中国北方四条河口的汞_以大辽河_鸭绿江_滦河_东村河为例_英文_

中国北方四条河口的汞_以大辽河_鸭绿江_滦河_东村河为例_英文_ : M e rc u ry in F o u r N o rth C h ina Es tua rie s theΞ , , D a lia o he Ya lu jia ng L ua nhe a nd D o ng c unhe 1 1, 2 1 ()(() ) L iu Sum e i刘素美经 Zh an g J in g张C u i J u n zh i崔俊芝 (1 C ol leg e of , C h em is t ry a n d C h em ica l E n g in ee r in g ), , 266003 O cea n U n iv e rs ity of Q in g d a oQ in g d a o (2 ,S ta te K ey L a bora tory of E s tu a r in e a n d C oa s ta l R esea rch ), , 200062E a s t C h in a N orm a l U n iv e rs ity S h a n g h a i () (): A b s t ra c t D isso lved DM an d to ta l TM d isso lved an d p a r t icu la tem e rcu ry w e re m ea su red fo r su rface w a te r sam p le s tak en f rom th e D a liao h e an d D o n gcu n h e 1989 1991 . ,e stu a r ie s in an d re sp ec t ive lyIn th e Y a lu jian g an d L u an h e e stu a r ie s () o n ly to ta l m e rcu ry TM w e re m ea su red in 1991 an d 1992. DM w a s th e m a in fo rm ; 50% in th e r ive r an d PM w a s th e m a in fo rm in th e D a liao h e e stu a ryo f TM w a s in () . DM in th e D o n gcu n h e e stu a ryT h e DM an d su sp en ded p a r t icu la te m a t te r SPM . , h ad sim ila r t ren d s w ith th e ch lo r in ity in th e D a liao h e e stu a ryIn th e Y a lu jian gth e , . to ta l m e rcu ry va r ied w ith ch lo r in ityw h ich co in c ided w ith th e tu rb id ityB u t in th e , L u an h eth e re la t io n o f to ta l m e rcu ry w ith th e ch lo r in ity w a s d iffe ren t f rom th a t fo r . , th e SPM B a sed o n th e da ta o f th is stu dyit can b e co n c lu ded th a t th e e stu a r ie s o f , , ,L u an h eD o n gcu n h eY a lu jian g an d D a liao h e w e re a ll h eav ily po llu ted b y m e rcu ry .e sp ec ia lly th e L u an h e e stu a ry m e rcu ry; N o r th C h in a e stu a r ie s; d isso lved m e rcu ry; p a r t icu la te Ke y w o rd s m e rcu ry; po llu t io n 0 In t ro d uc t io n T h e re lea se o f m e rcu ry in to th e en v iro nm en t h a s lo n g b een reco gn ized a s a m a jo r th rea t . , 0. 1, 0. 2 to aqu a t ic fau n a an d h um an h ea lthFo r ex am p leth e co n cen t ra t io n s o f m e rcu ry a t 1 . /m g a leve ls in h um an o rgan s m ay cau se to x ic effec t sT h e ea r ly g rea te r even t in m e rcu ry 1953, po iso n in g to p u b lic h ea lth app ea red in J ap an in an d sin ce th en it h a s b een repo r ted ) ( Ξ 49525609, 49736190 , th e N a tu ra l . T h is study w a s funded by th e N a t io na l Sc ience s Fo unda t io n co n t r ibu t io n N o (). 980677. Sc ience s Fo unda t io n o f th e Sh ando ng P ro v ince co n t r ibu t io n N oYE : 1999206224; : 2000207231R ece ivedR ev ised 1 . , . . , , , app ea r in g o th e r co u n t r ie segSw eden N o rw ayC an adaIraq an d A m e r ica T h e , po llu t io n w ith m e rcu ry o f th e aqu a t ic en v iro nm en t h a s rap id ly in c rea sed in recen t yea r sfo r 6 1. 6 × 10/a o f m e rcu ry to th e k gex am p le, th e m e ta llu rg ica l in du st ry a lo n e re lea se s 1 . , a tm o sp h e re an d aqu a t ic en v iro nm en tM o reo ve rm e rcu ry can b e t ran sfe red in th e foo d , 2. ch a in an d accum u la ted in b io taw h ich h a s a t t rac ted w o r ldw ide sc ien t if ic in te re st sS tu d ie s 2 25 . , h ave b een ca r r ied o u t in E u rop ean an d N o r th A m e r ican e stu a r ie sIn C h in asom e recen t p u b lica t io n s repo r ted th e co n ten t s o f m e rcu ry an d it s t ran sfo rm in th e C h an g jian g 6, 7 8, 9 10 11 , , .e stu a ry H u an gh e e stu a ry Bo h a i B ay an d E a st C h in a Sea T h e p re sen t w o rk repo r t s th e da ta o f H g f rom som e no r th C h in a e stu a r ie s, n am e ly, th e , , . D a liao h eY a lu jian gL u an h e an d D o n gcu n h eT h e a im o f th is p ap e r is to u n de r stan d th e 2.leve l o f m e rcu ry in th e lan d sea bo u n da r ie s o f N o r th C h in a 1 S am p le C o lle c t io n a nd A na ly s e s F ig. 1 show s th e lo ca t io n o f th e D a liao h e, L u an h e, Y a lu jian g an d D o n gcu n h e in N o r th . C h in a an d th e sam p lin g sta t io n s in th e se e stu a r ie sT h e gen e ra l ch a rac te r ist ic s o f th e stu d ied 1.e stu a r ie s a re show n in T ab le T ab le 1 Gene ra l ch a rac te r ist ic s o f th e stud ied e stua r ie s D a liao h e Ya lu jiang L uanh e D o ngcunh e O b se rva t io n p e r io d M ay, 1989 A ugu st, 1992 A ugu st, 1991 M ay, 1991 2) (27334 62630 54412 34 D ra inage a rea km W a te r d isch a rge 4. 4 37. 8 6 0. 036 93 - 1( )×10 m a Sed im en t lo ad 5 - 150 4. 8 20 ( )×10to n s a 1. 1 S am p ling p ro c e d u re s T h e f ie ld o b se rva t io n s fo r th e L u an h e an d Y a lu jian g e stu a r ie s ( ) . . 1991, 1992, w e re u n de r tak en in f loo d p e r io d s ieA u gu st o f c ru ise s o f D a liao h e an d ( ) . . 1989 1991. D o n gcu n h e e stu a r ie s w e re u n de r tak en in th e d ry p e r io d s ieM ayo f an d T h e 2f ie ld o b se rva t io n s w e re lim ited to th e f lu v io e stu a r in e zo n e s b eg in n in g a t f re sh w a te r th ro u gh . . m a r in e w a te r sT h e sam p lin g st ra teg ie s w e re m ade acco rd in g to sa lin ity g rad ien t sW a te r ( ) 0. 5 sam p le s w e re co llec ted w ith N isk in bo t t le s o n su b su rface m an d th en t ran sfe red to () , 5% 3 KM nO 4 an d T h e g la ss bo t t le s w e re p rec lean ed w ith co n cen t ra ted HN O g la ss bo t t le s. 80? 2 , a t in th e o ven fo r ho u r sth e M nO 2 p rec ip ita t in g in th e bo t t le s w a s ( )5% K 2 S2O 8 () ?212% , . rem o ved w ith N H 2O H H C l fo llow ed b y th ro u gh r in se w ith red ist illed w a te rT h is . 2, op e ra t io n w a s rep ea ted o n ce aga inA f te r th e f in a l r in se w ith M illiQ w a te rth e bo t t le s w e re () 0. 1% . f illed w ith K 2C r2O 7 an d sto red in do u b le p la st ic b ag s u n t il u seT h e sam p lin g bo t t le s . w e re r in sed th ree t im e s w ith th e in situ w a te r b efo re f illedSom e sam p le s f rom th e D a liao h e 2/an d D o n gcu n h e e stu a r ie s w e re f ilte red o n p rec lean ed g la ssf ib e r W h a tm an GF F f ilte r s () 450? . p rec lean ed b y h ea t in g to o ve r n igh tfo r p a r t icu la te H g de te rm in a t io n1. T h e an a ly t ica l m e tho d is b a sed o n th e p ro cedu re o f co ld vapo u r 2 A na ly t ic a l m e tho d12 (). a tom ic ab so rp t io n T h e sam p le s fo r d isso lved m e rcu ry an a ly sis, in c lu d in g o rgan ic DM an d ino rgan ic sp ec ie s af te r f ilt ra t io n , w e re d ige sted b y add it io n o f a m ix tu re o f KM nO 4 ( ) () 5% , 5% 2 28 3 80? , K SO an d co n cen t ra ted HN O a t fo r tw o ho u r sfo llow ed b y add it io n o f 2+ N H 2O H ?H C l a s redu c tan t. w a s redu ced to H g b y SnC l2 , th en ga seo u s m e rcu ry is H g f lu sh ed w ith a rgo n ga s an d t rapp ed o n to a go ld w ire co llec to r. T h e am a lgam a ted m e rcu ry is even tu a lly re lea sed b y h ea t in g th e go ld w ire an d ca r r ied b y an a rgo n ga s in to th e m ea su r in g . ce llT h e p rec isio n s o f ch em ica l an a ly se s a s e st im a ted b y rep ea t de te rm in a t io n s w e re w ith in 5% , w ith a reco ve ry o f 94%, 108%. T h e m e rcu ry de te rm in ed in u n f ilte red w a te r sam p le s is () , refe r red a s to ta l m e rcu ry TM th e an a ly t ica l p ro cedu re is sim ila r to th a t u sed fo r d isso lved . m e rcu ryT h e d iffe ren ce b e tw een to ta l m e rcu ry an d d isso lved m e rcu ry w a s a t t r ib u ted to th e (), .m e rcu ry a sso c ia ted w ith su sp en ded p a r t icu la te m a t te ro r p a r t icu la te m e rcu ry PM D up lica te sam p le s w e re co llec ted fo r ch lo r in ity de te rm in a t io n b y e ith e r co lo r im e t r ic . , m e tho d fo r f re sh w a te r s o r A gN O 3 t it ra t io n fo r sa lin e w a te r sIn th e labo ra to ryth e f ilte r s w e re d r ied to 50? an d w e igh ed fo r th e de te rm in a t io n o f th e am o u n t o f su sp en ded p a r t icu la te ().m a t te r SPM 2 R e s u lts a nd D is c us s io n T h e co n ten t s o f DM an d TM in th e D a liao h e e stu a ry ran ged f rom 2. 1 D a lia o he Es tua ry 85 to 460 n g L an d 95 to 550 n gL w ith ave rage s o f 210 n gL an d 310 n gL , re sp ec t ive ly. ////T h e d ist r ib u t io n s o f DM an d TM in th e e stu a ry w e re a ll ch a rac te r ized b y an in c rea se o f DM 11, an d TM co n ten t s w ith in c rea sin g ch lo r in ity an d reach ed a m ax im um a t ch lo r in ity w h ich (). 2. a re ve ry sim ila r to tu rb id ity F igT h e PM co n ten t s in th e D a liao h e e stu a ry ran ged f rom ) )( , 0. ( 100. 42 10, 300 /67Λg/g w ith an ave rage o f 120 n g /L Λg/g . T h e PM 0. n g L )(. 2. co n ten t s show ed a gen e ra l ten den cy to in c rea se w ith ch lo r in ity F igT h e D a liao h e f low s . th ro u gh an im po r tan t h eavy in du st ry cen t re an d im po r tan t h a rbo u r in N o r th C h in aIt w a s 63 - 1 14. 2 × 10repo r ted th a t th e D a liao h e rece ive s m ao f w a ste w a te r f rom in du st ry an d Ξ. , dom e st ic ac t iv it ie sS in ce th e D a liao h e a re regu la ted b y re se rvo ir s in th e upp e r reach e sth e low e r reach e s b ecom e ac tu a lly a ch an n e l rece iv in g sew age w h en th e dam s a re c lo sed to . regu la te w a te r f low sT h e to ta l m e rcu ry co n ten t s in c rea sed f rom th e r ive r to th e Bo h a i Sea . m igh t b e a sc r ib ed to h um an ac t iv it ie s o r th e sed im en t re su sp en sio n n ea r th e e stu a ryT h e . DM co n ten t s sligh t ly in c rea sed f rom up st ream to e stu a r in eT h e h igh co n ten t s o f DM a t () 16 2. S ta t io n m ay p ro b ab ly b e f rom th e po llu t io n d ra in age p ap e rm illo f Y in gko uT h e TM , co n ten t s ch an ge f rom sta t io n to sta t io n m a in ly du e to th e d iffe ren ce in PM an d SPM .co n ten t s 36. 2% 89. 5% /T h e ra t io o f DM TM in th e D a liao h e e stu a ry ran ged f rom to w ith an 66. 2%. //. ave rage o f T h e ra t io s o f PM TM an d DM TM do no t show an y def in ite ten den cyB u t th e da ta show th a t DM is th e m a in fo rm in th e r ive r an d PM is th e m a in fo rm in th e . e stu a ryT h e rem o va l o f DM w a s o b se rved in th e S t L aw ren ce e stu a ry an d a t t r ib u ted to ad so rp t io n o r co agu la t io n w ith o rgan ic o n to so lid p h a se in th e tu rb id ity m ax im um an d/ 13 . co llo id sA sim ila r d ist r ib u t io n fo r d isso lved H g w a s a lso o b se rved in th e R ho n e 14 .e stu a ry , ,B u t in co n t ra stin th e G iro n de e stu a ry th e DM co va r ied w ith tu rb id ity rem o b ilizab le H g f rom p a r t ic le s in th e tu rb id ity m ax im um w a s h ypo th e sized a s th e so u rce o f 15 .a d isso lved H g m ax im um in upp e r e stu a ry T h e TM an d SPM co n ten t s illu st ra te a rem a rk ab le lin ea r re la t io n w ith a co va r ia t io n 2 = 0. 88. co eff ic ien t rB u t th e lin ea r re la t io n sh ip b e tw een PM an d SPM is le ss sign if ican t w ith 2 = 0. 40, a co va r ia t io n co eff ic ien t rin d ica t in g th a t m e rcu ry co n cen t ra t io n s in th e D a liao h e a re .affec ted b y h um an ac t iv it ie s T h e TM co n ten t s in th e Y a lu jian g e stu a ry ran ged f rom 30 to 2500 2. 2 Ya lu jia ng e s tua ry n g L w ith an ave rage o f 700 n gL. T h e TM co n ten t s w e re h igh ly va r iab le a t ch lo r in ity < 2, // )(2. , . fo llow ed b y a ra th e r stab le d ist r ib u t io n w h ich is qu ite sim ila r to SPM F ig Ξ E nv iro nm en ta l P ro tec t io n In st itu te o f L iao n ing P ro v ince. T h e p re lim ina ry study o f po llu t io n and com p reh en sive . 1983co n t ro l abo u t th e D a liao h e r ive r sy stem Com p a r iso n o f m e rcu ry co n ten t s b e tw een r ive r an d e stu a ry o f th e Y a lu jian g show s th a t 30 500 243 300 //th e TM co n ten t s va ry f rom to n g L w ith an ave rage o f n g L in th e r ive r an d 2 500 823 , //to n g L w ith an ave rage o f n g L in th e e stu a ryw h ich show s th a t th e m e rcu ry , co n ten t s in th e e stu a ry a re m u ch h igh e r th an in th e r ive ran d is oppo site to th e geo g rap h y , d ist r ib u t io n th a t th e r ive r d ra in s in D an do n g c ity w ith m an y in du st r ie san d th e e stu a ry is in D o n ggo u co u n ty w h e re ag r icu ltu re is th e m a in h um an ac t iv it ie s an d h a s m u ch few e r ( ) .1fac to r ie s T h is re su lt m ay p ro b ab ly b e f rom th e m e rcu ry ten d s to b e ab so rb ed b y th e ( )2 th e r ive r in e p a r t icu la te s su sp en ded p a r t icu la te s an d t ran spo r ted w ith th e p a r t ic le s; f lo ccu la t io n an d p rec ip ita te a s th e p h y sica l an d ch em ica l co n d it io n s h ave a sign if ican t ch an ge; () 3.th e bo t tom sed im en t s m ay b e re su sp en ded T h e TM co n ten t s in th e L u an h e e stu a ry ran ged f rom 3 700 to 6 700 2. 3 L ua nhe e s tua ry 5 700 n g L w ith an ave rage o f n g L. T h e TM co n ten t s b eh aved co n se rva t ive ly w ith // ch lo r in ity f rom 0. 5 to 13, w h ich w a s d iffe ren t f rom th e d ist r ib u t io n s o f th e tu rb id ity in th e (). 3. 4 700 //, 6 200 e stu a ry F igT h e TM co n ten t s o f th e L u an h e w e re n g L in th e r ive rn g L . , in th e e stu a ryT h e m e rcu ry co n ten t s in th e e stu a ry w e re a lm o st tw ice o f tho se in th e r ive r .w h ich is sim ila r to th e Y a lu jian g 2. 4 D o ng c unhe e s tua ry T h e DM co n ten t s in th e D o n gcu n h e e stu a ry ran ged f rom 180 to 500 n g L w ith an ave rage o f 324 n g L. D u e to co n st ra in t s o f f ie ld o b se rva t io n s, w e m a in ly // 9. sam p led n ea r th e low e r e stu a ry w ith ch lo r in it ie s o ve r T h e TM co n ten t s in D o n gcu n h e 400 1 000 640 . 50% //e stu a ry ran ged f rom to n g L w ith an ave rage o f n gLA lm o st o f to ta l .m e rcu ry in th e e stu a ry w a s a sso c ia ted w ith th e p a r t icu la te m a t te r () Com p a r in g th e m e rcu ry co n ten t s b e tw een in te r io r S ta t io n s 2, 3, 4 an d 5an d ex te r io r () 7, 8 9, , 625, 378 sta t io n s S ta t io n s an d th e ave rage co n cen t ra t io n s o f TM DM an d PM w e re 248 /627, 297 330 /, an d n gL in th e in te r io r an d an d n gL in th e ex te r io r o f th e t ida l in le t ( )( ) . 2. /re sp ec t ive ly F igd T h e ave rage co n ten t s o f PM Λgg a re a lm o st th e sam e in th e . in te r io r an d ex te r io r o f th e t ida l in le tT h is is co n sisten t w ith th a t th e SPM co n cen t ra t io n s () 97. /a re th e sam e m gL in th e in te r io r an d ex te r io r o f th e in le t 2. 5 C om p a ris o n w ith o the r e s tua rie s T h e DM in th e D o n gcu n h e e stu a ry is a lit t le h igh e r th an th a t in th e D a liao h e e stu a ry, w h ich is o n e to tw o o rde r s o f m agn itu de h igh e r . th an th a t o f th e C h an g jian g an d H u an gh e e stu a r ie sT h e h igh e r DM co n ten t in th e Bo h a i Sea 6 . m ay b e th e re su lt o f th isT h e leve ls o f H g in th e se e stu a r ie s w e re a lso m u ch h igh e r th an , , , tho se in o th e r w o r ld e stu a r ie ssu ch a s th e T agu s e stu a ryth e G iro n de e stu a ryth e L o ire 13, 15 217 , . , , .e stu a ryth e S tL aw ren ce e stu a ryth e Sh e ld t e stu a ryth e R ho n e e stu a r ty µ > > T h e co n ten t s o f to ta l m e rcu ry fa ll in th e o rde r o f L u an h e Y a lu jian g D o n gcu n h e ()2. D a liao h e T ab le A ga in th e TM in th e e stu a r ie s stu d ied h e re w e re h igh e r th an th a t f rom , th e C h an g jian g R ive rth e H u an gh e R ive r an d th e m o st o f th e w o r ld e stu a r ie s in th e 16 . 0. 03 0. 5 /lite ra tu reA s th e b ack g ro u n d an d th e stan da rd va lu e s o f th e TM a re an d n g L 18 , re sp ec t ive ly in th e Bo h a i Sea an d th e H u an gh a i Sea it can b e co n c lu ded th a t th e e stu a r ie s , , , o f L u an h eD o n gcu n h eY a lu jian g an d th e D a liao h e w e re h eav ily po llu tede sp ec ia lly in th e .L u an h e e stu a ry Com p a r iso n w ith o th e r C h in e se e stu a r ie s in d ica te s th a t th e co n ten t s o f PM fa ll in th e 6, 8 µ µ µ . o rde r o f H u an gh e D o n gcu n h e D a liao h e C h an g jian g B u t com p a r iso n w ith th e w o r ld e stu a r ie s in d ica te s th a t th e co n cen t ra t io n s o f p a r t icu la te m e rcu ry a re com p a rab le to o th e r 15, 17, 18 , th a t th e m e rcu ry po llu t io n s m a in ly re su lt f rom DM . sy stem s 3 C o nc lus io n T h e sy stem s stu d ied h e re a re o f h igh e r H g com p a red w ith E u rop ean an d A m e r ican . , , e stu a r ie sIn th e D a liao h e e stu a ryDM co n ten t s va r ied w ith ch lo r in ityw h ich w a s sim ila r to . . th e tu rb id ityT h e DM w a s th e m a in fo rm in th e r ive r an d PM in th e e stu a ryIn th e , 30 2 500 /Y a lu jian g an d L u an h e e stu a r ie sth e to ta l m e rcu ry co n ten t s ran ged f rom to n g L 3 700 6 700 /, . , an d f rom to n gL re sp ec t ive lyIn th e D o n gcu n h e e stu a rya lm o st h a lf o f th e .m e rcu ry in th e e stu a ry w a s a sso c ia ted w ith th e p a r t icu la te m a t te r Ref eren ce s 1 D o ng Y. T h e tech no lo g ica l m o vem en t o f m e rcu ry in env iro nm en t. J ] In: A co llec t io n o f t ran sla t io n th e study o f . ] : , 1984reg io na l env irom en tC B e ijingIn st itu te o f Geo g rap h y 2 , , , . . B eno it J M G ilm o u r C C M a so n R P e t a lB eh av io r o f m e rcu ry in th e P a tuxen t R ive r e stua ryJ ] ( ) , 1998, 40 2- 3: 249, 265B io geo ch em ist ry 3 Co que ry M , Co ssa D , M a r t in J M . T h e d ist r ibu t io n o f d isso lved and p a r t icu la te m e rcu ry in th ree S ibe r ian E stua r ie s and ad jacen t A rc t ic co a sta l w a te r s. 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Zh u X D a i H T ang LM e tho d o f m a r ine env iro nm en ta l qua lity a sse ssm en t in Bo h a i and H uangh a i Sea and it s 18 ( ) . ] , 1988, 7 2: 5, 12iden t if ica t io nJ M a r ine E nv irnm en ta l Sc ience 中国北方四条河口的汞 Ξ ——以大辽河、鸭绿江、滦河、东村河为例 11, 21 刘素美张经崔俊芝 ( )1 青岛海洋大学化学化工学院, 青岛, 266003 ( )2 华东师范大学河口与海岸国家重点实验室, 上海, 200062 摘 要 分别于 1989 年, 1992 年, 1991 年 8 月, 1991 年 5 月对大辽河口、鸭绿江口、滦河口、东村河口水 体中总汞进行了取样和分析, 其中又对大辽河口和东村河口进行了溶解态汞的分析。大辽河口和东村河 口溶解态汞的含量分别为 85, 460和 180, 500平均值分别为 210 和 324总汞含量分 , ; ///ngL ngL ngL 别为 95, 550 和 400, 1 000平均值分别为 310 和 640。大辽河河流段和河口段溶解态汞和颗 , //ngL ngL 粒态汞是主要存在形式。河口溶解态汞和颗粒态汞随氯度变化趋势相似。东村河口溶解态汞约占 50% 。 鸭绿江口和滦河口总汞含量分别为 30, 2 500 和 3 700, 6 700平均值分别为 700 和 5 700。鸭 , //ngL ngL 绿江口总汞随氯度变化趋势与随浊度变化趋势一致。而在滦河口总汞含量随两者变化趋势则不同。还讨 论了滦河口、东村河口、鸭绿江口和大辽河口汞的污染程度。 关键词 汞; 中国北方河口; 溶解态; 颗粒态; 污染 + () 中图法分类号 3 文章编号 100121862 2001012136207 614. 24O ( ) ( ) Ξ 国家自然科学基金 49525609, 49736190及山东省自然科学基金 980677资助。 YE 刘素美, 女, 1967 年 3 月出生, 硕士, 副教授。