新GRE Argument归类和提纲

相同题目 18/20 10/21/23 24/26/28 7/98/99 45/49 15/51/130/131/133 35/52 56/57 34/58/94 69/70/115 74/147/148/149/156 83/84 86/89 85/87 9/88/90 17/93/19/109/110 38/95/96 25/100/102/164 101/103 32/104/105/106/167 66/107/108 47/111/112 78/116/117/114 14/118 22/119/120/138 62/121/122/124 41/123/125/142 113/126/127/161 35/128/129 132/134/136 135/137/140 61/139/141/143/162 53/144/151 60/145/146/150/154/155 152/153 157/158 5/159/173 54/165 36/163/166 39/174 160/172 3/171 77/169 题号后面括号里的三项分别是：题目讨论的题材/结论的性质/主干论证过程。题目中带下划线的部分为题目 背景信息；斜体部分为题目假设；无任何标记部分为一般论据；黑体部分为题目结论。题目中括号里的数字 明这句话体现的是提纲中第几号缺陷。题目后面的星星数量表示题目论证难度，星数越多题目越难。题目 后面的数字为论证结构与之类似的其他题目题号，可以参考准备。 提纲中具体缺陷后面括号里斜体缩写表示该缺陷所属的类型，缺陷后面的星号表示该缺陷在本题的严重程 度，星数越多缺陷越严重。 题目顺序以新东方写作教程第一章题库顺序为准。 符号索引： V.D: vague data I.I: incomplete information U.C: unrelated concepts C.S: changing scopes F.A: false analogy I.C: incomplete comparison F.D: false dilemma I.T: incomplete thought NCR: non causal relationship I.E: insufficient evidence U.A: unwarranted assumption Adv:disadv: failing to weigh the advantage and disadvantage thoroughly P→F/ P→C/ C→F/C→P: inferring future (current/past) condition from past (current) condition 1 （考古/论断/大并列小递进）Woven baskets characterized by a particular distinctive pattern have previously been found only in the immediate vicinity of the prehistoric village of Palea and therefore were believed to have been unique to the Palean people. Recently, however, archaeologists discovered such a "Palean" basket in Lithos, an ancient village across the Brim River from Palea. The Brim River is very deep and broad(3), and so the ancient Paleans could only have crossed it by boat(1), but there is no evidence that the Paleans had boats. And boats capable of carrying groups of people and cargo were not developed until thousands of years after the Palean people disappeared. Moreover, Paleans would have had no need to cross the river(5)—the woods around Palea are full of nuts, berries, and small game(4). It follows that the so-called Palean baskets were not unique to Palea(2). ★★★★★33 1. The author fails to consider the possibility that the Paleans may arrived in Lithos through other means. (I.T) ★★★★ 2. The Palean basket could arrive other place through many possible methods such as trade, or boats possessed by other culture. (I.T) ★★★★ 3. In Palean times, the Brim River may not be as deep and broad as it is currently. (C→P) ★★ ★ 4. The fact that there are abundant resources currently does not indicate that those resources also existed in Palean times. (C→P) ★★★ 5. Other reasons other than food shortages may well result in the migration of a culture. (I.E) ★ ★★ 2 3 227, （城市，社会/提议/并列）The following appeared as an editorial in a local newspaper. "In order to attract visitors to Central Plaza downtown and to return the plaza to its former glory(5), the city should prohibit skateboarding there and instead allow skateboarders to use an area in Monroe Park(2). At Central Plaza, skateboard users are about the only people one sees now, and litter and defaced property have made the plaza unattractive(1). In a recent survey of downtown merchants(3), the majority supported a prohibition on skateboarding in the plaza. Clearly, banning skateboarding in Central Plaza will make the area a place where people can congregate for fun or for relaxation(4,6)." ★★★ 1. The author unfairly assumes that it is the presence of skateboarders that result in the current situation of the plaza. (confusing the cause and the effect) ★★★★★ 2. There may be some negative impacts of allowing skateboarders to use part of Monroe Park. (adv:disadv) ★★★ 3. The survey was based only on data from downtown merchants, thus could not be representative of all citizens. (selective sample) ★★★★ 4. The author unfairly assumes that banning skateboarding in Central Plaza would suffice to make the plaza an attractive place. (sufficiency of the solution) ★★★★ 5. The author fails to consider other possible means to regain the plaza’s prosperity. (necessity of the solution) ★★★ 6. Skateboarding may actually be helpful for achieving the city's objective of providing a fun and relaxing place for people to congregate. (adv:disadv) ★★★ 4 （商业，地产/建议/对比+并列）The following was posted on an Internet real estate discussion site. "Of the two leading real estate firms in our town—Adams Realty and Fitch Realty—Adams is clearly superior. Adams has 40 real estate agents. In contrast, Fitch has 25, many of whom work only part-time(1,2,5). Moreover, Adams' revenue last year was twice as high as that of Fitch, and included home sales that averaged $168,000, compared to Fitch's $144,000(3,4,6). Homes listed with Adams sell faster as well: ten years ago, I listed my home with Fitch and it took more than four months to sell; last year, when I sold another home, I listed it with Adams, and it took only one month(7). Thus, if you want to sell your home quickly and at a good price, you should use Adams." ★★ 1. The author provides no evidence that the quality of a real estate firm is directly proportional to the number of its agents or the number of hours per week that its agents work. (U.C) ★★★ 2. The author does not provide any information about how many Adams agents work part-time.( ex parte information) ★★ 3. Last year’s sales result may not be representative. (selective sample) ★★★ 4. The disparity in sales volume can readily be explained by factors other than the comparative quality of the two firms, such as serving area and location.(NCR) ★★★★ 5. For lack of data concerning the average number of homes sold per agent, we cannot evaluate the actual performance of agents in the two firms.(V.D) ★★ 6. The fact that the average sales price of a home sold by Adams is higher than the average price of a home sold by Fitch does not indicate that Adams is more effective in selling homes than Fitch. (NCR) ★★★★ 7. The disparity in the speed of a sale is explainable by other plausible factors that would change through the time, or some essential differences of the two properties. (F.A/I.C/P→F) ★★★ ★★ 5 （交通安全/提议/类比）The following appeared in a letter to the editor of the Balmer Island Gazette. "The population of Balmer Island increases to 100,000 during the summer months. To reduce the number of accidents involving mopeds and pedestrians(4), the town council of Balmer Island should limit the number of mopeds rented by each of the island's six moped and bicycle rental companies(5) from 50 per day to 30 per day(6) during the summer season(7). By limiting the number of rentals, the town council is sure to attain the 50 percent reduction in moped accidents(1,4) that was achieved last year in the neighboring island of Torseau(3), when Torseau's town council enforced similar limits on moped rentals(2)." ★★★★ 1. The author assumes that all other conditions in Balmer that might affect the rate of moped-pedestrian accidents will remain unchanged after the restrictions are enacted. (P→F) ★★ ★ 2. The author fails to consider other possible explanations for the 50% decline in Torseau's moped accident rate last year. (NCR) ★★★★ 3. Balmer Island and Torseau may not be comparable. (F.A) ★★★★ 4. The author provides no evidence that the same restrictions that served to reduce the incidence of all "moped accidents" by 50% would also serve to reduce the incidence of accidents involving "mopeds and pedestrians" by 50%. (U.C) ★★★ 5. We do not know what percentage of mopeds in Balmer Island is rented by the six companies. (V.D) ★★★ 6. The author fails to provide accurate data about the current number of mopeds rented by the six companies per day. (I.I) ★★ 7. The proposed regulation may not be necessary for the author’s purpose. (necessity of the solution) ★★★ 6 45, （动物/推测/并列）The following appeared as an editorial in a wildlife journal. "Arctic deer live on islands in Canada's arctic region. They search for food by moving over ice from island to island during the course of a year. Their habitat is limited to areas warm enough to sustain the plants on which they feed, and cold enough, at least some of the year, for the ice to cover the sea separating the islands, allowing the deer to travel over it. Unfortunately, according to reports from local hunters(1), the deer populations are declining. Since these reports coincide with recent global warming trends(2) that have caused the sea ice to melt, we can conclude that the decline in arctic deer populations is the result of deer being unable to follow their age-old migration patterns(4) across the frozen sea(3)." ★★★★★ 1. The accuracy of the reports from local hunters can be cast doubt on. (selective sample) ★★★ ★ 2. The global warming trends may have no effects on the specific region mentioned by the editorial. (C.S) ★★★★ 3. Alternative explanations can also account for the decline in arctic deer population.(NCR) ★★ ★★ 4. The change in climate patterns does not necessarily lead to the decline in deer population, deer may adapt themselves to the new weather by certain means. (NCR) ★★★★ 7 44, （经营/决策/大并列小递进）The following is a recommendation from the business manager of Monarch Books. "Monarch Books should open a café in its store(5) to attract more customers(3) and better compete with Regal Books, which recently opened a café(1,2). Monarch, which has been in business at the same location for more than twenty years, has a large customer following because it is known for its wide selection of books on all subjects. Opening the café would clearly attract more customers. The café would require relatively little space. Space could be made for the café by discontinuing the children's book section(4), which will likely become less popular(8) given that the last national census(6) indicated a significant decline in the percent of the population(7) who are under age ten." ★★★ 1. The manager offers no evidence that the two bookstores are comparable at every aspect. (F.A) ★★ 2. We are not informed about the possible change in the profit and number of customers of Regal Books after Regal has opened the new café. (I.I) ★★★★ 3. No evidence could guarantee that opening a café at Monarch will attract substantially more customers.(I.E) ★★★ 4. The manager fails to consider the negative effects of cutting out children’s book section and opening the café. (adv:disadv) ★★★★★ 5. The manager fails to consider the possible cost of opening the café. (adv:disadv) ★★★ 6. The result of a national census may not be properly applied to a certain region. (C.S) ★★★ ★ 7. Although the percent of children in the general population has declined, the total number of children may increase. (V.D) ★★★ 8. Granted that the number of children who are under age ten has decreased, we can not ensure that the number of children who go to our bookstore, or the need for children’s book will also decline. (NCR) ★★★ (chong98) (chong99) 8 （学校建设/提议/并列）The following appeared in a memo written by a dean at Buckingham College. "To serve the housing needs of our students, Buckingham College should build a new dormitory(4). Buckingham's enrollment is growing and, based on current trends(1), should double over the next fifty years, thus making existing dormitories inadequate. Moreover, the average rent for an apartment in our town has increased(3) in recent years(2). Consequently, students will find it increasingly difficult to afford off-campus housing. Finally, an attractive new dormitory would make prospective students more likely to enroll at Buckingham(5,6)." ★★★24,100,226 1. The dean assumes without justification that the trends of increasing enrollment will continue in the future. (C→F) ★★★ 2. The dean unfairly assumes that the rent for off-campus apartment will continue to increase in the following years. (C→F) ★★★ 3. We do not know if the average rent for off-campus apartment has increased to an extent that students cannot afford. (I.I/confusing comparison with variation) ★★★ 4. The dean fails to illustrate that current dormitories in Buckingham could not meet students’ housing needs. (necessity of the solution) ★★★ 5. A new dormitory would be neither sufficient nor necessary for attracting prospective students. (sufficiency/necessity of the solution) ★★★ 6. The dean’s assumption that more prospective students will enroll at Buckingham conflicts the dean’s purpose of solving the housing problem. (negative evidence) ★★★ 9 (chong88) (chong90) 10 （人类学/论断、预言/——）The following appeared in an article written by Dr. Karp, an anthropologist. "Twenty years ago(5) Dr. Field, a noted anthropologist, visited the island of Tertia and concluded from his observations that children in Tertia were reared by an entire village rather than by their own biological parents. However, my recent interviews with children living in the group of islands that includes Tertia(2) show that these children spend much more time talking about their biological parents(1) than about other adults in the village. This research proves that Dr. Field's conclusion about Tertian village culture is false, and thus that the observation-centered approach to studying cultures is invalid(3). Because they are using the interview-centered method, my team of graduate students working in Tertia will establish a much more accurate understanding of child-rearing traditions there and in other island cultures.(4)" ★★★★ 1. Talking more about their biological parents does not indicate that those children were reared by their parents. (U.C) ★★★★★ 2. We do not know how many of the children interviewed by Dr. Karp were actually from island of Tertia. (I.I ) ★★★ 3. The facts cited by Dr. Karp do not necessarily prove that the observation-centered method used by Dr. Field is invalid. (I.E) ★★★★ 4. No evidence could guarantee that Dr. Karp’s team will establish a more accurate understanding of island cultures just because they are using the interview-centered method. (I.E) ★★★★★ 5. There may have been dramatic changes in nurturing patterns of Teria children during the past 20 years. (P→F) ★★★ 11 12（教育/提议/递进）The following appeared in a memorandum from a dean at Omega University. "Fifteen years ago, Omega University implemented a new procedure that encouraged students to evaluate the teaching effectiveness of all their professors(1). Since that time, Omega professors have begun to assign higher grades in their classes, and overall student grade averages at Omega have risen by thirty percent.(2) Potential employers apparently believe the grades at Omega are inflated; this would explain why Omega graduates have not been as successful at getting jobs as have graduates from nearby Alpha University(3,7). To enable its graduates to secure better jobs, Omega University should now terminate student evaluation of professors.(4,5,6)" ★★★211, 238 1. The dean provides no evidence about the number or percentage of Omega students who participate in the procedure. (V.D) ★★ 2. The argument also assumes unfairly that the grade-average increase is the result of the evaluation procedure—rather than some other phenomenon. (post hoc, ergo propter hoc) ★★★★ 3. The dean's claim that grade inflation explains why Omega graduates are less successful than Alpha graduates in getting jobs is unjustified. (NCR) ★★★★ 4. The dean ignores other possible ways by which Omega can increase its job-placement record. (necessity of the solution) ★★★ 5. Merely terminating the evaluation system might not suffice to enable Omega’s graduates to secure better jobs. (sufficiency of the solution) ★★★★ 6. The dean fails to mention the positive effects of the evaluation system. (adv:disadv) ★★★★★ 7. The graduates from the two universities may not be comparable. (F.A) ★★ 13（道路交通/提议/大并列小类比小递进）The following appeared in an editorial in a Prunty County newspaper. "In an attempt to improve highway safety, Prunty County recently(1) lowered its speed limit from 55 miles per hour to 45 on all major county roads. But the 55 mph limit should be restored, because this safety effort has failed. Most drivers are exceeding the new speed limit(4) and the accident rate throughout Prunty County (2)has decreased only slightly(3). If we want to improve the safety of our roads, we should instead undertake the same kind of road improvement project that Butler County completed five years ago(7): increasing lane widths and resurfacing rough roads(8). Today, major Butler County roads still have a 55 mph speed limit, yet there were 25 percent fewer reported(6) accidents in Butler County this past year than there were five years ago(5)." ★★★★55,119 1. The author fails to rule out the possibility that not enough time has passed to determine the effectiveness of this change in reducing the accident rate. (I.E) ★★★ 2. The author ignores the possibility that the accident rate on the county's major roads has decreased while on minor roads not subject to the speed-limit reduction it has increased. (I.I) ★★★★ 3. The argument assumes that all other factors affecting highway accident rates have remained unchanged since the county lowered its speed limit. (P→F) ★★★ 4. The fact that most drivers are exceeding the new speed limit does not indicate that the policy is ineffective. (NCR) ★★ 5. The author unfairly implies that the higher speed limit in Butler County has not served to increase the incidence of road accidents in that county. (lack of controlled experiment) ★★★ 6. The cited statistic involves only "reported" accidents in Butler County, we do not know the percentage of accidents which are going unreported in that county. (I.I) ★★★ 7. The situation at Prunty County and Butler County may not be comparable. (F.A) ★★★★ 8. The author fails to demonstrate that road improvement will be both sufficient and necessary to guarantee fewer accidents in Prunty County. (sufficiency/necessity of the solution) ★★★★ 14 194, （社会，就业/建议/对比）A recent study suggests that people who are left-handed are more likely to succeed in business than are right-handed people. Researchers studied photographs of 1,000 prominent business executives(3) and found that 21 percent of these executives(1) wrote with their left hand(2). So the percentage of prominent business executives who are left-handed (21 percent) is almost twice the percentage of people in the general population who are left-handed (11 percent). Thus, people who are left-handed(5) would be well advised to pursue a career in business(4), whereas people who are right-handed would be well advised to imitate the business practices(6,7,8) exhibited by left-handers(9). ★★★★★ 1. The author fails to indicate what fraction of all business persons are left-handed. (V.D) ★★★ 2. People who write with their left hand are not necessarily left-handed. (U.C) ★★★ 3. The 1,000 executives from the study are not necessarily representative of the overall population of prominent business executives. (are the respondents representative?) ★★ 4. The photographs in themselves prove little about the causal relationship between left-handedness and the ability to succeed in business, many prominent executives might have risen to their status not by way of their achievements or business acumen but through other means. (NCR) ★★★★ 5. The facts cited by the author do not indicate that all people who are left-handed are suitable for pursuing careers in business. (C.S) ★★★ 6. The author unfairly assumes that people who are right-handed also have strong will to succeed in business. (U.A) ★★★ 7. Merely imitating the business practices exhibit