沈阳牙齿矫正保持器

外文翻译--风光互补发电系统 设计巴巴工作室www.88doc88.com 风光互补发电系统 在当今世界人们对电的依赖越来越强。在远离电网的地区, 独立供电系统就成为人们最需要的电源, 需要低成本、高可靠性的独立电源系统。在此种环境下风光互补供电系统较为合理, 因为现代能源服务尚不能达到的地方往往是盆藏着丰富风能和太阳能资源的地方。而且风、光互补系统本身独有的一些性质也恰好与这些地区的自然条件相吻合。因此对于满足偏远地区能源需要和中国最贫困地区的可持续发展, 风光互补发电是一项关键的能源建设技术手段。风光互补供电系统是由太阳能电池与风力发电机发电, 经蓄电池贮能, 给负载供电的一种新型电源, 目前广泛应用于徽波通信、基站、电台、野外活动、高速公路、无电山区、村庄和海岛. 偏远地区一般用电负荷都不大, 所以用电网送电就不经济, 在当地直接发电最常用的就是采用柴油发电机。但柴油的储运对偏远地区成本太高, 所以柴油发电机只能作为一种短时的应急电源。要解决长期稳定可靠的供电问题, 只能依赖当地的自然能源。太阳能和风能是最普遍的 自然资源, 也是取之不尽的可再生能源。太阳能是地球上一切能源之源, 太阳照射着地球的每一片土地。风能是太阳能在地球表面的另外一种表现形式, 由于地球表面的不同形态如沙土地面、植被地面和水面对太阳光照的吸热系数不同, 在地球表面形成温差, 地表空气的温度不同形成空气对流而产生风能。我国西部地区是世界上最大也是世界上最丰富的太阳能资源地区之一, 尤其是西藏地区, 空气稀薄, 透明度高年日照时间长达3400h, 每天日照6h以上年平均天数在275~330天之间, 辐射强度大, 年均辐射总量7000MJ/m,地呈东向西递增分布,呈峰型变化, 资源优势得天独厚, 应用前景十分广阔。我国风能资源丰富储量3200GW, 可开发的装机容量约253GW, 居世界首位与可开发的水电装机容量380GW为同一级。2005年我国风电装机容量超过1GW,2020年风能发电规模预计达30GW。未来风能电能很可能成为和太阳能比肩的新能源行业。我国风能开发利用的潜力很大,属于风能资源可利用区。特别是太阳能与风能在时间上和地城上都有很强的互补性。白天太阳光最强时, 风很小, 晚上太阳落山后, 光照很弱, 但由于地表温差变化大而风能加强。在夏季太阳光强度大而风小冬季, 太阳光强度小而风大。太阳能和风能在时间上的互补性使风光互补发电系统在资源上具有最佳的匹配性, 风光互补发电系统是一个最好的独立电源系统。 光电系统是利用光电板将太阳能转换成电能, 通过控制器对蓄电池充电, 再通过逆变器对用电设备供电的一套系统。该系统的优点是供电可靠性高, 运行维护成本低,但是系统造价高。风电系统是利用小型风力发电机, 将风能转换成电能, 通过控制器对蓄电池充电, 再通过逆变器对用电设备供电的一套系统。该系统的设计巴巴工作室www.88doc88.com 优点是发电较大, 系统造价较低, 运行维护成本低。缺点是小型风力发电机可靠性低。风电和光电系统都存在由于资源的不确定性导致发电 与用电负荷的不平衡问题, 风电和光电系统都必须通过蓄电池储能才能稳定供电, 但每天的发电要受天气的影响很大～会导致系统的蓄电池组长期处于亏电状态, 这也是引起蓄电池组使用寿命降低的主要原因。由于太阳能与风能的互补性强, 风光互补发电系统在资源上弥补了风电和光电独立系统在资源上的缺陷。同时, 风电和光电系统在蓄电池组和逆变环节是可以通用的, 所以风光互补发电系统的造价可以降低, 系统成本趋于合理。太阳能电池可以将光能转换成电能。它将太阳能电池组件与风力发电机有机地配合组成一个系统, 可充分发挥各自的特性和优势, 最大限度的利用好大自然踢予的风能和太阳能。对于用电大、用电要求高, 而风能资源和太阳能资源又较丰富的地区, 风光互补供电无疑是一种最佳选择。风光互补发电系统可以根据用户的用电负荷情况和资源条件进行系统容的合理配里, 即可保证系统供电的可靠性, 又可降低发电系统的造价。无论是怎样的环境和怎样的用电要求, 风光互补发电系统都可做出最优化的系统设计来满足用电的要求。应该说, 风光互补发电系统是最合理的独立电源系统。目前, 推广风光互补发电系统的最大障碍是小型风力发电机的可靠性问题。 几十年来, 小型风力发电机技术有了很大的发展, 产业发展也取得了一定的成就, 但从根本上说, 可靠性问题一直没有得到解决。长期以来, 出于成本的考虑, 先进的液压控制技术没有在小型风力发电机的限速保护上采用,只是采用简单的机械控制方式进行限速保护。机械限速结构的特点是小型风机的机头或某个部件处在自然条件下,由于风速和风向的变化太复杂, 而且自然环境恶劣, 不可避免的会引起振动和活动部件的损坏, 从而使机组损坏。要彻底解决小型风力发电机的可靠性问题必须在限速方式上有最好的解决方法。风光互补发电系统可以根据用电负荷情况和资源条件进行系统容的合理配置, 即可保证系统供电的可靠性,又可降低发电系统的造价。无论是怎样的环境和怎样的用电要求, 风光互补发电系统都可做出最优化的系统设计方案来满足要求。应该说, 风光互补发电系统是最合理的独立电源系统。 风光互补发电系统由太阳能光电板、小型风力发电机组、系统控制器、蓄电池组和逆变器等几部分组成, 发电系统各部件容的合理配对保证发电系统的可靠性非常重要。一般来说, 系统配里应考虑以下两方面因素。用电负荷的特征要了解用电的最大负荷和平均日用电。最大用电负 荷是选择系统逆变器容的依据, 而平均日用电量则是选择风机及光电板容和蓄电池组容的依据。太阳能和风能的资源状况太阳能和风能的资源状况是系统光电板和风机容量选择的依据, 根据资源状况来确定光电板和风机的容, 再按日用电设计巴巴工作室www.88doc88.com 考虑容量系数, 最后审定光电板和风机的容量。 大风限速保护是风机输人的能量大于系统当时所能消耗的能以及系统所能储存的能量总和的时候我们姑且称之为风机处于过功率状态, 能有效地减小风机吸收风能, 使风机不致超速运行。目前, 全球各型风机的限速保护方案大致可以归为两类。机械限速保护以某种机构使风轮偏离风向, 减小风轮迎风面积, 从而减小风能的吸收。以某种机构利用风轮叶片的离心力改变桨距, 降低风轮的风能利用率, 从而达到减小风能吸收的效果。 机械限速保护装置可靠性差, 除了设计不当的因素以外, 实际上是其固有弊端。自然界的风是十分复杂的。同时, 风速风向的变化频繁而又迅速, 任何机械装里都不可能瞬时响应实际风的变化, 加上长期运行导致的机械磨损会使装置的配合间隙增大。所有这些均会导致保护滞后、失效以及剧烈的展动, 引发风机飞车、过载和剧烈展动等破坏性结果 磁电限速保护 在当风机处于过功率二状态时给发电机一个反向磁阻力矩～ 大幅增加发电机所消耗的功率, 使之大于风轮输出的功率, 从而使风轮转速下降。风轮转速的下降, 使风轮的叶尖速比减小, 从而降低定桨距风轮的风能利用率, 减小风轮吸收的风能, 从而进一步减低风轮转速。为此连锁作用所产生的实际效果是减速而不是限速, 而磁电响应的过程, 使保护动作十分安全可靠。这一限速保护的优点在于舍弃了机械限速结构, 排除了限速机构的机械故障隐患, 从根本上解决了小型风力机长期安全可靠运行问题。 Solar and Wind Hybrid Generation Systems 设计巴巴工作室www.88doc88.com The dependence more and more is now strong in the world people to the electricity. It is being far away the electrical network the area, the independent power supply system becomes the power source which the people most need, needs the low cost, the redundant reliable independent power supply system .It is reasonable in this kind of environment leeward light supplementary power supply system, because the modern energy service still could not achieve the place often was the trough hides the rich wind to be able with the solar energy resources place. Moreover the wind, the light make up some nature which system itself is in sole possession of also exactly with these local natural condition to tall. Therefore regarding satisfies the remote districts energy to need with the Chinese most poor area sustainable development, the scenery supplementary electricity generation is an essential energy construction technology method .The scenery supplementary power supply system is by the solar cell and the wind-driven generator electricity generation, after the accumulator cell stored energy, to the load power supply one kind of new power source, widely applies at present in the emblem wave correspondence, the base depot, the broadcasting station, the open country activity, the highway, the radio mountainous area, the village and the island. Remote districts use electricity the load not to be all big generally, therefore is uneconomical with the electrical network power transmission, directly generates electricity commonly used in the locality uses the diesel electric engine .But the diesel oil storage and transport too is high to the remote districts cost, therefore the diesel electric engine only can take one kind of short-time emergency power supply .Must solve the long-term stability reliable power supply problem, only can rely on local the natural energy source .The solar energy gentle breeze can be most universal Natural resource, also is the inexhaustible renewable energy .The solar energy is on the Earth source of the all energy, the sun is shining Earth's each land .The wind can be the solar energy in the earth's surface other one kind of manifestation, as a result of the earth's surface different shape like sandy soil ground, the vegetation ground and the water surface is different to the solar illumination heat absorption coefficient, forms the temperature difference in the earth's surface, the surface air temperature forms the air convection to produce differently creates an incident energy .Our country the western area is in the world most greatly also is in the world one of richest solar energy resources areas, the Tibet area, the thin air, the transparency high year sunshine time long reaches 3400h in particular, above daily sunshine 6h the annual mean number of days between 275~330 days, the radiation intensity is big east, yearly 设计巴巴工作室www.88doc88.com average radiation total quantity 7000MJ/m, the city assumes increases progressively the distribution to the west, the annual variation assumes the peak, the resources superiority is advantageous, the application prospect is extremely broad .My national customs can resources rich reserves 3200GW, potential installing equipment accommodate approximately 253GW, occupies the world first place and potential water and electricity installed capacity 380GW is the same level .In 2005 I national customs electricity installing equipment allow to surpass 1GW, In 2020 the wind electricity scale estimated reaches 30GW.Future the wind electricity very possibly will become with the solar energy side-by-side new energy profession .My national customs can develop the use the potential to be very big, belong to the wind to be able the resources to be possible to use the area .Specially the solar energy and the wind can all have the very strong complement in the time and in the place city .When the sunlight is daytime strongest, the wind is very small, after evening the sun falls the mountain, the illumination is very weak, but the wind can strengthen greatly as a result of the surface temperature difference change .But in the summer sun light intensity the wind small winter, the solar light intensity weak the wind is greatly big .The solar energy gentle breeze can enable the scenery supplementary generating system in the time complement to have the best match on the resources, the scenery supplementary generating system is a best independent power supply system. Light and electricity system is transforms using the light and electricity board the solar energy the electrical energy, through controller to battery charging, again through invert to current collector power supply set of systems .This system merit is the power supply reliability is high, the movement maintenance cost is low, but the system construction cost is high .The wind electricity system is the use small wind-driven generator, can transform the wind the electrical energy, through controller to battery charging, again through invert to current collector power supply set of systems .This system merit is the electricity generation is big, the system construction cost is low, the movement maintenance cost is low .The shortcoming is the small wind-driven generator reliability is low .The wind electricity and the light and electricity system all exist because the resources uncertainty causes the electricity generation with to use electricity the load not balanced question, the wind electricity and the light and electricity system all must be able to supply power stably through the accumulator cell stored energy, but the daily electricity generation causes the weather influence congress the system the battery unit to be at for a long time very 设计巴巴工作室www.88doc88.com much owes the electricity condition, this also causes the battery unit loss of life primary cause .As a result of the solar energy and the wind can complement, The scenery supplementary generating system has made up the wind electricity and the light and electricity independent system on resources flaw on the resources .At the same time, the wind electricity and the light and electricity system are may use in common in the battery unit and the link, therefore the scenery supplementary generating system construction cost may reduce, the system cost tends to reasonably .The solar cell may transform the energy of light the electrical energy .It coordinates the solar cell module and the wind-driven generator to compose organically a system, but displays respective characteristic and the superiority fully, the maximum limit use very big nature kicks the wind which gives to be able with the solar energy .Regarding uses the TV University, to use electricity requests high, but the wind can the resources and the solar energy resources rich area, the scenery supplementary power supply be one kind of best choice without doubt .In the scenery supplementary generating system may use electricity the load situation according to the user and the capital sends the condition to carry on the system to allow to match reasonably, then guarantees the system power supply the reliability, also may reduce the generating system the construction cost .Regardless of is how environment and how uses electricity the request, the scenery supplementary generating system all may make the request which optimized the system design plan satisfies uses electricity .Should say that, the scenery supplementary generating system is Reasonable independent power supply system .At present, the promoted scenery supplementary generating system biggest barrier is the small wind-driven generator For several dozens years, the small wind-driven generator technology had the very big development, the industrial development has also obtained certain achievement, but fundamentally said, the reliable question has not always been solved .Since long ago, stemming from the cost consideration, the advanced hydraulic control technology has not used in the small wind-driven generator regulating protection, only is uses the simple machinery control mode to carry on the regulating protection .The mechanical regulating structure characteristic is the small air blower nose or some part occupies under the natural condition, because wind speed gentle breeze to the change too is complex, moreover the natural environment is bad, inevitable can cause vibrates and moves the part the damage, thus causes the unit to damage .Wants the thorough settlement small wind-driven generator the reliable question to have to have the best 设计巴巴工作室www.88doc88.com solution in the regulating way .The scenery supplementary generating system may act according to uses electricity the load situation and the resources condition carries on the reasonable disposition which the system accommodates, then guarantees the system power supply the reliability, also may reduce the generating system the construction cost .Regardless of is how environment and how uses electricity the request, the scenery supplementary generating system all may do Leaves optimized the system design plan to satisfy the request .Should say that, the scenery supplementary generating system is the most reasonable independent power supply system. Leaves optimized the system design plan to satisfy the request .Should say that, the scenery supplementary generating system is the most reasonable independent power supply system .The scenery supplementary generating system matches the scenery supplementary generating system to electroplate reasonably, the small wind power generation unit by the solar energy light, the central controller, the battery unit and the invert and so on several parts is composed, the generating system various parts accommodate the reasonable pair guarantee generating system reliability is extremely important .Generally speaking, is in the uniform allocation should consider following two aspect factor .Uses electricity the load characteristic to have to understand uses electricity the biggest load and the mean diurnal use electricity .Uses electricity loses Holland is most greatly the basis which the selective system invert accommodates, but the mean diurnal electricity consumption is chooses the air blower and the light electroplates accommodates the basis which accommodates with the battery unit .The solar energy gentle breeze can the capital solar energy gentle breeze can the resources condition is the system light electroplates with the air blower capacity choice basis, according to the resources condition determined the light and electricity board and air blower accommodating, daily uses electricity again the consideration volume efficiency, finally examines and approves the light and electricity board and the air blower capacity. Gale regulating protection was the air blower loses human's energy to be bigger than the system at that time to be able to consume energy sum total time which could as well as the system can store up we called for the time being it was at the overpower condition the air blower, could reduce the air blower to attract the end of exercise period energy effectively, caused the air blower not to send the speed moment .At present, the global each air blower regulating protection plan approximately may 设计巴巴工作室www.88doc88.com converge two kinds .The mechanical regulating protection causes the wind wheel deviation wind direction by some kind of organization, reduces the wind wheel frontal area, thus reduces the breeze to be able absorption .By some kind of organization use wind wheel leaf blade's centrifugal force change prop pitch, reduces the wind wheel the wind to be able the use factor, thus achieved reduces effect which the breeze can absorb. The mechanical regulating protective device reliability is bad, except designs outside the improper factor, in fact is its inherent malpractice .The nature wind situation is extremely complex, the turbulent flow is the host condition, simultaneously, the wind speed wind direction change frequent and also is rapid in, any machinery installs all not the impossible transient response actual wind situation change, in addition the long-term movement causes the machinery wears can cause the equipment the tolerance clearance to increase .All these can cause the protection lag, the expiration as well as fierce unfolds moves, initiates the air blower speeding car, the overload and unfolds fiercely moves and so on the destructive results。 Protection in the air blower is at” the overpower two conditions for a generator reverse magnetic resistance moment of force, largely increases the power which the generator consumes, causes it to be bigger than the power which the wind wheel outputs, thus causes the wind wheel rpm drop .The wind wheel rotational speed drop, causes the wind wheel the apex transmission ratio to reduce, thus reduces decides the prop pitch wind wheel the wind to be able the use factor, reduces wind energy which the wind wheel absorbs, thus further decreases the wind wheel rotational speed .The actual effect produces which for this chain-like function but is the deceleration is not a regulating, but the magnetoelectricity response process, causes the protection movement to be extremely safe reliably .This regulating protection merit lay in has discarded the mechanical regulating structure, removed the regulating organization mechanical breakdown hidden danger, fundamentally has solved the small anemometer long-term security reliable operational problems. 设计巴巴工作室www.88doc88.com