幼儿园安全教育培训内容

幼儿园安全教育内容 1水 痘 2甲型流感 3结膜炎 4烧伤、烫伤 5幼儿碰击伤应急处理 6幼儿摔伤应急处理 7幼儿手指挤伤应急处理 8幼儿耳朵、鼻子异物应急处理 9异物吞食如何应急处理 10儿童鼻出血怎么处理 11小儿高热惊厥的紧急处理 12扭伤 13腮腺炎 14刺伤 15一般性擦伤 小儿高热惊厥的紧急处理 小孩子神经系统发育尚不完善～一旦突然高烧上了39?～就容易出现双眼上翻、紧咬牙关、全身痉挛甚至丧失意识的症状～这有个医学名词叫小儿高热惊厥。如何给孩子适当的应急处理～从而稳定症状～防止病情进一步恶化呢, 高热惊厥的紧急处理 第一步:患儿侧卧或头偏向一侧。 立即使患儿侧身俯卧～头稍后仰～下颏略向前突～不用枕头。或去枕平卧～头偏向一侧～切忌在惊厥发作时给患儿喂药(防窒息)。 第二步:保持呼吸道通畅 。 解开衣领～用软布或手帕包裹压舌板或筷子放在上、下磨牙之间～防止咬伤舌头。同时用手绢或纱布及时清除患 儿口、鼻中的分泌物。 第三步:控制惊厥。 用手指捏、按压患儿的人中、合谷、内关等穴位两三分钟～并保持周围环境的安静～尽量少搬动患儿～减少不必要的刺激。 第四步:降温。 coefficient not greater than 1.3; High efficiency: control 1 hour travel time between any two points within the various groups within the area up to half an hour, 1-hour access to the airport, 45min reached the city's main traffic hub, external highway for half an hour with the main channels connecting bus 1.5 hours between any two groups of core areas; Intensive: 2030 transit share rate of around 35%, 2050 bus sharing rate of 45% per cent. 3rd chapter, Yibin city, traffic situation and General ... 3.1.1 city traffic status 1, external transport passenger and cargo traffic in Yibin city, traffic at the present main railway, highway, waterway and air four modes of passenger and freight transport, there 冷敷—在患儿前额、手心、大腿根处放臵冷毛巾～并常更换,将热水袋中盛装冰水或冰袋～外用毛巾包裹后放臵患儿的额部、颈部、腹股沟处或使用退热贴。温水擦浴—用温水毛巾反复轻轻擦拭大静脉走行处如颈部、两侧腋下、肘窝、腹股沟等处～使之皮肤发红～以利散热。 第五步:及时就医。 一般情况下～小儿高热惊厥3-5分钟即能缓解～因此当小孩意识丧失～全身性对称性强直性阵发痉挛或抽搐时～老师不要急着把孩子抱往医院～而是应该等孩子恢复意识后前往医院。经护理～即使患儿惊厥已经停止～也要到医院进一步查明惊厥的真正原因。但患儿持续抽搐5-10分钟以上不能缓解～或短时间内反复发作～预示病情较重～必须急送医院。就医途中～将患儿暴露在外～伸直颈部保持气道通畅。切勿将患儿包裹太紧～以免患儿口鼻受堵～造成呼吸道不通畅～甚至窒息死亡。 儿童鼻出血怎么处理 coefficient not greater than 1.3; High efficiency: control 1 hour travel time between any two points within the various groups within the area up to half an hour, 1-hour access to the airport, 45min reached the city's main traffic hub, external highway for half an hour with the main channels connecting bus 1.5 hours between any two groups of core areas; Intensive: 2030 transit share rate of around 35%, 2050 bus sharing rate of 45% per cent. 3rd chapter, Yibin city, traffic situation and General ... 3.1.1 city traffic status 1, external transport passenger and cargo traffic in Yibin city, traffic at the present main railway, highway, waterway and air four modes of passenger and freight transport, there 鼻出血是人体最常见的出血～医学上称为鼻衄。鼻出血大多数为单侧出血～少数情况为双侧出血。孩子鼻子的出血部位绝大部分是在鼻腔前部～一般出血特点为:量少、次数多、容易止住。 1、处理方法 1 一旦遇到孩子鼻出血～要让他立即低下头～马上用拇指和食指持续压住孩子的两侧鼻翼～压向鼻中隔部。一般情况下～只要压迫5 ， 10 分钟以上～大多数孩子的鼻出血都能止住。在给孩子捏鼻止血时～要安慰孩子～别让他惊慌哭闹～告诉孩子～要张大嘴呼吸～一会儿就没事了。2 在压迫鼻翼止血的同时～可以在孩子的前额部敷一块冷水毛巾。冷敷会使血管收缩～也能起到止血的作用。3 可以给孩子涂抹抗生素或类固醇软膏～可止痒也可防止黏液干硬。左(右)鼻孔流血～举起右(左)手臂～数分钟后即可止血。让患者坐在椅子上～将双脚浸泡在热水中～可止鼻血。5 将鼻出血的一侧鼻翼推向鼻梁～并保持5，10分钟～使其中的血液凝固～即可止血。如两侧均出血～则捏住两侧鼻翼。鼻血止住后～鼻孔中多有凝血块～不要急于将它弄出～尽量避免用力打喷嚏和用力揉～防止再出血。 鼻出血孩子左(右)鼻孔流血时～另一人用中指勾住患者的右(左)手中指根并用力弯曲～一般几十秒钟即可止血;或用布条扎住患者中指根～左(右)鼻孔流血扎右(左)手中指～鼻血止住后～解开布条。7 2、注意事项 如果孩子出现以下情况～老师一定要带他到医院检查～查明出血原因～及时治疗原发病～以免耽误治疗。反复鼻出血,采用上面介绍的止血方法后仍然出血不止,出血量多～伴有脸色苍白～皮肤易出现淤点、淤斑或皮肤青一块紫一块～而且牙龈也出血。 不能用纸巾或药棉堵住鼻孔止血。因为用纸巾或药棉堵塞鼻腔并不能达到压迫止血的目的～而且反复往鼻子里塞纸巾还会扩大出血创面～使鼻子出血更厉害。 孩子鼻出血时不要让孩子仰卧。因为仰卧时血会从咽后壁流入食道及胃～不久就会从胃再呕出～这就掩盖了鼻出血的真相。要让孩子取坐位或半坐位～注意保持呼吸道通畅～防止血液经后鼻孔流入口腔～更要指导孩子把流入口的血液尽量吐出～防止血液咽下后刺激胃肠道引起 恶心、呕吐或孩子误吸入呼吸道而引起窒息。 异物吞食如何应急处理 coefficient not greater than 1.3; High efficiency: control 1 hour travel time between any two points within the various groups within the area up to half an hour, 1-hour access to the airport, 45min reached the city's main traffic hub, external highway for half an hour with the main channels connecting bus 1.5 hours between any two groups of core areas; Intensive: 2030 transit share rate of around 35%, 2050 bus sharing rate of 45% per cent. 3rd chapter, Yibin city, traffic situation and General ... 3.1.1 city traffic status 1, external transport passenger and cargo traffic in Yibin city, traffic at the present main railway, highway, waterway and air four modes of passenger and freight transport, there 1、气管异物——倒立拍背尽快清除 日常生活中～小小儿气管异物当中～最多的是花生和瓜子。 孩子之所以容易发生气管异物～是由小儿生理特点决定的～小儿的气管与食管交叉处的“会厌软骨”发育不成熟～功能不健全～当小儿口中含物说话～哭笑和剧烈活动时～容易将口含物吸入气管内引起气管阻塞～导致窒息。老师不合理喂养的方法也导致孩子发生气管异物。 预防异物呛入～首先～不推荐给5岁以下的孩子喂花生、瓜子等坚硬的食物～即使是出了牙;不推荐给3岁以下孩子喂果冻(要吃～一定要用小勺子喂～不要让孩子自己吃);不要让孩子嘴里含异物～发现有类似习惯～要及时纠正。对于2岁以下的孩子～家里不要放能放入嘴里的小东西。尤其是对于刚开始学会爬行和走路的孩子;不要在吃饭的时候逗孩子笑～改变边吃边说的坏习惯。 一旦发现孩子吃了不该吃的食物～老师千万别惊慌失措～不要试图用手把食物从嘴里挖出来～这样容易吓住孩子～反而导致孩子呛入。 建议:可采用倒立拍背法:对于婴幼儿～老师可立即倒提其两腿～头向下垂～同时轻拍其背部。这样可以通过异物的自身重力和呛咳时胸腔内气体的冲力～迫使异物向外咳出。 提示:如果上述方法无效或情况紧急～应立即将患儿急送医院～以免引起严重的后果。 2、吞食其它异物 如果吞食了纽扣、电池或别的尖的东西～别让幼儿吐～马上送医院。 如果吞食了染发剂、香水、香烟等～让幼儿马上吃母乳或奶粉～以稀释后吐出来。 如果吞食了成人的药、烟灰缸里的水～马上边让他吐边送医院。 如果喝了清洁剂、漂白剂、汽油等强酸强碱性的物质～不要喝东西～也不要让他吐出来～而应马上送医院。 幼儿耳朵、鼻子异物应急处理 coefficient not greater than 1.3; High efficiency: control 1 hour travel time between any two points within the various groups within the area up to half an hour, 1-hour access to the airport, 45min reached the city's main traffic hub, external highway for half an hour with the main channels connecting bus 1.5 hours between any two groups of core areas; Intensive: 2030 transit share rate of around 35%, 2050 bus sharing rate of 45% per cent. 3rd chapter, Yibin city, traffic situation and General ... 3.1.1 city traffic status 1, external transport passenger and cargo traffic in Yibin city, traffic at the present main railway, highway, waterway and air four modes of passenger and freight transport, there 1、不明东西进耳朵了 在幼儿2-5岁的阶段～比较容易发生异物进耳的意外。因为这个阶段的小幼儿比较调皮～经常会不小心将小物体往自己的耳朵里塞～如果是小豌豆、小玻璃弹等都能轻易塞进耳朵。老师及时发现了这些情况～第一时间是要保持冷静～千万不要自行给幼儿掏耳朵～试图把异物取出。如果有尖锐的东东西帮幼儿掏耳朵～一不小心就会降异物推得更进一些～损伤鼓膜。老师毕竟不是专业的～非专业的操作存在很大的风险。第一时间该做的是让幼儿侧着身～轻轻抖一抖幼儿进异物的耳朵～看异物能否抖出来～一来能都出来就更好～二来不能抖出来也可以避免异物进入更深～造成不必要的伤害～马上带去医院让医生把异物取出。另外一种情况是～老师没有第一时间发现幼儿耳内有异物～待到幼儿自己觉得很不舒服有自行掏耳朵的行为～或是发现老师出现无原因的耳朵流水甚至耳道出血的情况时～一定要及时带幼儿去医院进行详细检查。如果耳朵飞进了小虫～可用手电等照明用具照耳朵使异物飞出也可往耳朵里倒些许油～使异物滑出。 2、耳朵进水了 幼儿去学游泳～因为游泳可以强身健体～增强幼儿的抵抗力。但是幼儿游泳时～耳朵的保护工作做好了吗,在一般正常的情况下～幼儿游泳时不必采取特殊的保护～但是如果的耳朵带有伤口的话～最好就停止游泳活动～或者给幼儿带上耳塞～防止水里的细菌进入耳朵～从而引发外耳道炎等疾病。 无论是幼儿游泳时而动进水了～还是老师给幼儿洗澡是不慎让耳朵进水了～老师都可以不要太担心～首先让幼儿侧头～耳道口朝下～老师用手轻轻的向后、向上的方向揪幼儿的耳郭～这样有助于让水尽快流出。也可以使用软绵棒～轻轻插入幼儿耳朵旋转～把水吸干～注意要固定好幼儿的头不要让他乱动。 3、常见的鼻腔异物 小儿常常出于好奇～将小的异物塞入鼻腔造成伤害。常见的鼻腔异物有棉花球、纸团、豆粒、糖丸等～多半是在无意中放入的。这个年龄的孩子玩豆子、栗子、巧克力糖豆等东西时～会不小心塞到鼻孔里。塞进鼻孔时～孩子会用自己的手去取它～却反而把它推到了深处。 4、鼻腔异物的处理办法 鼻腔进异物较为危险～因为一旦异物经鼻腔进入气管～那么很容易造成可怕后果。一旦孩子鼻腔进了异物～老师最好将孩子送往医院请医生帮coefficient not greater than 1.3; High efficiency: control 1 hour travel time between any two points within the various groups within the area up to half an hour, 1-hour access to the airport, 45min reached the city's main traffic hub, external highway for half an hour with the main channels connecting bus 1.5 hours between any two groups of core areas; Intensive: 2030 transit share rate of around 35%, 2050 bus sharing rate of 45% per cent. 3rd chapter, Yibin city, traffic situation and General ... 3.1.1 city traffic status 1, external transport passenger and cargo traffic in Yibin city, traffic at the present main railway, highway, waterway and air four modes of passenger and freight transport, there 忙处理～如果像豆子、栗子、巧克力糖豆这样光滑的东西进入鼻子～千万不要自己用镊子去夹～因为只有耳鼻喉科才有能夹住这些东西的器具。 如果距离医院较远～一时间不便去医院～老师可小心地尝试采用以下办法进行处理: 用手指将没有异物的一侧鼻孔压紧～让孩子作擤鼻涕动作～将异物喷出来。 用棉花或纸捻刺激鼻黏膜～使孩子打喷嚏～将异物喷出。 让孩子用手将两只耳朵捂住～老师用手指压住没有异物的一侧鼻翼～使这里不漏气～ 然后用嘴巴对准孩子的口腔轻轻吹气。利用气流将鼻腔中的异物冲出来。 有时异物在孩子鼻腔内没有被及时发现～因此一旦发现孩子鼻腔呼出臭味或经常流 脓血样鼻涕～老师应及时带孩子去医院检查～看看是否鼻腔内有异物 幼儿手指挤伤应急处理 coefficient not greater than 1.3; High efficiency: control 1 hour travel time between any two points within the various groups within the area up to half an hour, 1-hour access to the airport, 45min reached the city's main traffic hub, external highway for half an hour with the main channels connecting bus 1.5 hours between any two groups of core areas; Intensive: 2030 transit share rate of around 35%, 2050 bus sharing rate of 45% per cent. 3rd chapter, Yibin city, traffic situation and General ... 3.1.1 city traffic status 1, external transport passenger and cargo traffic in Yibin city, traffic at the present main railway, highway, waterway and air four modes of passenger and freight transport, there 在日常生活中,门、铁闸、窗框、抽屉或者汽车门等,最容易夹伤手指,夹伤后轻者出血肿胀,重者可引起手指切断、指甲脱落或关节出血等。 处理: ?不必惊慌,先安慰小孩,皮肤无破损～挤伤早期用冷水或冰袋冷敷。如有出血～让幼儿将受伤的手指高举过心脏～缓解痛苦。 ?看见有出血处及时进行止血和消毒。 ?用厚纸板等物件支撑起手臂部,然后用绷带扎好,再将手臂用三角巾固定。 ?如果出现紫色的出血现象或肿胀时有可能是手指部的骨骼发生了骨折,指甲掀开脱落～应及时去医院进行诊治。 ?如出血不止,可将受伤的手指抬高超过心脏,以减轻疼痛和止血并去医院。 幼儿摔伤应急处理 coefficient not greater than 1.3; High efficiency: control 1 hour travel time between any two points within the various groups within the area up to half an hour, 1-hour access to the airport, 45min reached the city's main traffic hub, external highway for half an hour with the main channels connecting bus 1.5 hours between any two groups of core areas; Intensive: 2030 transit share rate of around 35%, 2050 bus sharing rate of 45% per cent. 3rd chapter, Yibin city, traffic situation and General ... 3.1.1 city traffic status 1, external transport passenger and cargo traffic in Yibin city, traffic at the present main railway, highway, waterway and air four modes of passenger and freight transport, there 指幼儿不小心从高处掉或滚落。一些孩子特别是在和一群孩子玩耍过程当中容易出现跌倒摔伤～如果跌倒后孩子身上稍微青一点或者他又立刻爬起来继续玩耍的话就不需要太担心。但是如果全身摔的很严重～浑身无力爬不起来～意识丧失,如叫其名字不答应,、脸色不好、呕吐、排血尿或摔伤的地方一动不动～一碰就哭～伤口肿的很严重～有大的伤口大量出血都必须即可送往医院。 处理:孩子摔下或滚落后马上哭起来～让孩子安静下来～观察4小时～在这种情况下～保持安静就是最重要的应急措施。那么事故发生以后在送往医院的过程中我们应该尽量减少孩子的痛苦以改善病情～我们要动作轻柔语言温和～在抢救过程中尽量预防和减少并发症的出现以免留下后遗症。 如儿童在摔伤或坠伤时可能损伤了脊柱～或脊柱骨折那么我们应严禁病儿走动～转运时用木板做担架运送～如果说让病儿走动或抱背用软担架运送都可能因脊柱的活动而损伤脊髓神经造成截瘫。 当幼儿跌倒后发现没有伤口但皮肤出现肿胀～剧烈疼痛及周围青紫时～这时我们不要揉搓应立即用冰袋或冷毛巾冷敷～防止内出血～24小时后可以用热毛巾热敷帮助血液循环促进血液吸收。 幼儿碰击伤应急处理 coefficient not greater than 1.3; High efficiency: control 1 hour travel time between any two points within the various groups within the area up to half an hour, 1-hour access to the airport, 45min reached the city's main traffic hub, external highway for half an hour with the main channels connecting bus 1.5 hours between any two groups of core areas; Intensive: 2030 transit share rate of around 35%, 2050 bus sharing rate of 45% per cent. 3rd chapter, Yibin city, traffic situation and General ... 3.1.1 city traffic status 1, external transport passenger and cargo traffic in Yibin city, traffic at the present main railway, highway, waterway and air four modes of passenger and freight transport, there 儿童受到的碰击不是很严重～患处没有出现肿胀或活动困难等症状～可以在皮肤的淤血斑处如果不出血,只起一个包块最有效的急救方法是在包块上涂一层食用猪油这样一小时左右,就能消肿,包块变平。用软布包住冰块冷敷20分钟～以减轻疼痛和水肿。马上用云南白药喷雾剂。如果幼儿说头晕、头痛～立即送医院。 碰伤处理: 1、如果伤口出血～要用一块消毒的棉垫或卫生纸压迫伤口十分钟以上。如果伤口不大～在止血后～用碘伏洗干净患处～用创可贴盖住患处。 2、如果伤口较大～或碰击物可能带有破伤风杆菌～应当马上带儿童去医院对伤口进行处理～必要时要注射破伤风抗毒素～以防止破伤风的发生。 3、如果症状较重～患处出现肿胀或活动困难～或碰伤的部位是头部或胸部～尤其是出现了头晕、呕吐、意识丧失、耳鼻有淡黄色的液体或血流出时～必须立即将儿童送去医院救治。 烧伤、烫伤 coefficient not greater than 1.3; High efficiency: control 1 hour travel time between any two points within the various groups within the area up to half an hour, 1-hour access to the airport, 45min reached the city's main traffic hub, external highway for half an hour with the main channels connecting bus 1.5 hours between any two groups of core areas; Intensive: 2030 transit share rate of around 35%, 2050 bus sharing rate of 45% per cent. 3rd chapter, Yibin city, traffic situation and General ... 3.1.1 city traffic status 1, external transport passenger and cargo traffic in Yibin city, traffic at the present main railway, highway, waterway and air four modes of passenger and freight transport, there 儿童烧烫伤是儿童意外的高发情况之一。生活中～有儿童的家庭应根据自身情况～做好预防措施。首先～儿童洗澡时不要使用温度太高的热水～以37?-40?为宜～放水洗澡时应先放冷水～再放热水。其次～将烹饪区和生活区分开～使用安全的炉灶～做饭时不要让孩子靠近～热的烹饪用具应放在儿童接触不到的地方。第三～不要用空饮料瓶装危险溶液～以免儿童误食。怀抱儿童时～不要去倒热的液体～如咖啡、热茶等。此外～教导儿童不要燃放爆竹～也不可捡拾、随意丢掷爆竹或将其放臵身上。如果孩子不幸发生了烧烫伤～家长应保持冷静～进行急救处理～以降低伤害程度～下面介绍烫伤的紧急处理步骤。 一冲:要第一时间让孩子脱离热源,把烫伤部位放在洁净的凉水中冲淋掉皮肤上的残留物～防止烫伤范围扩大。或将受伤部位浸泡在冷水中～以快速降低皮肤表面热度。 二脱:充分泡湿后小心除去衣物～必要时可以用剪刀剪开～并暂时保留粘住的部分。尽量避免将伤口水泡弄破。 三泡:继续浸泡在冷水中30分钟～可减轻疼痛及稳定情绪。但如果烫伤面积过大或年龄太小～则不必浸泡过久～以免体温下降过度～或延误治疗时机。 四盖:用干净、清洁的床单或纱布覆盖～以防止创面感染。勿任意涂上外用药或民间偏方 五送:除极小的烫伤可以自行处理外～在进行上述处理的同时最好拨打120急救电话或自行前往医院。 结膜炎 coefficient not greater than 1.3; High efficiency: control 1 hour travel time between any two points within the various groups within the area up to half an hour, 1-hour access to the airport, 45min reached the city's main traffic hub, external highway for half an hour with the main channels connecting bus 1.5 hours between any two groups of core areas; Intensive: 2030 transit share rate of around 35%, 2050 bus sharing rate of 45% per cent. 3rd chapter, Yibin city, traffic situation and General ... 3.1.1 city traffic status 1, external transport passenger and cargo traffic in Yibin city, traffic at the present main railway, highway, waterway and air four modes of passenger and freight transport, there 1、病因 急性出血性结膜炎又称流行性出血性结膜炎,俗称红眼病,是近30年来世界暴发流行的一种新型急性病毒性眼病。 2、流行病学 本病特点为潜伏期很短～起病急骤、眼刺激症状重～结膜高度充血～常见结膜下出血及角膜上皮点状剥脱。本病传染性极强～人群普遍易感～发病率高～传播很快～发病集中。本病每于夏秋季节流行～多见于成人。 3、临床表现: ?潜伏期很短～接触传染源后2小时，48小时内双眼同时或先后发病。 ?自觉眼不适感1-2 小时即开始眼红～很快加重。明显眼刺激症状～刺痛、砂砾样异物感、烧灼感、畏光、流泪。眼睑水肿～睑、球结膜高度充血。 ?眼分泌物初为水样、浆液性～重者带淡红血色～继而为粘液性。睑结膜、穹隆部有时见滤泡～偶有伪膜形成。耳前淋巴结肿大～有压痛。 ?急性出血性结膜炎患者一般无全身症状～少数人有发热、咽痛等上感症状。 4、隔离预防 ?医院或社区发现“红眼病”患者应及时上报有关卫生防疫部门。 ?如果发现红眼病～应及时隔离～所有用具应单独使用～最好能洗净晒干后再用。 ?良好的卫生习惯～饭前、便后、外出回家后要及时洗手液或肥皂洗手。避免用手揉擦眼睛～要勤剪指甲。 ?易流行季节～最好去正规并且消毒条件完善的游泳池游泳～严禁红眼病患者进入游泳 池。患红眼病时除积极治疗外～应少到公共场所活动～不使用共用毛巾、脸盆等。 5、治疗 ?冲洗眼睛～在患眼分泌物较多时～宜用适当的冲洗剂如生理盐水或2%硼酸水冲洗结膜囊～每日2，3次～并用消毒棉签擦净睑缘。也可对患眼点眼药水或涂眼药膏。 ?对红眼病也可采用中医治疗～中医称本病为暴风客热或天行赤眼～一般为外感风热邪毒所致～故宜驱风散邪～清热解毒～常用泻肺饮和银翘解毒丸。 coefficient not greater than 1.3; High efficiency: control 1 hour travel time between any two points within the various groups within the area up to half an hour, 1-hour access to the airport, 45min reached the city's main traffic hub, external highway for half an hour with the main channels connecting bus 1.5 hours between any two groups of core areas; Intensive: 2030 transit share rate of around 35%, 2050 bus sharing rate of 45% per cent. 3rd chapter, Yibin city, traffic situation and General ... 3.1.1 city traffic status 1, external transport passenger and cargo traffic in Yibin city, traffic at the present main railway, highway, waterway and air four modes of passenger and freight transport, there ?当炎症控制后～为预防复发～仍需点眼药水1周左右～或应用收敛 剂～如0.25%硫酸锌眼药水～每日2，3次～以改善充血状态～预防复发。 ?本病为自限性～自然病程1，2周～视力无损害～一般无后遗症。 甲型流感 1)病因:甲型流感病毒H7N9。 coefficient not greater than 1.3; High efficiency: control 1 hour travel time between any two points within the various groups within the area up to half an hour, 1-hour access to the airport, 45min reached the city's main traffic hub, external highway for half an hour with the main channels connecting bus 1.5 hours between any two groups of core areas; Intensive: 2030 transit share rate of around 35%, 2050 bus sharing rate of 45% per cent. 3rd chapter, Yibin city, traffic situation and General ... 3.1.1 city traffic status 1, external transport passenger and cargo traffic in Yibin city, traffic at the present main railway, highway, waterway and air four modes of passenger and freight transport, there 2(流行病学 ?传染源:感染者。 ?传播途径:流感病毒主要通过飞沫经呼吸道传播～在人群密集的环境中更容易发生感染。而越来越多证据显示～微量病毒可留存在桌面、电话机或其它平面上～再透过手指 与眼、鼻、口的接触来传播。感染者有可能在出现症状前感染其他人～感染后一般在一周、或一周多后发病。小孩的传染性会久一些。 ?易感者:人群对此病毒普遍易感,肥胖者、孕妇、5岁以下儿童及65岁以上老年人是甲型H7N9流感高风险人群。 3(临床表现 ?症状与普通流感十分相似(发烧、咳嗽、流涕、头疼、咽疼、身体酸疼、呕吐等等)～凭症状(即患者的描述)根本无法确诊。 ?持续高热3天以上;剧烈咳嗽～咳脓痰、血痰～或胸痛;呼吸频率快～呼吸困难～口唇紫绀 神志改变:反应迟钝、嗜睡、躁动、惊厥等;严重呕吐、腹泻～出现脱水表现。 ?白细胞总数一般不高或降低。重症患者多有白细胞总数及淋巴细胞减少～并有血小板降低,胸部影像学:合并肺炎时肺内可见片状影像。严重病例片状影像范围广泛。 4(隔离和预防 ?养成良好的个人卫生习惯～包括睡眠充足、吃有营养的食物、多锻炼身体勤洗手～要使用香皂彻底洗净双手。 a、开水龙头冲洗双手。 b、加入洗手液～用手擦出泡沫。 c、最少用二十秒时间揉擦手掌、手背、指隙、指背、拇指、指尖及手腕～揉擦时切勿冲水。 d、洗擦后才用清水将双手彻底冲洗干净。 e、用干净毛巾或抹手纸彻底抹干双手～或用干手机将双手吹干。 f、双手洗干净后～不要再直接触摸水龙头～可先用抹手纸包裹着水龙头～把水龙头关上,或泼水将水龙头冲洗干净关水。 ?注意室内通风。减少到公共人群密集场所的机会对于那些表现出身体不适、出现发烧和咳嗽症状的人～要避免与其密切接触。疫期可以考虑戴专用口罩～降低风媒传播的可能性。 coefficient not greater than 1.3; High efficiency: control 1 hour travel time between any two points within the various groups within the area up to half an hour, 1-hour access to the airport, 45min reached the city's main traffic hub, external highway for half an hour with the main channels connecting bus 1.5 hours between any two groups of core areas; Intensive: 2030 transit share rate of around 35%, 2050 bus sharing rate of 45% per cent. 3rd chapter, Yibin city, traffic situation and General ... 3.1.1 city traffic status 1, external transport passenger and cargo traffic in Yibin city, traffic at the present main railway, highway, waterway and air four modes of passenger and freight transport, there ?定期服用板蓝根,可以考虑有一定规律性,～大青叶、薄荷叶、金银花作茶饮。 ?接种疫苗～随时消毒。 5(治疗 ?对症处理:对疑似和确诊患者应进行就地隔离治疗～强调早期治疗。 ?注意休息、多饮水、注意营养～密切观察病情变化。 ?发病初48小时是最佳治疗期～对高热、临床症状明显者～应拍胸片～查血气。 水 痘 (1)病因 coefficient not greater than 1.3; High efficiency: control 1 hour travel time between any two points within the various groups within the area up to half an hour, 1-hour access to the airport, 45min reached the city's main traffic hub, external highway for half an hour with the main channels connecting bus 1.5 hours between any two groups of core areas; Intensive: 2030 transit share rate of around 35%, 2050 bus sharing rate of 45% per cent. 3rd chapter, Yibin city, traffic situation and General ... 3.1.1 city traffic status 1, external transport passenger and cargo traffic in Yibin city, traffic at the present main railway, highway, waterway and air four modes of passenger and freight transport, there 水痘是由水痘病毒引起的呼吸道传染病。病毒存在于病人鼻咽分泌物及水痘疱疹的浆液中。从病人发病日到皮疹全部干燥结痂～都有传染性～且传染性很强。发病初期～主要经飞沫传染。皮肤的疱疹破溃后～可经衣物、用具等间接传染。此病多在冬春季流行～传染性很强。 (2)症状 发病初期1，2天低烧～以后逐渐出现皮疹。皮疹先见于头皮、面部～渐延及躯干、四肢。最初的皮疹为红色的小点,1天后转为水疱～水疱奇痒,3，4天后～水疱干缩～结成痂皮～并逐渐脱落。干痂脱落后～皮肤上不留疤痕。因此～在病儿皮肤上可见到3种皮疹:红色的丘疹、水疱、结痂三者同时并存。出疹期间～皮肤瘙痒、睡眠不安。 (3)护理 发热时病人要卧床休息～保持空气新鲜。保持皮肤清洁～内衣、床单要勤换洗。为了防止水疱被抓破～引起继发性感染～要给患儿剪指甲～也可用炉甘石洗剂擦在皮肤上止痒。水疱上可涂龙胆紫～使疱疹尽快干燥、结痂。 (4)预防 早发现、早隔离病人。隔离期限是从发现时起至皮疹全部干燥结痂时止。病人停留过的房间应开窗通风3小时。 幼儿扭伤的应急处理 踝关节扭伤多见。 应急处理如下: coefficient not greater than 1.3; High efficiency: control 1 hour travel time between any two points within the various groups within the area up to half an hour, 1-hour access to the airport, 45min reached the city's main traffic hub, external highway for half an hour with the main channels connecting bus 1.5 hours between any two groups of core areas; Intensive: 2030 transit share rate of around 35%, 2050 bus sharing rate of 45% per cent. 3rd chapter, Yibin city, traffic situation and General ... 3.1.1 city traffic status 1, external transport passenger and cargo traffic in Yibin city, traffic at the present main railway, highway, waterway and air four modes of passenger and freight transport, there ?立即脱下鞋子,举起伤脚。如果足部肿胀无法脱鞋时就用剪刀剪开脱掉。 ?迅速冷敷。用冷水毛巾或冰袋放在伤部或将伤脚放进盛满冰块的桶内,其效果会更好。千万不要在冷敷前揉擦或按摩,否则会使伤部变大。 ?固定。冷敷后用弹力绷带扎紧扭伤部位。方法为先在足踝部绕1圈,接着绕至足背和脚底后,绕回足背,再在足踝部多绕一圈扎紧;如果伤部疼痛剧烈,有骨折的可能,应及时送医院处理。 ?将伤部抬高,减轻疼痛并保持安静。 ?经过24小时,肿胀和疼痛过后,没有发现骨折征象,可用热敷,促进局部血液循环,以利于血肿及时吸收。 幼儿刺伤的应急处理 coefficient not greater than 1.3; High efficiency: control 1 hour travel time between any two points within the various groups within the area up to half an hour, 1-hour access to the airport, 45min reached the city's main traffic hub, external highway for half an hour with the main channels connecting bus 1.5 hours between any two groups of core areas; Intensive: 2030 transit share rate of around 35%, 2050 bus sharing rate of 45% per cent. 3rd chapter, Yibin city, traffic situation and General ... 3.1.1 city traffic status 1, external transport passenger and cargo traffic in Yibin city, traffic at the present main railway, highway, waterway and air four modes of passenger and freight transport, there 木刺、金属屑或玻璃碎片扎入皮肤后,如不细心清除,会引起感染。如果是大刺或已深入皮肤,切勿自行取出,应该求助于医生。千万不要勉强地取出或移动这些物体。有需要的话,也可以用绑带固定物体防止它旋转、活动或造成进一步的伤害。然后可以用干净的水来给孩子冲洗伤口。有些时候穿刺的物体虽然已经取出,但是其实已经造成了内出血,甚至感染。所以千万不要掉以轻心,以为表面清理干净就应该没事了。 肉眼看得见的小刺一般可以用镊子拔出,但要注意卫生,动用前必须洗净双手。切勿对着伤口咳嗽或者打喷嚏,以免细菌进入伤口引起感染。镊子和消毒针必须进行消毒后才可以使用。如果小刺扎得较深,就得找医生处理,不要自己动手,以免弄巧反拙,小刺更难取出。肮脏的小刺刺进皮肤,或无污染小刺留在皮肤内久未拔出,都可能引致破伤风。 一般性擦伤 coefficient not greater than 1.3; High efficiency: control 1 hour travel time between any two points within the various groups within the area up to half an hour, 1-hour access to the airport, 45min reached the city's main traffic hub, external highway for half an hour with the main channels connecting bus 1.5 hours between any two groups of core areas; Intensive: 2030 transit share rate of around 35%, 2050 bus sharing rate of 45% per cent. 3rd chapter, Yibin city, traffic situation and General ... 3.1.1 city traffic status 1, external transport passenger and cargo traffic in Yibin city, traffic at the present main railway, highway, waterway and air four modes of passenger and freight transport, there 幼儿中最常见。孩子不慎跌倒在粗糙的路面～膝盖、肘关节容易造成 擦伤。处理方法: 1、 及时用清水或肥皂水清洁伤口～用碘伏由内向外旋擦～洗去污 物、清理异物。 2、 擦伤的主要处理步骤是涂抹药膏。这时候应该立刻用抗生素药 膏涂抹在患处以保护外露的内层皮肤。可以选择外用消炎软膏 在创口处涂抹薄薄的一层即可～不需要用创可贴或绷带固定。 3、 如果在清洗伤口过程中～患处表面发生软化浑浊～不必担心～ 那些软化物质主要由纤维蛋白和凝结物质构成～有助于伤口结 痂～促进愈合。 4、 连续使用抗生素药膏2-3天～直到擦伤处出现红黑色或黑色硬 痂为止。 5、 对较为严重的伤口在经过消毒处理后可用纱布包扎～特别严重 者要及时送医院治疗。 幼儿跌、磕、碰伤的应急处理 coefficient not greater than 1.3; High efficiency: control 1 hour travel time between any two points within the various groups within the area up to half an hour, 1-hour access to the airport, 45min reached the city's main traffic hub, external highway for half an hour with the main channels connecting bus 1.5 hours between any two groups of core areas; Intensive: 2030 transit share rate of around 35%, 2050 bus sharing rate of 45% per cent. 3rd chapter, Yibin city, traffic situation and General ... 3.1.1 city traffic status 1, external transport passenger and cargo traffic in Yibin city, traffic at the present main railway, highway, waterway and air four modes of passenger and freight transport, there 1、安抚跌倒的幼儿 当幼儿跌倒后～老师都会很紧张～甚至出现手忙脚乱的现象。这个时候～幼儿只会因为老师过激反应而哭得更伤心。所以～当幼儿跌倒后～老师只要轻轻的拥抱他～安抚他就好了。 建议:当幼儿跌倒后～老师的紧张～或者心疼到流泪都会让幼儿感觉更加的不安～令幼儿哭得更加伤心。所以～冷静才是老师的首选～这样才能做好幼儿的安抚工作。 2、检查幼儿摔伤的情况 安抚幼儿后～就要仔细地检查幼儿摔伤情况～要看清～幼儿摔着的地方有没有出血～看幼儿的头、四肢和身体～检查是否有淤青、肿包或者其他异常的地方。要及时正确把握幼儿的伤势情况。 建议:在幼儿跌倒后～如果没有明显的出血伤口～老师就应该仔细检查幼儿的头部、四肢和身体～看是否有内伤或者骨折的地方。及时掌握幼儿的伤势～这样有利于幼儿伤后处理。 3、检查幼儿是否有肿包 如果幼儿跌倒后～发现有肿包出现～即便在很短时间内肿包变得很大～也不可怕～因为这一般只是头皮受损。马上用冰敷就好～因为冰敷才是最科学最有效的消肿方法。 建议:当发现幼儿跌倒后有肿包出现～给幼儿持续敷上二十分钟的冰～一边安抚一边敷～比起老人家的抹香油、猪油有效且科学很多。 4、及时给幼儿伤口止血 如果幼儿跌倒后～有出血的小伤口时～老师应该马上用干净的布轻轻压住流血的伤口。而且～幼儿的头皮和脸都有很丰富的血管～出血会比其他地方多～也比其他地方止血要快～老师不必过度担心。如果是有大伤口～做好应急处理后～要及时送往医院。 5、观察幼儿是否意识清醒 如果幼儿发生碰撞后却没有任何的反应时～老师就要观察幼儿是否出现意识不清醒、半昏迷的状况。 建议:有的幼儿跌倒后～其实没有什么伤～或者感觉不是很痛～就不会出现哭闹的情况～不过老师还是要特别留意一下幼儿的意识是否清醒～判断好幼儿摔伤情况。 6、观察幼儿是否更贪睡 coefficient not greater than 1.3; High efficiency: control 1 hour travel time between any two points within the various groups within the area up to half an hour, 1-hour access to the airport, 45min reached the city's main traffic hub, external highway for half an hour with the main channels connecting bus 1.5 hours between any two groups of core areas; Intensive: 2030 transit share rate of around 35%, 2050 bus sharing rate of 45% per cent. 3rd chapter, Yibin city, traffic situation and General ... 3.1.1 city traffic status 1, external transport passenger and cargo traffic in Yibin city, traffic at the present main railway, highway, waterway and air four modes of passenger and freight transport, there 幼儿在碰撞后～一般会变得更加贪睡。但是请老师尽量与幼儿保持说话～逗他～并至少观察一个小时后再让幼儿睡觉。幼儿睡着时也要坚持每二十二分钟观察幼儿脸色是否有异常～呼吸是否正常。 建议:幼儿跌倒后～为了更好的了解幼儿是真的累了睡觉还是出现头晕才睡觉。最好是一直观察幼儿～再困也要留意幼儿睡觉的一举一动～及早发现异常情况。 7、观察幼儿的平衡感 很多幼儿碰撞后都会有头晕的现象出现～老师要注意观察幼儿是否连走路时都不能保持平衡～出现连续跌倒的情况;或者是幼儿玩耍时～手脚动作突然都变得不协调～就要及时就医。 建议:幼儿发生碰撞候～自我意识不强～也不会正确表达自己的感受。如果幼儿的平衡感下降～就要就医 8、幼儿说话玩耍是否有异常 当幼儿跌倒后～如果大脑有损伤～都会在二十四小时内出现异常的症状。老师可以通过幼儿说话的情况或者是玩耍时的动作表现来观察幼儿是否有异常情况出现。如果老师发现有担心的地方～都可以马上就医。 建议:如果幼儿大脑有损伤～就会在二十四小时内出现异常的症状～譬如贪睡、易跌倒等。老师要细心观察幼儿的变化～把握幼儿的动态～如果让有什么问～都可以及时就医。 coefficient not greater than 1.3; High efficiency: control 1 hour travel time between any two points within the various groups within the area up to half an hour, 1-hour access to the airport, 45min reached the city's main traffic hub, external highway for half an hour with the main channels connecting bus 1.5 hours between any two groups of core areas; Intensive: 2030 transit share rate of around 35%, 2050 bus sharing rate of 45% per cent. 3rd chapter, Yibin city, traffic situation and General ... 3.1.1 city traffic status 1, external transport passenger and cargo traffic in Yibin city, traffic at the present main railway, highway, waterway and air four modes of passenger and freight transport, there 幼儿龋齿的预防 孩子龋齿不可小视。龋齿是儿童最常见的牙病～儿童会因牙疼影响食欲、咀嚼～进而影响消化、吸收和生长发育～有时还会引起骨髓炎、齿槽脓肿等并发症。所以～为了孩子们的健康成长～我们一定要做好龋齿的预防工作。龋齿即蛀牙～是危害儿童健康的重要原因之一～发病原因有多方面的因素～最主要的是口腔中有细菌存在～会产生酸菌种～食物在口腔中经过细菌作用发酵产酸～与牙齿接触而致龋齿。一般乳牙出后不久就可患龋齿～6-8岁达高峰。 造成龋齿的原因主要与下列三个因素有关: 1、口腔中细菌的破坏作用:变形链球菌和乳酸杆菌在口腔的残留食物上繁殖产酸～酸使牙釉质脱钙～造成龋洞。 2、牙面牙缝中的残渣:小儿临睡前吃东西～或口含食物睡觉～滞留在牙面牙缝上的食物残渣～尤其是糖果、糕点等甜食残渣～是造成龋齿的重要因素之一。 3、牙齿结构上的缺陷:牙釉质发育不良会造成牙齿的抗腐蚀能力差,牙齿排列不整齐～则不易刷净～使残渣或细菌存留～这也是造成龋齿的重要原因。 预防措施: 1、注意口腔卫生:让孩子养成早晚刷牙和饭后漱口的好习惯～以便及时清除口腔内的食物残渣和细菌。注意刷牙要用顺着牙缝直刷的方法～以便彻底清除牙缝里的食物残渣～不要横着刷。建议选用儿童保健型牙刷～牙刷头要小～刷毛要柔软～且只有两排刷毛～便于直刷～同时又能将里外牙面都刷到。 2、注意营养～多晒太阳:要注意多给幼儿提供钙、磷含量高的食物～做到合理膳食～同时～让幼儿多晒太阳～以保证牙齿的正常钙化～加强牙釉质的抗酸能力。 3、定期口腔检查:要做到早发现～早治疗。如龋洞尚未穿透牙髓～可补牙～若不能及时修补～可导致牙周组织发炎～以致影响恒牙的正常发育～若乳牙因患龋齿过早丢失～还可影响恒牙的正常排列。相信在家长们的悉心照料下～孩子们一定会拥有一口健康洁白的牙齿。 coefficient not greater than 1.3; High efficiency: control 1 hour travel time between any two points within the various groups within the area up to half an hour, 1-hour access to the airport, 45min reached the city's main traffic hub, external highway for half an hour with the main channels connecting bus 1.5 hours between any two groups of core areas; Intensive: 2030 transit share rate of around 35%, 2050 bus sharing rate of 45% per cent. 3rd chapter, Yibin city, traffic situation and General ... 3.1.1 city traffic status 1, external transport passenger and cargo traffic in Yibin city, traffic at the present main railway, highway, waterway and air four modes of passenger and freight transport, there 幼儿近视眼的预防 儿童近视眼的发生有逐年增加的趋势～儿童近视眼会影响孩子的正常生活～影响孩子的学习成绩～影响孩子的心理健康～所以家长应该将孩子用眼卫生提到一定的高度～平时一定要注意让孩子保护好自己的眼睛～一双好的眼睛是从小保护出来的～当小婴儿刚出生的时候就已经对外界事物有光感了～这个时候就要开始保护眼睛的“旅程”了～近视眼发生的原因与遗传和环境因素有关～但主要是不注意用眼卫生～长时间和近距离用眼的结果。 早发现 第一:孩子总是揉眼睛。这个时候家长要确认孩子眼睛是否长东西了～如果没有～也没有进沙子或者飞虫等异物～孩子不哭不闹就是揉眼睛～那么家长就应该往近视眼方面想一下了。 第二:总是眯着眼睛看事物。因为孩子眼睛发生了变化～所以近视眼就是只能看清楚近处的事物～而不能看清楚远处的事物～因为眼球发生变化～对于远处的事物用眯着眼的方法反倒会看的更清楚一点～所以孩子就会眯着眼睛看事物～这个时候孩子肯定是得了近视眼。 第三:因为近视眼只能看清楚近处的事物～尤其是文字性的东西～孩子就会离着书本非常近去看～如果离远了就看不清楚～或者模糊～就是看电视也喜欢离着电视非常近去看～这样孩子才容易看清楚～当家长发现这样的现象时～孩子可能已经开始近视了～至于度数应该去眼科医院确诊。 第四:孩子愿意皱眉头。皱眉头的同时可以改变眼睛看事物的状态～所以当孩子出现皱眉头的时候家长就要考虑孩子的眼睛是否出现了问题～而不一定是因为孩子在发愁或者生气。 预防方法: 1、培养良好的用眼习惯～读书、写字姿势要正确～眼与书本保持1尺距离。连续读写40-50分钟～应该休息10分钟～放松眼机～让眼睛得到休息。 2、不躺着看书～不在走路时看书～不在阳光直接照射下看书～不在光线暗淡处看书。 3、改善室内采光和照明条件～为儿童学习配备局部照明～如安臵台灯。 4、加强儿童全面营养～多吃一些富含维生素的食物增强体质。 5、定期检查视力～最好每半年1次～及时发现和矫正视力异常。 coefficient not greater than 1.3; High efficiency: control 1 hour travel time between any two points within the various groups within the area up to half an hour, 1-hour access to the airport, 45min reached the city's main traffic hub, external highway for half an hour with the main channels connecting bus 1.5 hours between any two groups of core areas; Intensive: 2030 transit share rate of around 35%, 2050 bus sharing rate of 45% per cent. 3rd chapter, Yibin city, traffic situation and General ... 3.1.1 city traffic status 1, external transport passenger and cargo traffic in Yibin city, traffic at the present main railway, highway, waterway and air four modes of passenger and freight transport, there 猩红热 1 症状体征 潜伏期为2，12天～多数为2，5天。起病多急骤～以发热、咽峡炎有灰白色或黄白色点片状脓性渗出物～易于抹去。可出现舌被白苔～乳头红肿～突出于白苔之外～以舌尖及边缘处为显著～称为“草莓舌”为主要临床表现～100%患者有皮疹～多数皮疹在第2日出现～始于耳后、颈底及上胸部～数小时内延及胸、背、上肢～24h左右到达下肢。 2治疗原则 一般治疗 呼吸道隔离7天～患者卧床～给予足够的水分和热量。 病原治疗 早期进行病原治疗～缩短病程、减少并发症。首选青霉素 对症治疗 若发生感染性休克～应积极补充血容量～并发风湿病的患 者～可给抗风湿治疗。 3 饮食保健 猩红热最好不要吃哪些食物? 1)忌发物 是指容易助火生痰之品,会使体温升高,皮疹、病情加重,这类食物有狗肉,羊肉,雀肉,公鸡肉,黑鱼,鲫鱼,海鳗,虾,蟹,香菜,南瓜等. (2)忌辛辣之物 辛辣之物也助火,并直接刺激咽喉部扁桃体疼痛加剧,这类食物有辣椒,辣酱,辣油,芥末,榨菜,咖喱,生姜,大葱,五香粉等. (3)忌过甜过咸的食物 多食后会助长机体温热,并导致消化不良,食欲减退,如巧克力,糖等;过咸的食品能刺激咽喉,使粘液分泌增多,加重病情. (4)忌刺激神经系统的食物 浓茶,咖啡,酒都能刺激神经系统使之兴奋,食入上述食品后,会使兴奋性增高,使病儿变得烦躁不安. (5)忌较长纤维的蔬菜和水果 猩红热的患儿咽部充血红肿,吞咽不利,又因高热,往往消化不佳,故忌食较长纤维的蔬菜和水果,这类食物包括竹笋,毛笋,韭菜,豆芽,蒜苗,菠萝,洋葱,雪里红,蕹菜,红薯,芋艿等. (6)忌冷饮 患儿高热,应补充水分,但宜饮用温凉之水,忌饮各类冰冻饮料,如冰淇淋,冰砖,冰冻橘子水,冰冻雪碧,冰棒,雪糕以及冰冻白开水.消化失常. (7)忌热性水果 龙眼肉,荔子,大枣,葡萄干,橘子等性味偏温,食后极易生火,在高热期间忌食. (8)忌油炸,烤炙之品外皮坚硬,对咽喉不利;二为烧烤之物易生火,易导致发热加重. coefficient not greater than 1.3; High efficiency: control 1 hour travel time between any two points within the various groups within the area up to half an hour, 1-hour access to the airport, 45min reached the city's main traffic hub, external highway for half an hour with the main channels connecting bus 1.5 hours between any two groups of core areas; Intensive: 2030 transit share rate of around 35%, 2050 bus sharing rate of 45% per cent. 3rd chapter, Yibin city, traffic situation and General ... 3.1.1 city traffic status 1, external transport passenger and cargo traffic in Yibin city, traffic at the present main railway, highway, waterway and air four modes of passenger and freight transport, there 如何预防小儿佝偻病, 什么是佝偻病, 是由于维生素D缺乏～导致体内钙磷代谢失常～引起的以骨骼生长障碍为主的全身性疾病。 发病缓慢～易被忽视～一旦出现明显症状～机体的抵抗力低下～易并发肺炎、腹泻等严重疾病。 那么我们如何补充维生素D和钙呢, 维生素D是一种微量营养素人体的需要量极少～每日400IU～合10ug(1/10 万克, VD主要来自日光照射人体皮肤后合成。 食物中的VD很少～每日需VD400IU～合大马哈鱼80 g～牛奶1升～人奶0.4~10升～蛋黄570 g～鸡肝600 g～猪肝800 g等。 VD功能 促进肠道吸收钙磷动员骨钙入血促进肾小管重吸收钙磷～提高血钙、血磷浓VD缺乏症 儿童:佝偻病 预防: 婴儿在生后半月起每日服 VD 400~800IU～6个月以上健康儿童夏天晒太阳每日2小时以上可不服VD。幼儿夏秋晒太阳～冬春服VD～每日服400IU 钙是人体最多的矿物元素～居碳、氢、氧、氮之后人体含钙1200克～为体重的2%～99%在骨骼和牙齿中～1%在血液、体液和软组织中～参与生命活动。 合理补钙 钙的生理功能骨骼与牙齿的主要构成成分参与凝血过程参与酶的调节和多种生化反应调节神经兴奋性降低毛细血管通透性提高钙营养促进儿童健康发育改善膳食结构～提高膳食钙摄入量。药补不如食补～多吃牛奶及奶制品～大豆及豆 制品～绿色蔬菜～带骨的油炸小鱼～带壳的小 虾,虾米皮,～钙强化食品。 补充钙剂 补钙注意事项 分次补钙比一次大剂量补钙好。饭后及晚上睡前补钙吸收较好。钙剂与果汁同时服用比单独服用钙剂好。 补钙要补到什么时候要看每个孩子的情况。若食物中的钙很多～满足了人体需要～就不用补 钙了。食物中牛奶含钙多～吸收好～若每日喝500ml 以上的牛奶就不用补钙了。 coefficient not greater than 1.3; High efficiency: control 1 hour travel time between any two points within the various groups within the area up to half an hour, 1-hour access to the airport, 45min reached the city's main traffic hub, external highway for half an hour with the main channels connecting bus 1.5 hours between any two groups of core areas; Intensive: 2030 transit share rate of around 35%, 2050 bus sharing rate of 45% per cent. 3rd chapter, Yibin city, traffic situation and General ... 3.1.1 city traffic status 1, external transport passenger and cargo traffic in Yibin city, traffic at the present main railway, highway, waterway and air four modes of passenger and freight transport, there 幼儿湿疹的预防 湿疹初发损害为红斑基础上出现密集粟粒大小丘疹～丘疱疹或水疱～水疱破后形成糜烂面～有浆液性渗出～结痂。但易复发。湿疹是儿童常见的一种皮肤病～它可以发生在身体任何部位～主要表现为皮肤上出现多形性、弥漫性、对称性的损害～表现为针头大小的丘疹、疱疹～往往弥漫联合成片～剧烈骚痒。 治疗方法: 1.去除病因 家长应密切注意容易诱发的内、外因素～并尽量寻找可能的致病因素加以去除～积极配合治疗～保持皮肤清洁。 2.外治 外用药可选用复方鱼肝油软膏及依沙吖啶氧化锌霜膏配合含有皮质激 [2]素的霜剂～如1%糠酸莫米松、丙酸倍氯美松乳膏等。 3.激素治疗 积极治疗全身疾病～清除病灶。对急性泛发以及对多种治疗方法效果不佳者～可考虑短期使用皮质类固醇激素～如强的松口服。 预防措施: 1.寻找并去除发病原因 2.喂养和饮食 (1)小儿的饮食尽可能是新鲜的～避免让小儿吃含气、含色素、含防腐剂或稳定剂、含膨化剂等的加工食品。应该少些盐份～以免体内积液太多而易发湿疹。 (2)如果已经发现某种食物因食用出现湿疹～则应尽量避免再次进食这些食物。 (3)有牛奶过敏的小儿～可用豆浆、羊奶等代替牛奶喂养。可以把牛奶煮沸几分钟以降低过敏性。 (4)对鸡蛋过敏的小儿可单吃蛋黄。 3.衣物方面 贴身衣服可选用棉质材料～所有衣领最好是棉质的～衣着应较宽松、轻软。床上被褥最好是棉质的～衣物、枕头、被褥等要经常更换～保持干爽。日常生活护理方面要避免过热和出汗。并让小儿避免接触羽毛、兽毛、花粉、化纤等过敏物质。衣被不宜用丝、毛及化纤等制品。 coefficient not greater than 1.3; High efficiency: control 1 hour travel time between any two points within the various groups within the area up to half an hour, 1-hour access to the airport, 45min reached the city's main traffic hub, external highway for half an hour with the main channels connecting bus 1.5 hours between any two groups of core areas; Intensive: 2030 transit share rate of around 35%, 2050 bus sharing rate of 45% per cent. 3rd chapter, Yibin city, traffic situation and General ... 3.1.1 city traffic status 1, external transport passenger and cargo traffic in Yibin city, traffic at the present main railway, highway, waterway and air four modes of passenger and freight transport, there 4.洗浴护肤方面 以温水洗浴最好～避免用去脂强的碱性洗浴用品～选择偏酸性的洗浴用品。护肤用品选择低敏或抗敏制剂护肤～并且最好进行皮肤敏感性测定～以了解皮肤对所用护肤用品的反应情况～及时预防过敏的发生。 5.环境方面 室温不宜过高～否则会使湿疹痒感加重。环境中要最大限度的减少过敏原～以降低刺激引起的过敏反应。 幼儿腹痛的常见病因 腹痛是小儿时期最常见的症状之一～引起的原因很多～几乎涉及各科疾病。既可以是腹内脏器病变～也可以是腹外病变;可以是器质性的～也可以是功能性的;可以是内科疾患～也可以是外科疾患～甚至最初为内科疾患～以后病情发展而以外科情况为主。 1. 便秘 挑食或喜欢吃零食的孩子排便习惯通常都不好～因此3天以上没有解便或大便很硬都会引起腹痛～所以当孩子跟家长说腹痛的时候～家长第一个需要考虑的状况就是“是否是便秘引起的”。 2. 吃坏肚子 吃到不干净的东西引起肠炎或腹泻～孩子也会说肚子痛～但是因为这样的症状很明显～所以家长也不用担心是其他的原因～通常1，2天腹泻症状改善后～腹痛就会自然消失了。 3. 情绪性 较为神经质的人紧张起来或是接触陌生的人事物就会感到腹痛或想大便～同样地～幼儿也会因为一些心理因素～如不高兴、搬家等情绪上的变动～而转化成为身体上的胸痛或腹痛。 4. 盲肠炎 也有一些特殊的疾病是以腹痛来表现的～如盲肠炎～刚开始时会在上腹部产生疼痛感～但之后会逐渐集中在右下部～且局部按压也会疼痛。 5. 肠套叠 1岁左右肥胖的男宝宝最容易发生～除了阵发性的哭闹不安与腹痛外～还伴随严重的呕吐。此外～大便呈暗红色黏液状是主要症状。 6. 紫斑症 除腹痛外～皮肤上还会出现许多小而红的出血斑点。 coefficient not greater than 1.3; High efficiency: control 1 hour travel time between any two points within the various groups within the area up to half an hour, 1-hour access to the airport, 45min reached the city's main traffic hub, external highway for half an hour with the main channels connecting bus 1.5 hours between any two groups of core areas; Intensive: 2030 transit share rate of around 35%, 2050 bus sharing rate of 45% per cent. 3rd chapter, Yibin city, traffic situation and General ... 3.1.1 city traffic status 1, external transport passenger and cargo traffic in Yibin city, traffic at the present main railway, highway, waterway and air four modes of passenger and freight transport, there 7. 其他疾病 如肺炎、尿路感染、幼儿糖尿病等疾病～也会合并腹痛 现象～因为安全起见～还是要带孩子给医师仔细检查～才能确知腹痛的原 因。 coefficient not greater than 1.3; High efficiency: control 1 hour travel time between any two points within the various groups within the area up to half an hour, 1-hour access to the airport, 45min reached the city's main traffic hub, external highway for half an hour with the main channels connecting bus 1.5 hours between any two groups of core areas; Intensive: 2030 transit share rate of around 35%, 2050 bus sharing rate of 45% per cent. 3rd chapter, Yibin city, traffic situation and General ... 3.1.1 city traffic status 1, external transport passenger and cargo traffic in Yibin city, traffic at the present main railway, highway, waterway and air four modes of passenger and freight transport, there