文冤阁大学士讲罗马帝国简史笔记（第一，二次）

罗马帝国简史 讲解：@文冤阁大学士 第一段： The Roman Empire Empress dowager:太后 Empire——imperial adj. The Third Reich Remarkable: understatement At it’s height: (high-height, figurative sense) top, summit, pinnacle, zenith, Roget’s Second AD(in the year of Lord, Latin), BC(before Christ) BCE:before the Christian Era (often punctuated; before the Common Era) -CE, Christian Era ― often punctuated; Common Era ― often punctuated . before the Common Era or before Common Era? Census, 人口统计，conduct/carry out take a national census Metre英语-meter美语, 示仪表都用meter Hadrian’s Wall 人名属格的专有名词不能加定冠词THE Southern中ou 的读音要注意，与south读音不同 Rian , drizzle  pour  precipitate  shower  sprinkle Oven Bank, beach, coast, shore(牛津高阶第四版) The great Rhine-Danube river system,名词定语 Which 引导非限定性定语从句前面的逗号要保留，否则就意味着这样的RIVER SYSTEM有很多个了。 Fertile, flat lands与fertile flat lands 区别，前者并列修饰lands,后者flat修饰lands, fertile修饰flat lands,二者语义有区别。LAND的复数形式LANDS表示国家。 fertile   同义词:  abundant  creative  fruitful  productive 反义词:  barren  sterile Futile-useless Land-sea;earth-sky 注意plain中的元音读音 Plateau, plain,highland(苏格兰高地，或多山的地区), basin等词表示地形 The North African coast 不是the Northern African coast The Nile Valley是尼罗河流域而非尼罗河谷，VALLEY与河流相关时表示流域 Gorge,河谷，the Three gorges Gash, a long deep gap, figurative sense Luxury, luxurious, Luxuriant三词读音要注意 The Romans’ 表示所有的罗马人，the Germans’ Refer to A as B Derogatory-commendatory 第二段 朗文当代英语词典Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English(大学士力荐，同义词) Longman Language Activator 牛津高阶第四版双语版 牛津高阶第七版全英版 马利亚韦氏词典（MERRIAN） 罗热同义词词典 Brevity is the soul of wit imperial super-state Its approach is resolutely thematic. (thematic, theme based) a good number of ,相当多的 useful的读音要注意 account, narration, telling, recount的区别 Chapter looks at the establishment of empire. Empire不加定冠词是特殊用法。 in the promotion of the imperial cult, cult:个人崇拜，邪教 history不可数为历史，可数为历史书 the privileged elites, elite为集合名词(collective noun)，故只能说 We are an elite而不能说I’m an elite. 同理还有audience rather then some vast imperial administration, some 在此解作a certain principally的读音要注意 principally, primarily, chiefly 的区别 the provinces用定冠词，因为罗马帝国行省的数量是确定的。 Chapter 4 exploits some of the less well-known literature of the 2nd century AD. Exploit 在此解作to use effectively and fully. Literature为文献而非文学 区别debate 和discussion，dispute和controversy Establish an identity 的搭配 为什么中文翻译叫希腊？ Engage with Fight for something 和fight over something 的区别 The present may have been resolutely Roman, but the past was still to be fought over. May have been 的虚拟语态 Outsider 与on the margins of society 的呼应,marginalize By contrast 与in contrast of的区别，by contrast可以写成in contrast,但in contrast of 不能写成by contrast of What it might have been like 和what it might be like 的区别，like的词性，是否可省略 Modern的词义 一战，World War I, The First World War,注意定冠词 Perspective-view At the end 和in the end有什么区别 At the beginning of Hindsight, 后见之明 At the peak of its prosperity. 区分prosperity和posterity From 31 BC to AD 197, BC放后面，AD放前面，BC不可以放后面但AD可以放前面 The assassination of the emperor Commodus, the conversion of Constantine两个名词表示动词的被动语义，conversion,皈依 To convert a person,使一个人皈依基督教；to convert a person to the Buddism The North Africa-northern Europe Complex , complicated的区别 Only then is it possible to 倒装句 To understand the reason for…;to understand the cause of… Subsequent, consequent, sequent的区别 The break-up of the empire in the West into barbarian kingdoms These themes run far beyond the compass of this book.精彩句子 The best account of that ‘ awful revolution’ remains the magisterial treatment of Edward Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. 注意彩色部分遣词。 Substantial Unwary enthusiast Disclaimer In chronological order; chronometer:时计