冠词的用法

冠词的用法 不定冠词的基本用法 　　不定冠词(the Indefinite Article)主要是与单数可数名词连用；单数可数名词（如book, pen, table, cup, story, pin等）一般不能单独使用。 1　泛指 　　不定冠词与单数可数名词连用，可示类指(generic reference)意义，即泛指某一类人或物，相当于any/all，例如： In Greek or Roman society, people thought that a muscular physique was the most attractive symbol of masculinity. (Build) 2　泛指其中的一例 　　不定冠词与单数可数名词连用，还可用于指某一类人或物中的一员，尤其是用于表示职业、身份等。这种用法较之于“类指”用法还要常见。 Wigs became a status symbol. (Hair) Shaving off your head and wearing a wig was often the only answer. (Hair) This didn’t change until the 1920s when Coco Chanel, a famous fashion designer, accidently fell asleep in the sun. (Skin) 上面各例中“不定冠词＋单数可数名词”均表示“某一类人或物中的一员”。 定冠词的基本用法 1　泛指 　　如同不定冠词一样，“定冠词＋单数可数名词”可用于泛指一类的人或物，例如： This didn’t change until the 1920s when Coco Chanel, a famous fashion designer, accidently fell asleep in the sun. The suntan was born and remained popular for the rest of the twentieth century. (Skin) Today, in the age of the T-shirt, men worry more about arm and chest muscles. (Build) 2 上下文特指 　　当一个名词指的是上文已经提到过的人或物时，即第二次出现，常与定冠词连用，表示特指意义，即表示该名词指的是上文已提到过、说话人和听话人都知道的具体的人或物。这种特指称为上下文特指(contextual specific reference)。 例如： 　　She started a fashion for wigs in England. The fashion spread… (Hair) 　　另一种更常见的上下文特指并不是象上面这样通过简单的词汇重复体现的，而是由定冠词与相关词汇的连用表示的。例如： In those days, even rich people rarely washed and the unhygienic conditions attracted fleas and other pests. (Hair) People used animal fat to keep the wigs in place – the smell must have been terrible. (Hair) 　　还有一种上下文特指情况，但它并非象上面这样从上文得到线索，而通过下文来确定前面出现的名词所指的具体对象。例如： Nowadays, a woman who wants to make a career in the world of fashion has to watch her weight. (Build) Today, in the age of the T-shirt, men worry more about arm and chest muscles. (Build) 3　情景特指 　　我们知道，语言交际是发生在一定情景中的，因为在特定的情景中某些东西是独一无二的，交际双方都知道其存在。这时，我们可以将第一次出现但却是指特定情景中独一无二的人或物的名词与定冠词连用。例如，从大的情景看，太阳、月亮、 地球等都是独一无二的，因此常与定冠词连用：the sun, the moon, the earth。 4　逻辑特指 　　如果一个名词因受修饰语的限制而所指对象明确，那么可以通过与定冠词连用来表示这种特指意义──逻辑特指(logical specific reference). 即名词的特指可从逻辑角度进行确定。 1.定冠词+形容词最高级+名词 In Greek or Roman society, people thought that a muscular physique was the most attractive symbol of masculinity. (Build) 　　2.定冠词+序数词或next, last, only等＋名词 Queen Elizabeth the First started going bald at an early age. (Hair) The fashion spread and eventually wigs were popular with both sexes for the next three hundred years. (Hair) The suntan was born and remained popular for the rest of the twentieth century. (Skin) Shaving off your head and wearing a wig was often the only answer. (Hair) 3. 某一年代或历史时期用定冠词 In the Middle Ages, until the 1920 零冠词（不用冠词）的基本用法 　　有些名词（如抽象名词、物质名词）可以单独出现在句子中，有些则以复数的形式出现，不带定冠词或不定冠词，但它们仍然含有类指或特指的意义。为了便于探讨这类结构的用法，语法家认为它们实际上也包含了冠词，即不表达出来的“零冠词”(the Zero Article)。 1　泛指 　　1.零冠词＋抽象名词或物质名词 It showed that they didn’t have to work and could afford good food. (Build) People used animal fat to keep the wigs in place. (Hair) In Greek or Roman society, people thought that a muscular physique was the most attractive symbol of masculinity. (Build) 2.零冠词＋复数可数名词 In Greek or Roman society, people thought that a muscular physique was the most attractive symbol of masculinity. (Build) In the Middle Ages, men wore thighs or stockings so it was fashionable to have muscular legs and thighs. Today, in the age of the T-shirt, men worry more about arm and chest muscles. (Build) Wigs became a status symbol. (Hair) In those days, even rich people rarely washed and the unhygienic conditions attracted fleas and other pests. (Hair) People used animal fat to keep the wigs in place. (Hair) The fashion spread and eventually wigs were popular with both sexes for the next three hundred years. (Hair) 3. 国家、大洲等不用冠词