抗氧化和提高免疫力与人体健康的关系

抗氧化和提高免疫力与人体健康的关系 抗氧化和提高免疫力虽然履行不同的但对人体健康却同样重要，他们共同维持着人体的健康状态，氧化损伤是人体健康的最大威胁之一，日晒、压力、情绪、环境污染等等，都是造成人体氧化损伤的原因。人体内的氧化损伤又是怎样产生的呢,医学研究指出，人在极端不良情绪下，如愤怒、紧张、恐惧等会产生自由基。现代社会中紫外线、X线、电磁波、致癌物质、酒精、一些药物和污染物质等，也会导致更多自由基的产生。自由基可以攻击人体细胞组织而且造成连锁反应，从而可能引发多种慢性疾病。如痴呆、帕金森病、白内障、休克、炎症、心肌梗死、动脉硬化、高血压、肾炎、糖尿病、癌症、老化、胃及十二指肠溃疡等等。 人之所以会衰老，老化迹象一点一滴出现，如色素沉着、体力衰退、是因为体内产生氧化作用，所谓[氧化作用]就类似于[生锈反应]。 那么氧自由基为什么会使人体衰老呢,近年来的研究发现，氧自由基的化学性质是很活跃的，能够攻击细胞膜上的脂肪酸产生过氧化物，这些物质是毒性很强的一种物质，它会侵害体内的核酸、蛋白质等等而引起一系列的细胞破坏作用，人体内氧自由基积累越多，衰老的进程就越快，氧化是肌肤衰老的最大威胁，老年斑是自由基脂质过氧化产生脂褐素，沉积在皮肤上的一种现，如果沉积在脑细胞内，则是老年痴呆的原因之一。人之所以会衰老，老化迹象一点一滴出现是因为体内产生氧化作用，所谓[氧化作用]就类似于[生锈反应]。 氧自由基不但与衰老有关，而且还和许多衰老有关的疾病有关系，比如动脉硬化症、高血压、骨关节炎、白内障以及帕金森氏病等等。 自由基对人的危害: 1、 自由基攻击正在复制中的基因，造成基因突变诱发癌症发生; 2、 自由基作用于人体内某些酶系统，可以使皮肤失去弹性，出现皱纹及囊泡; 3、 自由基侵蚀机体组织，可激发人体释放各种炎症因子，导致各种非菌性炎症; 4、 自由基氧化血液中的脂蛋白造成胆固醇向血管壁的沉积，引起心脏病和中风的风险增高。 5、 妇女的氧化危机有三: A、皮肤出现斑点皱纹: 因为氧自由基无法有效被清除，破坏胶原蛋白、弹力纤维蛋白，使皮肤保湿及维持弹性的功能丧失，皱纹横生，加速黑色素的沉淀。 B、血液循环不良、经期不顺、黑眼圈、肤色灰暗无光泽。 C、更年期障碍:因为动情激素的缺乏、体内的抗氧化能力降低，常有以下症状出现:阵发性朝热、失眠、夜间流汗、头痛、情绪不稳、心神不宁。 总之，自由基可以破坏胶原蛋白及其他结缔组织，干扰重要的生理过程，引起细胞的DNA突变，自由基与多种慢性疾病有关包括心脏病、动脉硬化、静脉炎、关节炎、过敏、早老性痴呆、冠心病及癌症等。 自由基之所以对人体有害，是因为它具有活泼的化学性质，会和体内细胞中的有机物质发生链式反应(因自由基含未配对的电子，所以极不稳定，会从邻近的分子上夺取电子，让自己处于稳定的状态。这样一来，邻近的分子又变成一个新的自由基，然后再去夺取电子。如此下去，即自由基链式反应)，使得体内过氧化物大量堆积，让细胞失去正常的生理功能，从而导致疾病的产生。 人体是怎么进行抗氧化过程的呢, 什么是抗氧化呢,说到底就是抗自由基的过程，自由基在机体内漫游，损伤任何与其接触的细胞核组织，直到遇到如维生素C、维生素E、β胡萝卜素等抗氧化剂将其中和掉，或被机体产生的一些酶(如SOD)消灭。 一、 人体的抗氧化物质有自身合成的，也有由食物供给的。人体内的抗氧化剂主要有两大类: 第一类是断链抗氧化剂如维生素E、维生素C和β胡萝卜素等。主要作用是阻断氧化的反应链。 1 维生素E定位在细胞膜;可以阻断细胞膜中过氧化物的形成，也是体内抗氧化的第一道防线。 维生素E抗氧化原理:与生物膜的不饱和脂肪酸结合，抗自由基攻击，保护生物膜;主要在含 氧量丰富的组织中抗氧化。意义:缺乏时红细胞膜易破碎，致溶血性贫血的发生。这也就是维 生素E预防动脉硬化、预防癌症、延缓衰老的原因。 二、 抑制血小板聚集，保护血管内皮，意义:有助于降低血栓发生的风险。 三、 促进蛋白质更新合成:促进某些酶蛋白的合成，降低分解代谢酶(DNA酶、RNA酶、肌 酸激酶等)的活性。意义促进身体正常新陈代谢，增强机体耐力、维持骨骼肌、心肌、平滑肌、 外周血管系统、中枢神经系统及视网膜的正常结构和功能。 第二类是清除抗氧化剂包括超氧化歧化酶(简称SOD)(锌、铜、锰)谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(硒)和过氧化氢酶，这些酶主要清除细胞中已经存在的过氧化物，也是体内抗氧化的第二道防线。VC是一种强抗氧化剂，其本身被氧化，而使氧化型谷胱甘肽还原为还原型谷胱甘肽，从而发挥抗氧化作用。 酶是生化反应的催化剂，有些酶需要有自由的巯基(-SH)才能保持活性。VC能够使双硫键(-S-S)还原为-SH，从而提高相关酶的活性，发挥抗氧化的作用。VC的抗氧化作用可以抵御自由基对细胞的伤害防止细胞的变异;阻断亚硝酸盐和仲胺形成强致癌物亚硝胺。曾有人对因癌症死亡病人解剖发现病人体内的VC含量几乎为零。 此外一些脂肪酶、肽酶和蛋白酶可以看着是抗氧化的第三道防线，他们可以去除和修复细胞中的损坏部分。人体有了这三道防线就不怕自由基的氧化损伤了。但是这三道防线是否牢固关系到这三道防线的组成物质——蛋白质和微量营养素:蛋白质、VC、VE、β胡萝卜素、锌、铜、锰、硒。 所以体内要有充足的蛋白质和微量营养素才能提高自己的抗氧化能力，保持健康，延缓衰老。目前SOD应用广泛: 1(药物类，主要集中在炎症病患者，尤其治疗类风湿关节炎、慢性多发性关节炎、心肌梗塞、心血管病、肿瘤患者以及放射性治疗炎症病患者; 2(用于生化制药，作为一种生化酶制剂，广泛应用于临床和科研上，具有极强的抗衰老，抗肿瘤、 调节人体内分泌系统作用; 3(用于化妆品类，可添加在化妆品中，具有抗氧化抗腐蚀的优良性能。以 SOD为主要成份的产品风靡世界，引发了化妆品历史上的一场革命，使人类永葆青春美丽梦想成真。 医学报告指出， 抗氧化能力的衰退期已提前至35岁左右，光靠蔬果已经不足以消除人体内外共同形成的氧化压力。 人体的免疫就像国家的国防一样重要，是人类赖以生存的基本条件，免疫有防御、监视和自稳三大功能: 一、 防御功能，指识别、清除外来的物质，保护机体不受损害的功能。防御功能主要表现为帮助机体抵抗病原微生物的感染。当免疫功能低下，机体容易出现异常时，人体会出现许多疾病:防御功能低下，机体容易反复患各种感染;而防御功能过强，可出现超敏反应性组织损伤，即人们常说的“过敏”，如支气管哮喘、荨麻疹、过慢性鼻炎等。除了抗感染外，人体移植器官以后的排斥反应也属于免疫防御功能的表现。 二、 监视功能，指识别、清除体内突变的异常细胞的功能。我们的身体好比一个大型的工厂，每时每刻都在制造各种新的细胞，在这样大批量的生产过程中，在许多外界因素的干扰下，会产生出一些发生了变异的“不合格产品”——突变的细胞。这些突变的细胞没有正常细胞的功能，并能在人体内无止境的生长，最后演变成各种肿瘤。免疫监视的作用就是随时监督、检查，把突变的细胞及时清除掉。当人体免疫监视功能低下时，肿瘤的发生几率会大大增高。 三、 自稳功能，指识别、清除体内衰老、死亡或损伤的细胞，维持机体内环境稳定的功能。在人体不断生产处新生细胞的同时，也有许多细胞不断受损、衰老、死亡，以便维持身体的 2 组织更新，保持正常的生理功能。如果这些对身体无用的细胞在体内堆积，就会干扰机体保持正常的环境，因而需要免疫自稳的功能将其及时发现、清除。当免疫自稳功能失调时，会误把正常的细胞也清除掉，从而引起组织损害，出现类似于战场上“自己人打自己人”的情况，医学上称之为“自身免疫性疾病”如系统性红斑狼疮、类风湿性关节炎等。 从免疫的三大功能可以看出，人的免疫系统是维护健康的重要防线。离开正常的免疫功能人可能一刻也不能生存。而免疫系统本身只有获得足够的营养物质才能充满活力，充分发挥抵御疾病的功能，因此均衡营养是维持机体免疫力的物质基础。 那么免疫系统需要哪些营养物质才能更好的工作呢,或者说影响免疫力的营养因素是哪些呢, 对免疫力影响较大的营养素有蛋白质、VA、VC、VE、VB6、铁、锌、硒等。 蛋白质是生命的基础组成物质，当然也是各种免疫细胞、免疫分子、抗体等免疫系统成员的重要构成物质。人体如果缺乏蛋白质，免疫系统的结构和功能就会受损，导致免疫力下降，容易感染疾病。 除了蛋白质，维生素和矿物质也会参与调节免疫功能，包括淋巴细胞分裂、抗体生成、巨噬细胞生成、抑制抗原响应等。所以要保持免疫系统正常工作就要补充足够的蛋白质和微量营养素。 维生素A能够维持上皮组织正常生长，大家知道癌症容易发生在哪里吗,结肠癌、食道癌都是先从粘膜开始的。研究发现癌症初期上皮组织的变化和缺乏VA的上皮组织的变化是极为相似的，这也是维生素A的特异性免疫的作用。此外还能影响抗体的生成。 维生素E、C能增强免疫细胞的能力，让它们吞噬细菌的能力更强，可以提高抗体的水平，增强抗病能力;而矿物质铁、锌能增加免疫细胞的数量和作战能力，硒、铜能增加抗体的生成。由此可见，蛋白质和微量营养素是免疫力的基础。 医学研究表明，心脑血管疾病、癌症等这些慢性疾病的发生发展、实际上与营养代谢、抗氧化和机体免疫能力密切相关。 抗氧化和免疫力强的个体健康状况更好。 营养状况的好坏，又影响着人体抗氧化和免疫力的强弱。 因此，毫不夸张的说营养、抗氧化、免疫，影响人的生老病死。 提高抗氧化和免疫能力是预防疾病、强身健体的必须途径。 蛋白质粉和倍立健片是适合大众的营养基础组合，长期食用能很好的增强人体的抗氧化和免疫能力。从而满足人们对健康的基本需要。 通过前面的讨论我们知道蛋白质是抗氧化和免疫的重要基础，要做好保健，首先要补充足够的蛋白质，蛋白质分为两种，动物性蛋白质和植物性蛋白质。动物性蛋白质主要来源于肉、蛋、奶;植物性蛋白质主要来源于米面类和豆类，但是米面类蛋白质含量低于豆类，并且，被人体吸收的程度也差，所以比较多的提到植物蛋白质是来自豆类。如何判断蛋白质被人体吸收率呢,国际上采用蛋白质消化率校正氨基酸记分(PDCAAS)来评价蛋白质。蛋白质的食物来源 食物 蛋白质含量 食物 PDCAAS 大豆分离蛋白 大豆分离蛋白 90% 1.00 豆类 35—41% 酪蛋白 1.00 肉类 15—22% 牛肉蛋白 0.92 蛋类 11—14% 豌豆粉 0.69 米面类 7—11% 小麦 0.40 奶类 3—3.5% 面筋 0.25 上表中可以看到大豆分离蛋白蛋白质含量最高、吸收率也最高。说明大豆分离蛋白在吸收利用方面都很出色，是当之无愧的优质蛋白。 3 大豆分离蛋白是从35%的大豆经过去皮、提取、凝结、干燥形成含量达90%、消化利用率高。和大豆是不一样的。区别是:大豆的缺点是含有不能消化的多糖类物质;含有蛋白酶的抑制酶，不利于消化和吸收;缺乏充足的蛋氨酸等。大豆分离蛋白没有上述缺点，世界粮农组织测定其消化率校正氨基酸记分值为1.00，表明大豆分离蛋白被人体消化吸收利用的程度非常高。 特点:一优二宝三低，全面呵护健康 一优，优质蛋白 二宝，含有异黄酮和卵磷脂 三低，低脂、低热量、低胆固醇 对健康具有重要作用，尤其是妇女健康、心脏健康、运动营养和癌症预防方面。 纽崔莱蛋白粉就是采用先进的生产工艺生产，以大豆分离蛋白为主要原料，为顾客提供优质的蛋白质，基本上能被人体完全消化吸收和利用。其次，主要成分是大豆分离蛋白和浓缩乳蛋白，大豆分离蛋白主要来自黄豆，不含胆固醇，浓缩乳蛋白主要来自牛奶，胆固醇含量也很低。具有增强免疫力和缓解疲劳的保健功能。 上述观点: 1、蛋白质是各种免疫器官、免疫细胞、免疫分子等免疫系统成员的重要构成物质; 2、充足的优质蛋白补充，不仅能增加免疫细胞的数量，还能提高免疫系统的作战能力; 3、营养蛋白质粉能发挥全面的调节免疫的功效。 蛋白质除了以上功能外，还有抗疲劳的功能。蛋白质之所以能抗疲劳是因为一、它是血红蛋白的原料，从而为机体输送氧;二、它可以转化成葡萄糖，为肌肉提供能量的来源消除疲劳。三、蛋白质能合成各种酶，包括抗氧化酶，对防止已疲劳出现和缓解已出现的疲劳具有重要的作用。四、蛋白质参与激素等活性物质的构成，协调机体各种生理功能的运作。就像维修汽车的发动机，所以蛋白质对于人体抗疲劳、恢复活力是十分重要的。因此，免疫力低下、容易疲劳、营养不良的人更应该注意蛋白质的补充。 还有哪些人要注意补充蛋白质呢, 1、青春期的孩子们是发育的重要时期，他们对蛋白质的需求量增加，他们的需要量与父母相同，甚至高于父母，更需要加强蛋白质的补充。 2、孕妇，现在很多孕妇一进入孕期就开始大补，很多人是增加了过多的热量，过多的脂肪，却忽略蛋白质，这是不正确的。 3、60岁以上的人群是一个相对弱势的群体，可能因为种种原因造成消化功能下降，往往出现氮的不平衡而加速衰老。有时老年人常见的心理问题和情绪波动，也会影响食欲，所以老年人应适当增加蛋白的摄入。 4、大多数慢性疾病的恢复期更需要均衡营养，尤其是安全、消化吸收率高的优质蛋白的补充，以促进更好更快的恢复。当然，某些严重的肝肾疾病患者需要在专业医生及营养师指导下进行食用。 5、运动员及大活动量的人群体力消耗大于一般人群，所以蛋白质的加强是非常必要和重要的，有利于肌肉的增加。 6、长期素食的人群优质蛋白来源不能满足需要，所以也应该大力推荐。食无定时的人群营养状况不理想，作为基础营养的蛋白质是优先需要考虑补充的营养物质。 强调一下，对于肝肾功能不全的顾客，血尿酸偏高的顾客，情况是比较复杂的建议先咨询专业人士再做判断。 下面谈谈补充营养素，与蛋白质最佳配合的纽崔莱营养产品—倍立健。 倍立健片，纽崔莱以先进的营养萃取技术和严谨的生产工艺生产，为人体提供必需的14种维生素、8种矿物质。能有效提升人体免疫力和增强人体对抗病毒和细菌侵害的能力。还可以强健骨骼有效减少或延缓发生骨质疏松的可能。 4 倍立健的特点和优势:营养组合1+1就是14种维生素8种矿物质 生物素 维生素A 2500IU 180微克 β胡萝卜素 肌醇 4500IU 40微克 钙 维生素C 450毫克 646毫克 镁 维生素D3 330IU 288毫克 锰 维生素E 35IU 4毫克 铜 维生素B1 11毫克 1.5毫克 铁 维生素B2 11毫克 4.3毫克 锌 维生素B5 11毫克 15毫克 硒 维生素B12 7.5微克 13微克 叶酸 铬 300微克 35微克 烟酸 25毫克 此外，还含有6种植物营养素:紫花苜蓿、西洋菜、针叶樱桃、欧芹、菠菜、胡萝卜 所有研发工作都有科学依据，安全有效，科学的计量设计，除了满足人们对营养素的日常所需以外，更能有效预防慢性病，预防缺乏病的发生。 钙:推荐摄入量(RNI) 推荐摄入量是可以满足某一群体中绝大多数(97—98%)个体需要量的摄入水平。长期摄入推荐摄入量水平，可以满足身体对钙营养素的需要，保持健康所需要的营养储备，比如说钙对常人来说达到800毫克，可以满足身体需要。 可耐受最高摄入量(UL)当摄入量超过，和进一步增加时，损害健康的危险增大。像钙超过2000毫克就会对身体带来不利影响。 人体长期摄入某种营养素不足就有发生该营养素缺乏的危险，当摄入量低于RNI水平时就会发生营养素的缺乏症的危险。当摄入量达到RNI水平时，几乎所有个体都没有发生缺乏症的危险;RNI—UL之间为安全摄入范围，在这个范围内提高营养素的摄入量就可以帮助我们预防慢性病的发生。我们倍立健片中的营养素的量就在这个安全范围内。 以前，人们只知道补充一定的营养素可以帮助避免某些缺乏症的发生，随着营养与慢性病发生关系研究的深入，人们发现:脂肪酸、膳食纤维、类胡萝卜素等植物化学物质及大量摄入一些必需营养素尤其是维生素E、维生素C等具有抗氧化作用的营养素可影响这些疾病的发展。而很多国家所制定的营养推荐摄入量RNI基本上是根据预防缺乏病提出的参考值，没有考虑预防慢性病;大剂量食用的确有效果，只要注意掌握剂量(在最大耐受范围)，毒副作用也是容易避免的。 纽崔莱倍立健片就是将营养预防慢性病的需要提升到了预防慢性病的层次上，而且安全有效。功效发挥1+1是指除了提供日常所需要的营养外，还具有免疫调节和增加骨密度的保健功能双倍功效。大家知道，单纯补钙效果是不够好的。而倍立健的营养成分更丰富，多种营养素共同协助，更有助于骨骼健康。 品质保障1+1是指倍立健传承纽崔莱70多年卓越成就，并不断创新，严格控制原料来源、生产工艺精益求精，令优质品质达到充分保障。悠久历史加科技创新让消费者享受双倍的品质。还使用专利技术的包装盒。采用真空金属膜包装盒;防潮条更好保持包装盒密闭性。磨砂表面更耐磨损、防紫外线。更好保护拆开后的产品，附带两片隔片，可以作为营养片整理盒。经北京大学和中山大学医学院采用双盲、安慰剂对300名20—60岁的人做试验。连续8周。试验结果显示，服用倍立健片可以提高体内营养素水平;同时血浆同型半胱氨酸水平比服用前显著下降;DNA损伤程度也低于安慰剂组，表明倍立健能增加DNA稳定性，从而预防肿瘤等疾病的发生。调查结果还显示服用倍立健对精力和心境的改善效果良好。 倍立健营养素是浓缩的精华。每天食用倍立健片所含的营养素相当于:2公斤柠檬所含的维 5 生素C;10公斤稻米所含的维生素B1;520克猪肝所含的维生素B2;795克鲜花生所含的维生素E;202克牛肉所含的硒;621毫升的牛奶所含的钙;160克去壳牡蛎所含的锌;497克菠菜所含的镁。 老年人、更年期妇女、发育期青少年需要增强骨密度，选择倍立健可以增强骨骼的健康。对处于特殊生理时期的更年期补充倍立健可以保持最佳身体状态，顺利度过生命中的特殊时期。对那些饮食不均衡、工作压力大的朋友倍立健更能进行营养补充，还你一个健康的身心。 倍立健片和蛋白质粉都有免疫调节功能，组合使用效果更好，因为所含的营养成分不同，调节免疫的途径也不同，不能相互替代，两种产品共同食用能更好地促进人体健康。从身体健康需求的角度来说只有每天补充足够的蛋白质、维生素和矿物质才能使我们的健康领地永不失守。 对一般健康的人倍立健和蛋白质粉是首选，但是对于对生活品质要求更高的人以及老年人、孕产妇等特殊生理阶段的人群，除了吃这两种外，还可以选择功能性保健食品和营养素补充食品来满足需求。 相关知识: 还原剂是在氧化还原反应里，失去电子或有电子偏离的物质。还原剂本身在广义上说,也是抗氧化剂，具有还原性，被氧化，其产物叫氧化产物。还原与氧化反应是同时进行的,即是说,还原剂在与被还原物进行还原反应的同时,自身也被氧化,而成为氧化物.所含的某种物质的化合价升高的反应物是还原剂. H2+CuO=Cu+H2O 氮平衡的3种情况: 1,氮平衡.摄入氮等于排出氮叫做总氮平衡.这表明体内蛋白质的合成量和分解量处于动态平衡.一般营养正常的健康成年人就属于这种情况. 2,正氮平衡.摄入氮大于排出氮叫做正氮平衡.这表明体内蛋白质的合成量大于分解量.生长期的儿童少年,孕妇和恢复期的伤病员等就属于这种情况.所以,在这些人的饮食中,应该尽量多给些含蛋白质丰富的食物. 3,负氮平衡.摄入氮小于排出氮叫做负氮平衡.这表明体内蛋白质的合成量小于分解量.慢性消耗性疾病,组织创伤和饥饿等就属于这种情况.蛋白质摄入不足,就会导致身体消瘦,对疾病的抵抗力降低,患者的伤口难以愈合等.当摄入的氨基酸少于消耗的氨基酸时 ,将出现如营养不良、腰酸背痛、头昏目眩、体弱多病、代谢功能衰退等症状 ,则称为负氮平衡。即由食物摄入的氮量少于排泄物中的氮量,称为负氮平衡。 人体的抗氧化物质有自身合成的，也有由食物供给的。酶和非酶抗氧化物质在保护由于运动引起的过氧化损伤中起至关重要的作用。补充抗氧化物质有利于运动机体减少自由基的产生或加速其清除，以对抗自由基的副作用，因而对一般人和运动员的健康都有益，可能延缓运动性疲劳发生和加快体能恢复。年龄大的体力活动者比年轻者服用抗氧化剂效果更好。 大豆异黄酮 大豆异黄酮的生理特性是美国首先发现的，它是大豆生物活性物中最有医疗价值的活性成分。早在1999年1月，美国癌症研究中心，邀请诸多著名专家研究大豆中的天然活性物质具有抗癌效果会议上，专家们充分肯定大豆异黄酮中的雌激素是防癌、抗癌有效的活性物质，并确定大豆异黄酮具有以下的生理特性: 1、具有抗溶血活性和抗真菌活性，有预防与抑制白血病、心血管疾病和骨质增生的生理功能。 2、具有对结肠癌、肺癌、乳腺癌和前列腺癌的预防治疗的生理功能，是保健品和医药贵重的添加剂和成分。因此，被广泛应用在保健食品和医药等领域。 大豆是异黄酮、染料木黄酮和黄豆苷原的唯一的食物来源，它在亚洲西南部作为食物已有五千年的历史，而在美国和欧洲西部只是从二十世纪才开始的。亚洲西南部人曰对大豆的大量消费降 6 低了某些癌症和心血管疾病的发病率，最近的实验数据表明，有效成分是大豆中的异黄酮还可防止骨质疏松症、肾炎以及自身免疫的疾病。皇家墨尔本理工大学 (Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology)的专家认为，多年来科学家们进行了成千上百次关于癌症的大豆实验，结果都表明大豆异黄酮具有极大的益处以及远大的前景。人体雌激素在重要器官的成熟与功能方面起着必不可少的作用，但是实际上过多的人体雌激素却会增加患癌的危险。植物性雌激素却肩负着雌激素与抗雌激素的两种职能，这使其能够帮助男性及女性预防癌症。当人体生产过多雌激素时，异黄酮就执行抗雌激素的功能。随着女性年龄的增大，人体调节雌激素正常生产的生物化学反馈机能就会越来越弱，因此导致人体产生过多的雌激素，而这会引发生殖系统的癌症。由于异黄酮与人体雌激素不同，因此它能与雌激素感受器连成一体，从而促使人体产生更弱的雌激素反应。这会帮助人体预防乳癌、子宫内膜癌或子宫癌，甚至还能预防男性的前列腺癌。 根据多年国外科研机构和临床使用结果证明，大豆异黄酮的安全性结论如下: 1、大豆异黄酮是天然植物雌激素，但不意味着就是激素 ; 2、中国人种植食用大豆已经有五千年的历史; 3、美国食品药品监督管理局已经审查并批准大豆异黄酮应用于保健食品，意味着大豆异黄酮的安全性已经通过世界上最为权威的食品药品安全机构的认证; 4、多项科学实验和人群研究表明，大豆异黄酮是天然植物雌激素,有在体内有雌激素样作用，但与合成激素是完全不同的物质，无激素的副作用。因此长期服用大豆异黄酮是非常安全的; 5、乳腺癌和子宫内膜癌患病危险，并且同时激活了其它抗癌机制，大豆异黄酮有确切的预防癌症的作用。 7 (英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen 8 party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations 9 repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth 10 Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political 11 Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision 12 of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and 13 to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on 14 a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a 15 total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > 16 real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years 17 implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, 18 exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should 19 be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective 20 convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts 21 of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application 22 of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation 23 made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give 24 expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental 25 organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post 26 processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in 27 the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in 28 the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management 29 of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, 30 around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one 31 size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are 32 relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < 33 new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform 34 comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation 35 of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 36 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily 37 blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres 38 should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection 39 with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace 40 with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of 41 the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline 42 must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be 43 held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations. 44