电脑硬件显卡维修

电脑硬件显卡维修 显卡故障分析 一、接触不良 肉眼可见的接触不良,如板卡一头高一头底的,那是轻而易举就可以排除的。不过有一些显卡的接触不良非常的隐蔽,表面上看安装得很好,但实际上接触不良,导致很多莫名其妙的故障。 案例,一台毒龙650机器,是2001年春节装的。一段时间后,开机不正常,经常在第一次开机时全黑无反应,切断电源后再开机则成功,好像系统要“预热”一样。 分析,这个故障看上去是电源的问题,也确实在一些老机器上出现过更换电源解决问题的案例。但此机购置的时间较短,部件都是新的,而且经仔细检验过,这样的配置同时购置的其他机器并未出现此种故障,于是从最简单的步骤着手的原则,先检查连线,插拔一遍后开机,无效，从CMOS里的电源设置作了调整,设置出厂默认值,无效，经询问得知,此机前几天曾被打开机箱清除灰尘。至此,估计是某元件松动导致了接触不良或是短路。 解决,开机的时候仔细观察,发现面板的指示灯不是马上亮的,而是过了5秒钟后才亮,电源灯、硬盘灯和光驱面板灯都正常,只是好像系统无信号送到显示器,而且系统无报警声-由于第二次开机能正常使用,所以排除了黑屏是内存没插好的原因。一般系统开机黑屏是内存和显卡两大因素造成,主板损坏的可能性很小,所以我判断可能会是显卡接触不良导致的故障。于是,重新插拔后,又将CMOS跳线放电。重新开机后,一次成功,后改回CMOS设置,经试用正常,至此,问题解决。 二、电源功率或设置的影响 现在的主板提供的高级电源管理功能很多,有节能、睡眠、ON NOW等等,但有些显卡和主板的某些电源功能有冲突,会导致进入Windows时花屏的现象。 案例,上述机器,在调试过程中开始怀疑是电源的故障,改动了CMOS中电源的设置,特别是VIDEO相关的设置,开机进入Windows后Windows98变成了256色,还提示要安装新的驱动程序。该机已经正常使用Windows98半年了,显然是基本设置错误导致的故障,而不能按Windows提示的“安装新的驱动程序”来排除。 分析和解决,由于当时是改动了CMOS电源选项后马上进入Windows出问题的,所以没费力就知道是电源选项的影响。但如果是其他情况下出现的,可能就比较难想到这方面去。建议在显示不正常的时候,注意一下CMOS电源方面的影响,如果是改动了设置的,把它调整为出厂时的默认值，如果是刚装机就出现问题的,可以把出厂的默认值中的节能、ON NOW什么花哨功能禁止试试。 另position for future reference. Installation using special lifting pole rotor 6.4.4.6 rotor lift, box spirit level to check the rotor axis neck of Yang, on both sides of the rotor should be lateral raises and numerical deviation of ? 0.10MM, qualified before the official lifting. Hoisting of the rotor dynamic and static clearance should be measured, rotors check clearance to prevent rotor colliding. 6.4.4.7 stationary blade carrier, diaphragm and sealing upper cylinder on the inside and install the mounting bolts, bolts and bolt holes in the surface should be coated with molybdenum disulfide. Follow the manufacturers stamp marked to install good sealing ring and spring. Check the sealing ring and spring plate, shall conform to the technical requirements manufacturers drawings. Bolt: ... Measurement with measurement tools, special tools, temporary connection bolts and connection tool equipped and in good condition. The rotor shaft to have fixed, such as thrust, bearing plates fixed installation, in case of wear of the rotor is too large. The coupling gasket check measurements: measured data processing according to gasket, clean the coupling gasket surface clean and Burr-free, check the coupling gasket thickness data, shim thickness deviation of ? 0.02mm, parallel degree deviation of ? 0.02mm. Coupling temporary bolts ready: preparing 4-8 bolt diameter coupling bolt hole diameter 0.5-1.0mm. 6.4.5.2 shaft coupling 6.4.5.2.1 General requirements in both the relative position of the flange according to the manufacturer's mark, if there is no mark, two flange scoop bias complement each other and take care of the bolt hole alignment, hit the mark as basis for alignment and coupling is finally being joined. Each measurement in the two couplings along 外因为AMD的CPU耗电量较大,一些电源质量不好或时功率不够的“龙”、“鸟”机器上面,添加购置了新硬盘或其他耗电较大的设备后,可能也会导致显卡的供电不够,大家可以用排除和替换法检验。 三、刷新BIOS后的影响 几乎每个月,出现显卡的厂商都会在网上发布新的BIOS供DIY们刷新自己的显卡,以获得新功能和修正BIOS的BUG。但也有不少人在刷新了之后,玩某些游戏时会死机或是自动跳回桌面,,更有用名牌厂家的BIOS刷坏自己的显卡的案例。如果刷新之后Windows的多数任务正常,只是某个驱动程序如PHOTOSHOP出错,你很难想到是刷新BIOS的影响,所以排除故障可能会走弯路。 建议,你的显卡工作正常的话,最好不要乱“升级”。因为显卡的BIOS各个版本对电脑的主板、电源有一定的相适应,兼容，特性,如果目前的部件是和睦相处的话,还是不要乱改好。那些所谓刷新后的新功能,其实大多数是噱头而已。主板的BIOS也是一样,除非是出于为了支持新的CPU和大硬盘的考虑,没事乱刷有点冒险,不值得。 另外,显卡的固定螺丝不用拧得太紧太死,适中即可,因为显卡里开机箱的挡板还有一点距离,如果拧螺丝太紧会强行把显卡的一头微微拉离插槽,可能会导致接触不良。那就和固定螺丝的意愿背道而驰 了。 附录小技巧,一般诊断显卡与内存故障的区别 显卡和内存有问题,电脑开机都是黑屏的,如何区分呢,要注意的有, 1、注意电脑有无小喇叭的报警声,如果是有报警声的,显卡的问题可能会大一点,而且我们可以从报警声的长短和次数来判断具体的故障,这方面的资料很多了,主板也可能会附带书,请大家自己找来参考，。 2、如果黑屏无报警声,多半是内存根本没插好或坏了。没有内存电脑根本开不了机的,当然也不会报警。 3、注意面板的显示灯状态,如果无报警声又检查过内存了,可能会是显卡接触不良的问题,往往伴随硬盘灯常亮，还可以看显示器的状态灯,如果黑屏伴随显示器上各状态调节的指示灯在同时不停地闪烁,可能会是连接显卡到显示器的电缆插头松了,或是显卡没在插槽内插紧。 显卡常见故障解决方法 常见故障一,开机无显示 此类故障一般是因为显卡与主板接触不良或主板插槽有问题造成。对于一些 集成显卡的主板,如果显存共用主内存,则需注意内存条的位置,一般在第一个 内存条插槽上应插有内存条。由于显卡原因造成的开机无显示故障,开机position for future reference. Installation using special lifting pole rotor 6.4.4.6 rotor lift, box spirit level to check the rotor axis neck of Yang, on both sides of the rotor should be lateral raises and numerical deviation of ? 0.10MM, qualified before the official lifting. Hoisting of the rotor dynamic and static clearance should be measured, rotors check clearance to prevent rotor colliding. 6.4.4.7 stationary blade carrier, diaphragm and sealing upper cylinder on the inside and install the mounting bolts, bolts and bolt holes in the surface should be coated with molybdenum disulfide. Follow the manufacturers stamp marked to install good sealing ring and spring. Check the sealing ring and spring plate, shall conform to the technical requirements manufacturers drawings. Bolt: ... Measurement with measurement tools, special tools, temporary connection bolts and connection tool equipped and in good condition. The rotor shaft to have fixed, such as thrust, bearing plates fixed installation, in case of wear of the rotor is too large. The coupling gasket check measurements: measured data processing according to gasket, clean the coupling gasket surface clean and Burr-free, check the coupling gasket thickness data, shim thickness deviation of ? 0.02mm, parallel degree deviation of ? 0.02mm. Coupling temporary bolts ready: preparing 4-8 bolt diameter coupling bolt hole diameter 0.5-1.0mm. 6.4.5.2 shaft coupling 6.4.5.2.1 General requirements in both the relative position of the flange according to the manufacturer's mark, if there is no mark, two flange scoop bias complement each other and take care of the bolt hole alignment, hit the mark as basis for alignment and coupling is finally being joined. Each measurement in the two couplings along 后一般 会发出一长两短的蜂鸣声,对于AWARD BIOS显卡而言，。 常见故障二,显示花屏,看不清字迹 此类故障一般是由于显示器或显卡不支持高分辨率而造成的。花屏时可切换 启动模式到安全模式,然后再在Windows 98下进入显示设置,在16色状态下点选 “应用”、“确定”按钮。重新启动,在Windows 98系统正常模式下删掉显卡驱动程序,重新启动计算机即可。也可不进入安全模式,在纯DOS环境下,编辑SYSTEM.INI文件,将display.drv=pnpdrver改为 display.drv=vga.drv后,存盘退出,再在Windows里更新 驱动程序。 常见故障三,颜色显示不正常,此类故障一般有以下原因, 1. 显示卡与显示器信号线接触不良 2. 显示器自身故障 3. 在某些软件里运行时颜色不正常,一般常见于老式机,在BIOS里有一项校 验颜色的选项,将其开启即可 4. 显卡损坏， 5. 显示器被磁化,此类现象一般是由于与有磁性能的物体过分接近所致,磁 化后还可能会引起显示画面出现偏转的现象。 常见故障四,死机 出现此类故障一般多见于主板与显卡的不兼容或主板与显卡接触不良，显卡 与其它扩展卡不兼容也会造成死机。 常见故障五,屏幕出现异常杂点或图案 此类故障一般是由于显卡的显存出现问题或显卡与主板接触不良造成。需清 洁显卡金手指部位或更换显卡。 常见故障六,显卡驱动程序丢失 显卡驱动程序载入,运行一段时间后驱动程序自动丢失,此类故障一般是由 于显卡质量不佳或显卡与主板不兼容,使得显卡温度太高,从而导致系统运行不 稳定或出现死机,此时只有更换显卡。 此外,还有一类特殊情况,以前能载入显卡驱动程序,但在显卡驱动程序载 入后,进入Windows时出现死机。可更换其它型号的显卡在载入其驱动程序后,插 入旧显卡予以解决。如若还不能解决此类故障,则说明注册表故障,对注册表position for future reference. Installation using special lifting pole rotor 6.4.4.6 rotor lift, box spirit level to check the rotor axis neck of Yang, on both sides of the rotor should be lateral raises and numerical deviation of ? 0.10MM, qualified before the official lifting. Hoisting of the rotor dynamic and static clearance should be measured, rotors check clearance to prevent rotor colliding. 6.4.4.7 stationary blade carrier, diaphragm and sealing upper cylinder on the inside and install the mounting bolts, bolts and bolt holes in the surface should be coated with molybdenum disulfide. Follow the manufacturers stamp marked to install good sealing ring and spring. Check the sealing ring and spring plate, shall conform to the technical requirements manufacturers drawings. Bolt: ... Measurement with measurement tools, special tools, temporary connection bolts and connection tool equipped and in good condition. The rotor shaft to have fixed, such as thrust, bearing plates fixed installation, in case of wear of the rotor is too large. The coupling gasket check measurements: measured data processing according to gasket, clean the coupling gasket surface clean and Burr-free, check the coupling gasket thickness data, shim thickness deviation of ? 0.02mm, parallel degree deviation of ? 0.02mm. Coupling temporary bolts ready: preparing 4-8 bolt diameter coupling bolt hole diameter 0.5-1.0mm. 6.4.5.2 shaft coupling 6.4.5.2.1 General requirements in both the relative position of the flange according to the manufacturer's mark, if there is no mark, two flange scoop bias complement each other and take care of the bolt hole alignment, hit the mark as basis for alignment and coupling is finally being joined. Each measurement in the two couplings along 进 行恢复或重新安装操作系统即可。 显卡常识介绍 就目前而言显卡分为两大类,一类是我们熟悉的家用显卡,即游戏卡，另一类则是用于专业工程、影视动画等领域,即工作站图形加速卡(专业卡)。相比前者而言大多数消费者对专业卡稍感陌生,为此在购买时也存在很多误区,所以接下来我们将针对二者的区别进行简要分析。 首先让我们来了解一下消费者在购买游戏卡时经常遇到的一些问题,由于这些基本的术语对于专业卡、游戏卡来说是共通的,因此对于我们选购专业卡也有借鉴意义。 一,为什么我的显卡无法达到最大标称分辨率, 这点是很多普通用户不解的地方,其实显卡可以提供的分辨率往往大于显示器分辨率。一般情况下家用显示器最大分辨率为1280×1024,因此即便显卡能提供大于这个值的分辨率,显示器也无法支持,所以在选购时过分强调分辨率没有实际意义。 二,PCI-E显卡是不是一定比AGP的好,二者的区别究竟在哪里, 在探讨这个问题之前,先简要了解一下这两类接口总线的发展历史。AGP是由Intel(英特尔)在1996年推出的一种总线接口,从最早期的AGP1×、AGP2×、AGP4×到目前主流的AGP8×,工作频率也由66MHz提升至533MHz,而工作时的峰值带宽则由533MB/s跃升至2.1GB/s。但相比其它计算机配件而言这种发展无疑是缓慢的,尤其是专业卡方面更是受到制约,因此在2001年Intel又推出上、下行传输速率均能高达4GB/s的PCI-E总线规格,至此兴盛达10年的AGP总线逐渐退出历史舞台, 面的介绍中我们不难发现,PCI-E相比AGP而言最大的优势就是数据传 从上 输速率,这也是造就PCI-E显卡迅猛发展的根源,目前包括艾尔莎在内的众多厂商都已经拥有了完善的PCI-E产品阵营,因此只要条件允许PCI-E显卡应该是消费者不二的选择。但AGP由于发展时间较长,技术非常成熟,因此在中低端产品线上有着明显的优势,所以目前仍是很多用户的首选 三,显存是什么,是不是和内存一样越大越好, 显存全称显示内存,和我们计算机里的内存功能基本相同。其主要功能是用于负责存储显示芯片所处理的各种数据,其容量越大贴图精度也会越高,因而从某种意义上来讲显存增大性能也会得到显著提升。但对于普通用户而言一味的追求大容量显存只会增加开支,128M显存容量的显卡足以应付当前大多数游戏与工作软件的需求,为此消费者应该根据自己的实际情况购买产品。 显存对于显卡的意义不亚于显示核心,涉及到的参数除了容量之外还有带宽、速度、封装类型等等,因此下面我们就显存涉及到的一些参数规格进行名词解释。 ) 四,, 为什么现在的显存有DDR和DDR3之分, 其实所谓的DDR和DDR3都是显存类型。目前市场中各大显卡厂商所使用的显存基本上都为DDR,这与我们熟知的内存颇为类似。DDR之所以被大量采用不仅是因为技术成熟,成本较低,更是因为在生产时较容易提升频率。但和DDR2正在席卷内存市场一样,目前市场中包括艾尔莎影雷者P940ultra、影雷者A660GT、幻雷者X70PRO等在内的很多中高端价位的产品都纷纷使用速度更快、position for future reference. Installation using special lifting pole rotor 6.4.4.6 rotor lift, box spirit level to check the rotor axis neck of Yang, on both sides of the rotor should be lateral raises and numerical deviation of ? 0.10MM, qualified before the official lifting. Hoisting of the rotor dynamic and static clearance should be measured, rotors check clearance to prevent rotor colliding. 6.4.4.7 stationary blade carrier, diaphragm and sealing upper cylinder on the inside and install the mounting bolts, bolts and bolt holes in the surface should be coated with molybdenum disulfide. Follow the manufacturers stamp marked to install good sealing ring and spring. Check the sealing ring and spring plate, shall conform to the technical requirements manufacturers drawings. Bolt: ... Measurement with measurement tools, special tools, temporary connection bolts and connection tool equipped and in good condition. The rotor shaft to have fixed, such as thrust, bearing plates fixed installation, in case of wear of the rotor is too large. The coupling gasket check measurements: measured data processing according to gasket, clean the coupling gasket surface clean and Burr-free, check the coupling gasket thickness data, shim thickness deviation of ? 0.02mm, parallel degree deviation of ? 0.02mm. Coupling temporary bolts ready: preparing 4-8 bolt diameter coupling bolt hole diameter 0.5-1.0mm. 6.4.5.2 shaft coupling 6.4.5.2.1 General requirements in both the relative position of the flange according to the manufacturer's mark, if there is no mark, two flange scoop bias complement each other and take care of the bolt hole alignment, hit the mark as basis for alignment and coupling is finally being joined. Each measurement in the two couplings along 频率更高的DDR3显存。 经常会在产品介绍中看见封装形式,这是什么意思, 首先让我们先来明确显存封装这个概念。所谓显存封装通俗来讲就是给显存芯片安装一层保护外套,以避免显存芯片遭到不必要的损害,这与CPU是一样的。目前显卡采用最广泛的是TSOP(薄型小尺寸封装),而BGA(球栅阵列封装)也因其良好的超频与散热性正在得到包括艾尔莎等不少厂家的青睐,像影雷者620TC就是采用BGA封装。但由于在技术和价格上的一些问题,目前只是很少一部分厂家在个别产品上采用。 五,听说显存带宽很重要,是这样吗, 这是毫无疑问的。显存带宽对于显卡性能的确具有明显影响。它主要用于衡量显示芯片与显存之间的数据传输速率,一般来讲带宽越大数据传输速度就越快,单位是字节/秒。在频率相同情况下,带宽高的显卡性能也会越强。这个道理就好比同等条件下六车道高速路在同一段时间内车流量大于四车道高速路的道理一样。 接下来我们则要介绍一下工作站图形加速卡,也就是我们常说的专业卡。相比游戏卡市场品牌林立的局面,专业卡从某种意义上来讲是唯一的,比如ATi在亚太地区专业卡领域的唯一合作伙伴就只有艾尔莎一家,因此在该地区采用ATi显示芯片的专业卡均属于艾尔莎出品。当然不仅仅只是艾尔莎才有专业卡,只是想借此说明芯片厂商出于技术和品质的保证,在专业卡方面只会和某一地区的一家厂商合作。 专业卡而言,单纯强调技术参数对普通玩家而言没有太多的意义,在 对于 这里想简要谈一谈消费者对于专业卡和游戏卡之间的误区。目前很多高端玩家、甚至一些企业级用户都会把游戏卡当作专业卡来使用,其实这种做法不仅不会达到预期目的,还会影响工作效率。 目前有一大部分消费者认为专业卡采用的显示核心就是高端游戏卡核心,其实不然。一般来讲游戏只要求大约为5万多边形的处理能力,而专业软件往往需要对数百万的多边形超大文件进行有效而快速的处理,所以专业图形创作软件对于专业卡要求苛刻。为满足这种要求,专业绘图核心构架必须完全基于Maya、Solidworks等专业图形创作软件而设计,充分考虑专业图形创作软件对于专业卡的几何与光线处理、双面光照、超采样能力等方面的较高要求。因此在设计时不仅要满足专业软件对于硬件的需求,更要针对目前主流图形图像创作软件进行优化,以便满足长时间稳定运行的需要,而以上这些特性是不会融进游戏卡设计之中的。所以用游戏卡运行专业软件会经常出现花屏、无法完整显示等情况。为此我们经常听到的专业卡等同于高端游戏卡的说法是非常错误的,专业卡与游戏卡不仅仅是速度等表面参数上的区别。 显卡基本常识 2011-8-17 19:08| 发布者: admin| 查看: 1074| 评 现在的显卡新技术层出不穷，各项参数重多，刚接触硬件的朋友们往往想了解一款显卡好坏而无从看起，在此特介绍一下显卡的相关属性参数，孰好孰坏，position for future reference. Installation using special lifting pole rotor 6.4.4.6 rotor lift, box spirit level to check the rotor axis neck of Yang, on both sides of the rotor should be lateral raises and numerical deviation of ? 0.10MM, qualified before the official lifting. Hoisting of the rotor dynamic and static clearance should be measured, rotors check clearance to prevent rotor colliding. 6.4.4.7 stationary blade carrier, diaphragm and sealing upper cylinder on the inside and install the mounting bolts, bolts and bolt holes in the surface should be coated with molybdenum disulfide. Follow the manufacturers stamp marked to install good sealing ring and spring. Check the sealing ring and spring plate, shall conform to the technical requirements manufacturers drawings. Bolt: ... Measurement with measurement tools, special tools, temporary connection bolts and connection tool equipped and in good condition. The rotor shaft to have fixed, such as thrust, bearing plates fixed installation, in case of wear of the rotor is too large. The coupling gasket check measurements: measured data processing according to gasket, clean the coupling gasket surface clean and Burr-free, check the coupling gasket thickness data, shim thickness deviation of ? 0.02mm, parallel degree deviation of ? 0.02mm. Coupling temporary bolts ready: preparing 4-8 bolt diameter coupling bolt hole diameter 0.5-1.0mm. 6.4.5.2 shaft coupling 6.4.5.2.1 General requirements in both the relative position of the flange according to the manufacturer's mark, if there is no mark, two flange scoop bias complement each other and take care of the bolt hole alignment, hit the mark as basis for alignment and coupling is finally being joined. Each measurement in the two couplings along 各位自己定夺吧。合适的，才是最好的。 一，显卡的主要构成(及其参数) 1、显示芯片 显示芯片，又称图型处理器 - GPU，它在显卡中的作用，就如同CPU在电脑中的作用一样。更直接的比喻就是大脑在人身体里的作用。 先简要介绍一下常见的生产显示芯片的厂商:Intel、ATI、nVidia、VIA(S3)、SIS、Matrox、3D Labs。 Intel、VIA(S3)、SIS 主要生产集成芯片; ATI、nVidia 以独立芯片为主，是目前市场上的主流，但由于ATi现在已经被AMD收购，以后是否会继续出独立显示芯片很难说了; Matrox、3D Labs 则主要面向专业图形市场。由于ATI和nVidia基本占据了主流显卡市场，下面主要将主要针对这两家公司的产品做介绍。 型号 ATi公司的主要品牌 Radeon(镭) 系列，其型号由早其的 Radeon Xpress 200 到 Radeon(X300、X550、X600、X700、X800、X850) 到近期的Radeon(X1300、X1600、X1800、X1900、X1950) 性能依次由低到高。 nVIDIA公司的主要品牌GeForce 系列，其型号由早其的 GeForce 256、GeForce2(100/200/400)、GeForce3(200/500)、GeForce4，(420/440/460/4000/4200/4400/4600/4800) 到 GeForceFX(5200/5500/5600/5700/5800/5900/595 0)、GeForce(6100/6150/6200/6400/6500/6600/6800/) 再到近其的 GeForce(7300/7600/7800/7900/7950) 性能依次由低到高。 2、显存 类型:目前市场中所采用的显存类型主要有SDRAM，DDR SDRAM，DDR SGRAM三种。 目前市场上的主流是DDR2和DDR3,。 位宽 position for future reference. Installation using special lifting pole rotor 6.4.4.6 rotor lift, box spirit level to check the rotor axis neck of Yang, on both sides of the rotor should be lateral raises and numerical deviation of ? 0.10MM, qualified before the official lifting. Hoisting of the rotor dynamic and static clearance should be measured, rotors check clearance to prevent rotor colliding. 6.4.4.7 stationary blade carrier, diaphragm and sealing upper cylinder on the inside and install the mounting bolts, bolts and bolt holes in the surface should be coated with molybdenum disulfide. Follow the manufacturers stamp marked to install good sealing ring and spring. Check the sealing ring and spring plate, shall conform to the technical requirements manufacturers drawings. Bolt: ... Measurement with measurement tools, special tools, temporary connection bolts and connection tool equipped and in good condition. The rotor shaft to have fixed, such as thrust, bearing plates fixed installation, in case of wear of the rotor is too large. The coupling gasket check measurements: measured data processing according to gasket, clean the coupling gasket surface clean and Burr-free, check the coupling gasket thickness data, shim thickness deviation of ? 0.02mm, parallel degree deviation of ? 0.02mm. Coupling temporary bolts ready: preparing 4-8 bolt diameter coupling bolt hole diameter 0.5-1.0mm. 6.4.5.2 shaft coupling 6.4.5.2.1 General requirements in both the relative position of the flange according to the manufacturer's mark, if there is no mark, two flange scoop bias complement each other and take care of the bolt hole alignment, hit the mark as basis for alignment and coupling is finally being joined. Each measurement in the two couplings along 显存位宽是显存在一个时钟周期内所能传送数据的位数，位数越大则瞬间所能传输的数据量越大，这是显存的重要参数之一。目前市场上的显存位宽有64位、128位、256位和512位几种，人们习惯上叫的64位显卡、128位显卡和256位显卡就是指其相应的显存位宽。显存位宽越高，性能越好价格也就越高，因此512位宽的显存更多应用于高端显卡，而主流显卡基本都采用128和256位显存。 容量 这个就比较好理解了，容量越大，存的东西就越多，当然也就越好。目前主流的显存容量，64MB、128MB、256MB、512MB等。 封装类型 显存封装形式主要有: TSOP (Thin Small Out,Line Package) 薄型小尺寸封装 QFP (Quad Flat Package) 小型方块平面封装 MicroBGA (Micro Ball Grid Array) 微型球闸阵列封装，又称FBGA(Fine-pitch Ball Grid Array) 目前的主流显卡基本上是用TSOP和MBGA封装，其中又以TSOP封装居多. 速度 显存速度一般以ns(纳秒)为单位。常见的显存速度有7ns、6ns、5.5ns、5ns、4ns，3.6ns、2.8ns、2.2ns、1.1ns等，越小表示速度越快\越好。 显存的理论工作频率计算公式是:额定工作频率(MHz),1000/显存速度×n得到(n因显存类型不同而不同，如果是SDRAM显存，则n=1;DDR显存则n=2;DDRII显存则n=4)。 频率 显存频率一定程度上反应着该显存的速度，以MHz(兆赫兹)为单位。显存频率随着显存的类型、性能的不同而不同: SDRAM显存一般都工作在较低的频率上，一般就是133MHz和166MHz，此种position for future reference. Installation using special lifting pole rotor 6.4.4.6 rotor lift, box spirit level to check the rotor axis neck of Yang, on both sides of the rotor should be lateral raises and numerical deviation of ? 0.10MM, qualified before the official lifting. Hoisting of the rotor dynamic and static clearance should be measured, rotors check clearance to prevent rotor colliding. 6.4.4.7 stationary blade carrier, diaphragm and sealing upper cylinder on the inside and install the mounting bolts, bolts and bolt holes in the surface should be coated with molybdenum disulfide. Follow the manufacturers stamp marked to install good sealing ring and spring. Check the sealing ring and spring plate, shall conform to the technical requirements manufacturers drawings. Bolt: ... Measurement with measurement tools, special tools, temporary connection bolts and connection tool equipped and in good condition. The rotor shaft to have fixed, such as thrust, bearing plates fixed installation, in case of wear of the rotor is too large. The coupling gasket check measurements: measured data processing according to gasket, clean the coupling gasket surface clean and Burr-free, check the coupling gasket thickness data, shim thickness deviation of ? 0.02mm, parallel degree deviation of ? 0.02mm. Coupling temporary bolts ready: preparing 4-8 bolt diameter coupling bolt hole diameter 0.5-1.0mm. 6.4.5.2 shaft coupling 6.4.5.2.1 General requirements in both the relative position of the flange according to the manufacturer's mark, if there is no mark, two flange scoop bias complement each other and take care of the bolt hole alignment, hit the mark as basis for alignment and coupling is finally being joined. Each measurement in the two couplings along 频率早已无法满足现在显卡的需求。 DDRSDRAM显存则能提供较高的显存频率，因此是目前采用最为广泛的显存类型，目前无论中、低端显卡，还是高端显卡大部分都采用DDRSDRAM，其所能提供的显存频率也差异很大，主要有400MHz、500MHz、600MHz、650MHz等，高端产品中还有800MHz或900MHz，乃至更高。 3、技术 象素渲染管线 渲染管线也称为渲染流水线，是显示芯片内部处理图形信号相互独立的的并行处理单元。 一般来说在相同的显示核心架构下，渲染管线越多也就意味着性能越高，例如16×1架构的GeForce6800GT其性能要强于12×1架构的GeForce6800，就象工厂里的采用相同技术的2条生产流水线的生产能力和效率要强于1条生产流水线那样;而在不同的显示核心架构下，渲染管线的数量多就并不意味着性能更好，例如4×2架构的GeForce2GTS其性能就不如2×2架构的GeForce4MX440，就象工厂里的采用了先进技术的1条流水线的生产能力和效率反而还要强于只采用了老技术的2条生产流水线那样。 顶点着色引擎数 顶点着色引擎(Vertex Shader)，也称为顶点遮蔽器，根据官方规格，顶点着色引擎是一种增加各式特效在3D场影中的处理单元，顶点着色引擎的可程式化特性允许开发者靠加载新的软件指令来调整各式的特效，每一个顶点将被各种的数据变素清楚地定义，至少包括每一顶点的x、y、z坐标，每一点顶点可能包函的数据有颜色、最初的径路、材质、光线特征等。顶点着色引擎数越多速度越快。 3D API API是Application Programming Interface的缩写，是应用程序接口的意思，而3D API则是指显卡与应用程序直接的接口。 position for future reference. Installation using special lifting pole rotor 6.4.4.6 rotor lift, box spirit level to check the rotor axis neck of Yang, on both sides of the rotor should be lateral raises and numerical deviation of ? 0.10MM, qualified before the official lifting. Hoisting of the rotor dynamic and static clearance should be measured, rotors check clearance to prevent rotor colliding. 6.4.4.7 stationary blade carrier, diaphragm and sealing upper cylinder on the inside and install the mounting bolts, bolts and bolt holes in the surface should be coated with molybdenum disulfide. Follow the manufacturers stamp marked to install good sealing ring and spring. Check the sealing ring and spring plate, shall conform to the technical requirements manufacturers drawings. Bolt: ... Measurement with measurement tools, special tools, temporary connection bolts and connection tool equipped and in good condition. The rotor shaft to have fixed, such as thrust, bearing plates fixed installation, in case of wear of the rotor is too large. The coupling gasket check measurements: measured data processing according to gasket, clean the coupling gasket surface clean and Burr-free, check the coupling gasket thickness data, shim thickness deviation of ? 0.02mm, parallel degree deviation of ? 0.02mm. Coupling temporary bolts ready: preparing 4-8 bolt diameter coupling bolt hole diameter 0.5-1.0mm. 6.4.5.2 shaft coupling 6.4.5.2.1 General requirements in both the relative position of the flange according to the manufacturer's mark, if there is no mark, two flange scoop bias complement each other and take care of the bolt hole alignment, hit the mark as basis for alignment and coupling is finally being joined. Each measurement in the two couplings along 3DAPI能让编程人员所设计的3D软件只要调用其API内的程序，从而让API自动和硬件的驱动程序沟通，启动3D芯片内强大的3D图形处理功能，从而大幅度地提高了3D程序的设计效率。如果没有3DAPI在开发程序时，程序员必须要了解全部的显卡特性，才能编写出与显卡完全匹配的程序，发挥出全部的显卡性能。而有了3DAPI这个显卡与软件直接的接口，程序员只需要编写符合接口的程序代码，就可以充分发挥显卡的不必再去了解硬件的具体性能和参数，这样就大大简化了程序开发的效率。同样，显示芯片厂商根据标准来设计自己的硬件产品，以达到在API调用硬件资源时最优化，获得更好的性能。有了3DAPI，便可实现不同厂家的硬件、软件最大范围兼容。比如在最能体现3DAPI的游戏方面，游戏设计人员设计时，不必去考虑具体某款显卡的特性，而只是按照3D API的接口标准来开发游戏，当游戏运行时则直接通过3DAPI来调用显卡的硬件资源。 目前个人电脑中主要应用的3D API有:DirectX和OpenGL。 RAMDAC频率和支持最大分辨率 RAMDAC是Random Access Memory Digital/Analog Convertor的缩写，即随机存取内存数字,模拟转换器。 4、PCB板 PCB是Printed Circuit Block的缩写，也称为印制电路板。就是显卡的躯体(绿色的板子)，显卡一切元器件都是放在PCB板上的，因此PCB板的好坏，直接决定着显卡电气性能的好坏和稳定。 层数 目前的PCB板一般都是采用4层、6层、或8层，理论上来说层数多的比少的好，但前提是在设计合理的基础上。 PCB的各个层一般可分为信号层(Signal)，电源层(Power)或是地线层(Ground)。每一层PCB版上的电路是相互独立的。在4层PCB的主板中，信号层一般分布在PCB的最上面一层和最下面一层，而中间两层则是电源与地线position for future reference. Installation using special lifting pole rotor 6.4.4.6 rotor lift, box spirit level to check the rotor axis neck of Yang, on both sides of the rotor should be lateral raises and numerical deviation of ? 0.10MM, qualified before the official lifting. Hoisting of the rotor dynamic and static clearance should be measured, rotors check clearance to prevent rotor colliding. 6.4.4.7 stationary blade carrier, diaphragm and sealing upper cylinder on the inside and install the mounting bolts, bolts and bolt holes in the surface should be coated with molybdenum disulfide. Follow the manufacturers stamp marked to install good sealing ring and spring. Check the sealing ring and spring plate, shall conform to the technical requirements manufacturers drawings. Bolt: ... Measurement with measurement tools, special tools, temporary connection bolts and connection tool equipped and in good condition. The rotor shaft to have fixed, such as thrust, bearing plates fixed installation, in case of wear of the rotor is too large. The coupling gasket check measurements: measured data processing according to gasket, clean the coupling gasket surface clean and Burr-free, check the coupling gasket thickness data, shim thickness deviation of ? 0.02mm, parallel degree deviation of ? 0.02mm. Coupling temporary bolts ready: preparing 4-8 bolt diameter coupling bolt hole diameter 0.5-1.0mm. 6.4.5.2 shaft coupling 6.4.5.2.1 General requirements in both the relative position of the flange according to the manufacturer's mark, if there is no mark, two flange scoop bias complement each other and take care of the bolt hole alignment, hit the mark as basis for alignment and coupling is finally being joined. Each measurement in the two couplings along 层。相对来说6层PCB就复杂了，其信号层一般分布在1、3、5层，而电源层则有2层。至于判断PCB的优劣，主要是观察其印刷电路部分是否清晰明了，PCB是否平整无变形等等。 显卡接口 常见的有PCI、AGP 2X/4X/8X (目前已经淘汰)，最新的是PCI-Express X16接口，是目前的主流。 输出接口 现在最常见的输出接口主要有: VGA (Video Graphics Array) 视频图形阵列接口，作用是将转换好的模拟信号输出到CRT或者LCD显示器中 DVI (Digital Visual Interface) 数字视频接口接口，视频信号无需转换，信号无衰减或失真，未来VGA接口的替代者。 S-Video (Separate Video) S端子，也叫二分量视频接口，一般采用五线接头，它是用来将亮度和色度分离输出的设备，主要功能是为了克服 视频节目复合输出时的亮度跟色度的互相干扰。 散热装置 散热装置的好坏也能影响到显卡的运行稳定性，常见的散热装置有: 被动散热:既只安装了铝合金或铜等金属的散热片。 风冷散热:在散热片上加装了风扇，目前多数采用这种方法。 水冷散热:通过热管液体把GPU和水泵相连，一般在高端顶级显卡中采用。 颜色 很多人认为红色显卡的比绿色的好、绿色的比黄色的好，显卡的好坏和其颜色并没有什么关系，有的厂家喜用红色，有的喜用绿色，这是完全由生产商决定的。一些名牌大厂，那是早就形成了一定的风格的。因此，其PCB的颜色一般也不会有太大的变动。 position for future reference. Installation using special lifting pole rotor 6.4.4.6 rotor lift, box spirit level to check the rotor axis neck of Yang, on both sides of the rotor should be lateral raises and numerical deviation of ? 0.10MM, qualified before the official lifting. Hoisting of the rotor dynamic and static clearance should be measured, rotors check clearance to prevent rotor colliding. 6.4.4.7 stationary blade carrier, diaphragm and sealing upper cylinder on the inside and install the mounting bolts, bolts and bolt holes in the surface should be coated with molybdenum disulfide. Follow the manufacturers stamp marked to install good sealing ring and spring. Check the sealing ring and spring plate, shall conform to the technical requirements manufacturers drawings. Bolt: ... Measurement with measurement tools, special tools, temporary connection bolts and connection tool equipped and in good condition. The rotor shaft to have fixed, such as thrust, bearing plates fixed installation, in case of wear of the rotor is too large. The coupling gasket check measurements: measured data processing according to gasket, clean the coupling gasket surface clean and Burr-free, check the coupling gasket thickness data, shim thickness deviation of ? 0.02mm, parallel degree deviation of ? 0.02mm. Coupling temporary bolts ready: preparing 4-8 bolt diameter coupling bolt hole diameter 0.5-1.0mm. 6.4.5.2 shaft coupling 6.4.5.2.1 General requirements in both the relative position of the flange according to the manufacturer's mark, if there is no mark, two flange scoop bias complement each other and take care of the bolt hole alignment, hit the mark as basis for alignment and coupling is finally being joined. Each measurement in the two couplings along 5、品牌 目前显卡业的竞争也是日趋激烈。各类品牌名目繁多，以下是我自认为一些比较不错的牌子，仅供参考请不要太迷信了: 迈创(MATROX) 、3Dlabs 、蓝宝石(SAPPHIRE) 、华硕(ASUS)、鸿海(Foxconn)、撼迅/迪兰恒进(PowerColor/Dataland)、丽台(Leadtek)、讯景(XFX)、映众(Inno3D) 微星(MSI)、艾尔莎(ELSA)、富彩(FORSA)、同德(Palit)、捷波(Jetway)、升技(Abit)、磐正(EPOX) 、映泰(Biostar) 、耕昇(Gainward)、旌宇(SPARKLE)、影驰(GALAXY)、天扬(GRANDMARS) 、超卓天彩(SuperGrece)、铭瑄(MAXSUN)、翔升(ASL)、盈通(YESTON) 解决显示器花屏问题 现象:一日正在CS大战，显示屏突然变得五颜六色，出现“花屏”现象，持续一段时间后键盘被锁死，只能Reset了。这种现象在第一次出现之后，就经常出现，有时候干脆就直接死机。 解决:“花屏”现象是通过显示器表现出来的，但是导致花屏的罪魁祸首通常不是显示器。主要原因有以下两种: 1.显卡松动，关机后拔下显卡重新安插通常就可以解决问题。 2.系统过热，包括CPU温度过高和显卡芯片温度过高。可在机箱中相应位置安装散热风扇，或者将机箱放在通风良好的地方。 position for future reference. Installation using special lifting pole rotor 6.4.4.6 rotor lift, box spirit level to check the rotor axis neck of Yang, on both sides of the rotor should be lateral raises and numerical deviation of ? 0.10MM, qualified before the official lifting. Hoisting of the rotor dynamic and static clearance should be measured, rotors check clearance to prevent rotor colliding. 6.4.4.7 stationary blade carrier, diaphragm and sealing upper cylinder on the inside and install the mounting bolts, bolts and bolt holes in the surface should be coated with molybdenum disulfide. Follow the manufacturers stamp marked to install good sealing ring and spring. Check the sealing ring and spring plate, shall conform to the technical requirements manufacturers drawings. Bolt: ... Measurement with measurement tools, special tools, temporary connection bolts and connection tool equipped and in good condition. The rotor shaft to have fixed, such as thrust, bearing plates fixed installation, in case of wear of the rotor is too large. The coupling gasket check measurements: measured data processing according to gasket, clean the coupling gasket surface clean and Burr-free, check the coupling gasket thickness data, shim thickness deviation of ? 0.02mm, parallel degree deviation of ? 0.02mm. Coupling temporary bolts ready: preparing 4-8 bolt diameter coupling bolt hole diameter 0.5-1.0mm. 6.4.5.2 shaft coupling 6.4.5.2.1 General requirements in both the relative position of the flange according to the manufacturer's mark, if there is no mark, two flange scoop bias complement each other and take care of the bolt hole alignment, hit the mark as basis for alignment and coupling is finally being joined. Each measurement in the two couplings along