可再生能源～是不会尽国区区将耗的。中在北部地和华部沿海地～在华里华展华华有利于华华华展～促华就华和华能华华～基将温气体本不存在华华境的华害～其室排放量;20克/千瓦华丰富的华能,华高于常华能源的使用率。 目前中华力华华的华展国 第6华～共12华 南华大船山院华华华华学学 中华华建华华国始于80年代中华～华华近20年的华展在2003年年底～40多华力华个华华已建成～华有570兆瓦华力华网个达接成一容量和年华华1.2华千瓦华～其中～华宁126MW、新疆 103MW、华广86MW和内蒙古88MW。其中最大的华力华华华是达坂城2华华华华华机容量华号装80MW～大华有二十万台小型华机华偏华地区装供华;华机容量35MW,。中华力华华华华的华华和国国很制造能力和中华华管理能力一华取得了大的华步。大型华力华华机制造可达700千瓦～已并掌握了华力华华的主管华华和人华一批华大的。由于华家相比～中华华华建华与达国国仍华于初始华段。华然起步华早～但华展华慢其在华洲的整体个华模甚至落后于印度和日本的落后～华有一大型的华华华模华大的差距需要华。填确数很首先～我华缺乏充分和准的华能华源据～华华足需要充足的地面气估国象华华的大型华华建华华模。据华～中大华华250万千瓦的华能华源～但利用只有不到0.2,～甚至海上的华能更大。然而～华能利用和华源华估个仍然是一空白。 促华华力华华的政策 华了促华华力华华的华展～早在1994年原建华部华华了华力华华华建华与条管理例。其中～所有华华华华出的华能无件上条网网与网华～上价格可华华当判华华华置华华款的本金和利息外加合理的利华。华华政策华然华华了部委的华革～几个但是依然奠定了华华华展的重要基华。 1999年～中政府华国确布了若干促华可再生能源的华展政策。其中～重点定了可再生能源华华的华惠政策～特华是在华华华建华～政策包括华行华款享受政府2%的华华和使用国华华华享受5%的投华回华率。此外～华力华华增华税税免征一半;增华,8.5,,以及华口华华零部件及成套可以华华征收1,和5,的自定华华任税。面华华力机构国厂个改革后华境保华的华任～华院华布了华价由华排放量华算的华准。要形成一新的～清励个争会华华源华展的激机制～华华造了一公平的华机～可再生能源～例如华能、太阳从能。在华价改革中～特华提到华力华华、地华华华等可再生能源华华可以华华事企华参与争将网市华华的自由～其华华量由华企华以政府华定的价格华华或投华价格华先。在成熟的华力市华～政府华华定华新能源和可再生能源华华华占华力华一售定比例～建立新能源和可再生能源华华市华华。此政策促华华能华争速华展起到至华重要的作用。 国家支助活华 在可再生能源的华期华展华和加大投华可再生能源的华展的划励鼓下～可再生能源加快了建华步伐上了新的台华。外的华华国明～强迫性的法律是以促华可再生能源华展的一华有效的方式。自2003年以～中政府已华华来始制定刺激可再生能源的 第7华～共12华 南华大船山院华华华华学学 华华和法律。华法定确了在可再生能源的华略地位～消除可再生能源华华利用的市华障碍～建立市华空华和华金保障系保体华了可再生能源华展的文化华境。立法的基本原华体国华了人民的华任及政府的华任～政府的推华和市华引华起到了华华和华华华展～华需求华华华和华的华国内践确体合。通华华华立法～一些重要的系华得到定～包括政府华华华系～可再生能源华展目华～华略华和划保障措施～公民的消华由政府系华的华制～公民是需要承担将网售可再生能源华华利用的华外华用～通华华华励系华华华。华华和华华制度～特华是在全社鼓企会励个当华华华和华用可再生能源～人或企华未能履行法定华华～华受到一定的华华。 华华法律草案涉及到不同的可再生能源～包括华能～太阳能～生物华能利用率～在华并气体网如华华、华华、供华～供、液燃料不同的利用方式～华入华华接或华网离个条隔。华是一全面的促华可再生能源的华展～法律政策～其中一些款涉及的华源华华～可再生能源市华配华制度～华华华与网并运担行的成本分华方法～具有直接的促华华力华华的华展作用～除去了大量的华华华模化华展的障碍。此法华定的其他有华工华的指华～技华推广励～价格管理和华华华都是促华华力华华华展的好政策。 华华华力华华华目 华了推华华力华华的商华化华展～一些华施在特华华华石油、天然气勘探和华采的成功制度已华入华华华华华目。华华华制度的基本方法是华华相华华大的华目;100兆瓦,华华源网与的价格和本地化率的条并件～通华招华华华投华者～政府华承华华华所有由华力华出的华能价格上的华源网格。 2003年～中华有国两个100兆瓦的华华华在江华省惠来广和华省如华华华华华华目分华邀华招华～由政府批准。通华招华～华些华华华力华华华目～大大降低了华网华力价格～即低于0.5元/千瓦华～在第一华段。华些多元化的投华有所增加～局部的华华力影了华力华华的华展生争响争国内命力和市华华力～同华促华了华华华华制造能力。 华能华源华估 华能华源华是华华华建华的估条根本和前提件。 2003年～家华展改革委华华华家国会国气启估象局等部华华新一华的华能全面华华和华华并国区估华华了大型华力华华华目的华华华金。家投华在支持地华展华能华源的华华、华和华力华华华目所需的华金3000万元。华华完成2006年底。除了上述华华并网运行华目的华力～国减区国家华施了华偏华地华困人口的“中亮化工程”华目中～目华是通华华力华华机和太阳能华池提供华23华人的生活用华到2020年～只要有丰阳富的太能和华能～家家都能用华～华华在华华和服华的华投华到将达300.00华元以上。 第8华～共12华 南华大船山院华华华华学学 政策华华 华能是一华成熟的一华技华～也是华展最快的可再生能源～具有华广前景。据华华到2020年～通华适当装达的政策推华下～华华机容量可20万千瓦～每年可华省1500万华准煤。中有华源～华力华华的力华展～已华华造了华展华力华华和其吨国潜并他可再生能源政策的基华。华了华华2020年目华～华作出当与更大的努力。华力华华的华华是华华华模华密华系的～小华模～低～成本高的华华华被将打破。要华华华华特华华华华目的华华～华大其适用范华～逐步建立了一批华范化的华力华华华～尤其是大步走向海上华能华源的第一步～不华余力地准华海上华能华华和华目。在此同华～家华国励研鼓华力华华技华究～加快华华华华制造华化～华华和生华多国元化的投华渠道～降低华力华华的成本。华力华华促华法的华施～它个担华志着华华华展的一里程碑～但华一些立法的华华～特华是华力华华的增量成本分的华华～全社会巩励税税华华行仔华华华和固。此外～一些华华激措施～如收和华的华惠～信华～华华等～华考华华区技华和商华化华用。 第9华～共12华