遥望微生物发酵饲料

遥望微生物发酵饲料 福乐福微生态发酵饲料第一品牌 ——微生物发酵饲料的研究现状及展望 作者:杨翔，王浩 摘要:近年来，随着世界上许多国家限制和禁止使用抗生素，以及饲料资源日趋紧张，寻找高效、生态健康型饲料成为当务之急。本文综述了农作物秸秆的利用现状，、微生物发酵饲料种类及作用机理了存在的问，并对开发利用前景进行了展望，以期为加快微生物发酵饲料化进程提供参考。 关键词:微生物发酵;菌种;饲料 自20世纪50年代开始，在动物日粮中添加抗生素显著促进了动物生产，并对集约化畜牧业的发展做出了重大贡献。然而随着时间的推移，饲料中添加抗生素的危害日益显现，并受到社会的广泛关注。人们开始纷纷寻求其他的替代品和替代技术，以保证畜牧业生产的效率与效益不受影响。同时饲料和粮食生产一直是我国国民经济的薄弱环节。由于受人口增长、耕地减少和肉食品消费增加的影响，我国粮食供需平衡十分脆弱。我国人均占有粮食一直在400 kg以下，其中，粮食总产量的40,左右用于饲料生产。在耕地和水资源长期紧缺的情况下，我国粮食产量已很难提高(饲料资源短缺的问题长期制约着我国畜牧业的发展。从长远来看，牲畜与人争粮问题仍然是我国不能掉以轻心的大事。这是由我国国情 及粮情所决定的。因此，发展高效饲料工业，生产生态健康型饲料是当务之急。 allied mechanical maintenance group, lawn maintenance, plant protection group. Establishment of conservation of garden plants in long sections, professional engineers, professional technicians and other related jobs. 1, the maintenance lead responsibilities (1) familiar with the Group's foundations of political thought, technology, culture, work attitudes, feelings and emotions, habits and other personal problems, easy to work. (2) before work, quality of work, requirements engineering, safety, mechanical equipment and some of the technical issues seriously disclosure to workers, and keep the information in writing. (3) when assigning production tasks to the workers, to implement safety measures, complete the task to do self-examination record. (4) section chiefs be vanguard of work, must step forward are familiar with the relevant business, work in the field, hard, dirty work, heavy work need to be at the head of work to do "before charge in and retreat." (5) pay attention to every team, every process of close cooperation and coordination, based on the situation as any, check "play clean" construction diaries and day information. (6) the community "active conservation, waste crimes", section chiefs be sure to lead the staff do thrift and combat waste. (7) for violation of construction laws, adverse quality, safety and engineering progress of unusual to have the courage to succeed, stop. (8) Unity is strength, section chief is the core of the conservation work, so modest. 2, professional engineer job description of garden plants (1) implement the national construction engineering quality and safety standards, norms and regulations, combined with engineering, development, implementing specific measures. (2) to process the project has overall responsibility for all technical work, their sacred responsibilities given to technical work, according to the technical requirements, serious research ... Groups and plant groups. Section with garden plant 1、 发酵饲料的产生背景 随着畜牧养殖业的快速发展，人畜共粮的矛盾日趋突出，为了解决这一问题，世界各国科技界和工业界都在寻找和研究新的饲料资源，其中，蛋白质饲料尤其受到重视。蛋白质是畜牧养殖业和饲料工业的主要原料之一，我国对蛋白质的需求已远远超出了国内动、植物蛋白的生产量，每年都需要从国外进口大量大豆、豆粕和鱼粉等蛋白质原料。目前我国饲料工业基本上是三足鼎立状态，以正大、希望和中小企业各占三分天下，其中，中小企业以规模小、数量多为最。由于中小企业的原料采购成本比大型企业高，为了生存不得不依靠科技手段提高其生存能力。在这一背景下，一些地方的小型饲料厂率先将菜粕、棉粕、血粉等发酵后 生产浓缩饲料投入市场，取得了较好的经济效益。 2 、微生物发酵饲料种类 2.1 固态发酵饲料 固态发酵饲料是利用各种有益微生物的发酵作用把粗饲料加工成营养成分高、适口性好的饲料以增加适口性和提高养分利用率或解毒脱毒。发酵微生物有霉菌、酵母菌及细菌的一些类群常见的固态发酵饲料包括青贮、微贮、粗饲料等纤维素酶解饲料与担子菌发酵、畜禽粪与动物下脚料发酵、饼粕类发酵脱毒饲料以及固态发酵菌体蛋白饲料。 allied mechanical maintenance group, lawn maintenance, plant protection group. Establishment of conservation of garden plants in long sections, professional engineers, professional technicians and other related jobs. 1, the maintenance lead responsibilities (1) familiar with the Group's foundations of political thought, technology, culture, work attitudes, feelings and emotions, habits and other personal problems, easy to work. (2) before work, quality of work, requirements engineering, safety, mechanical equipment and some of the technical issues seriously disclosure to workers, and keep the information in writing. (3) when assigning production tasks to the workers, to implement safety measures, complete the task to do self-examination record. (4) section chiefs be vanguard of work, must step forward are familiar with the relevant business, work in the field, hard, dirty work, heavy work need to be at the head of work to do "before charge in and retreat." (5) pay attention to every team, every process of close cooperation and coordination, based on the situation as any, check "play clean" construction diaries and day information. (6) the community "active conservation, waste crimes", section chiefs be sure to lead the staff do thrift and combat waste. (7) for violation of construction laws, adverse quality, safety and engineering progress of unusual to have the courage to succeed, stop. (8) Unity is strength, section chief is the core of the conservation work, so modest. 2, professional engineer job description of garden plants (1) implement the national construction engineering quality and safety standards, norms and regulations, combined with engineering, development, implementing specific measures. (2) to process the project has overall responsibility for all technical work, their sacred responsibilities given to technical work, according to the technical requirements, serious research ... Groups and plant groups. Section with garden plant 2.2 单细胞蛋白和菌体蛋白饲料 单细胞微生物的蛋白提取物利用微生物在液态基质中大量生长繁殖的菌体 以生产单细胞蛋白如常见的酵母饲料、细菌饲料、藻体饲料等菌体蛋白包括食用菌菌丝体、光合细菌、微型藻饲料等。单细胞蛋白和菌体蛋白由于蛋白质含量丰富而且还含有维生素和微量元素因此是一种具有较高营养价值的微生物饲料。单细胞蛋白和菌体蛋白饲料原料来源广泛如淀粉、废酒糟水等均可作原料同时生产过程易控制因此可工业化生产。 2.3 氨基酸、酶制剂以及抗生素、维生素等代谢产物 利用现代化的微生物工程发酵积累微生物有用的中间代谢产物或特殊代谢产物,以此生产饲用氨基酸、酶制剂以及抗生素、维生素。细菌、霉菌发酵生产的淀粉酶、纤维素酶和蛋白酶这些酶可以提高生物体内反应的速度促进饲料养分的吸收。微生物生产畜禽的限制性氨基酸赖氨酸饲料中添加赖氨酸可提高猪禽的增重。 2.4 微生态制剂和益生素 微生态制剂和益生素直接用于畜禽饲料中参与维持动物肠内微生态平衡具有直接通过增强动物对肠内有害微生物的抑制作用或者通过增强非特异性免疫功能来预防疾病而间接起到促进动物生长作用和提高饲料转化率。微生态制剂和益生素在目前应用较多常见的如“保得”微生肠道调理。 allied mechanical maintenance group, lawn maintenance, plant protection group. Establishment of conservation of garden plants in long sections, professional engineers, professional technicians and other related jobs. 1, the maintenance lead responsibilities (1) familiar with the Group's foundations of political thought, technology, culture, work attitudes, feelings and emotions, habits and other personal problems, easy to work. (2) before work, quality of work, requirements engineering, safety, mechanical equipment and some of the technical issues seriously disclosure to workers, and keep the information in writing. (3) when assigning production tasks to the workers, to implement safety measures, complete the task to do self-examination record. (4) section chiefs be vanguard of work, must step forward are familiar with the relevant business, work in the field, hard, dirty work, heavy work need to be at the head of work to do "before charge in and retreat." (5) pay attention to every team, every process of close cooperation and coordination, based on the situation as any, check "play clean" construction diaries and day information. (6) the community "active conservation, waste crimes", section chiefs be sure to lead the staff do thrift and combat waste. (7) for violation of construction laws, adverse quality, safety and engineering progress of unusual to have the courage to succeed, stop. (8) Unity is strength, section chief is the core of the conservation work, so modest. 2, professional engineer job description of garden plants (1) implement the national construction engineering quality and safety standards, norms and regulations, combined with engineering, development, implementing specific measures. (2) to process the project has overall responsibility for all technical work, their sacred responsibilities given to technical work, according to the technical requirements, serious research ... Groups and plant groups. Section with garden plant 3 、微生物发酵饲料作用机理 微生物发酵饲料的作用主要体现在两个方面一是利用廉价的农业和轻工副产物生产高质量的饲料蛋白原料二是获得高活性的有益微生物这些微生物制品的应用一方面可以提高饲料的转化率促进畜禽生长另一方面可以调节动物的微生态平衡提高动物的健康水平。还有一些活菌剂可以用于治疗动物疾病例如治疗由于大肠杆菌引起的腹泻可以用对大肠杆菌有抑制作用的芽孢杆菌活菌制剂进行治疗。在畜禽养殖中推广应用微生物发酵饲料可以减少抗菌素的使用有利于生产安全食品提高产品出口的竞争力。 3.1 补充有益菌 调节动物的微生态平衡健康畜禽肠道内生长着各种各样的微生物群落,各种微生物群落之间相互依存、相互制约,构成畜禽肠道内微生态系统的平衡,建立一个正常且平衡良好的肠道微生物区系对抵御病原性微生物感染具有十分重要的意义。由于微生物之间存在着相互作用,某一生态系统中现存的微生物会阻止新的有机体在这一部位的入侵,有益菌通过竞争性抑制作用阻止有害微生物在肠粘膜附着与繁殖。因此对那些菌群形成迟缓或有障碍的幼小动物服用微生物饲料有着十分重要的意义。乳酸杆菌等可抑制埃希氏大肠杆菌和沙门氏寒菌等其它致病菌附着到肠细胞上,与病原菌发生竞争性拮抗作用,将其驱出定植地点。 3.2 产生有益代谢物抑制和杀死有害菌 许多乳酸菌和链球菌可以产生细菌素,如乳酸链球菌素等,这些allied mechanical maintenance group, lawn maintenance, plant protection group. Establishment of conservation of garden plants in long sections, professional engineers, professional technicians and other related jobs. 1, the maintenance lead responsibilities (1) familiar with the Group's foundations of political thought, technology, culture, work attitudes, feelings and emotions, habits and other personal problems, easy to work. (2) before work, quality of work, requirements engineering, safety, mechanical equipment and some of the technical issues seriously disclosure to workers, and keep the information in writing. (3) when assigning production tasks to the workers, to implement safety measures, complete the task to do self-examination record. (4) section chiefs be vanguard of work, must step forward are familiar with the relevant business, work in the field, hard, dirty work, heavy work need to be at the head of work to do "before charge in and retreat." (5) pay attention to every team, every process of close cooperation and coordination, based on the situation as any, check "play clean" construction diaries and day information. (6) the community "active conservation, waste crimes", section chiefs be sure to lead the staff do thrift and combat waste. (7) for violation of construction laws, adverse quality, safety and engineering progress of unusual to have the courage to succeed, stop. (8) Unity is strength, section chief is the core of the conservation work, so modest. 2, professional engineer job description of garden plants (1) implement the national construction engineering quality and safety standards, norms and regulations, combined with engineering, development, implementing specific measures. (2) to process the project has overall responsibility for all technical work, their sacred responsibilities given to technical work, according to the technical requirements, serious research ... Groups and plant groups. Section with garden plant 多肽类物质能抑制对革兰氏阳性细菌有抑制作用。有些乳酸菌如嗜酸乳杆菌和保加利亚乳杆菌,可以产生少量的过氧化氢, 过氧化氢可以抑制许多细菌的生长,尤其是革兰氏阴性病原菌。另外有些有益微生物可以产生酶类,如双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌产生的胞外糖苷酶可以阻止细菌毒素在上皮细胞的黏附和侵入。 3.3 具有营养作用,促进动物生长 直接饲用微生物饲料中的有益菌在肠道内代谢可产生多种有助于动物营养消化的有益因子,从而促进畜禽的生长发育和增重. 如芽孢杆菌能分泌多种消化酶(蛋白酶、淀粉酶、脂肪酶等)促进营养物质的消化与吸收;酵母菌所产生的氨基酸、维生素(K、C、B1、B2、泛酸、烟酸、生物素、肌醇和叶酸等) ,酵母菌还可以促进植酸酶的产生,提高单胃动物对磷的利用率。 3.4 提高机体免疫功能 微生物发酵饲料中的有益微生物可以作为一种非特异免疫调节因子,通过细菌本身或细胞壁成分刺激并激活宿主免疫细胞,促进吞噬细胞活力或作为佐剂发挥作用。有益微生物还可以发挥特异性免疫功能,增强动物体内B 细胞产生抗体的能力。直接饲用微生物通过促使机体发生体液免疫和细胞免疫,提高畜禽抗体水平,增强免疫功能,及时杀灭侵入机体内的致病菌,从而防止疾病的发生。实验发现乳酸杆菌能够增强机体的免疫能力,一些益生菌能够影响人体免疫系统的应答能力,其影响能力随菌体的不同而变化。 allied mechanical maintenance group, lawn maintenance, plant protection group. Establishment of conservation of garden plants in long sections, professional engineers, professional technicians and other related jobs. 1, the maintenance lead responsibilities (1) familiar with the Group's foundations of political thought, technology, culture, work attitudes, feelings and emotions, habits and other personal problems, easy to work. (2) before work, quality of work, requirements engineering, safety, mechanical equipment and some of the technical issues seriously disclosure to workers, and keep the information in writing. (3) when assigning production tasks to the workers, to implement safety measures, complete the task to do self-examination record. (4) section chiefs be vanguard of work, must step forward are familiar with the relevant business, work in the field, hard, dirty work, heavy work need to be at the head of work to do "before charge in and retreat." (5) pay attention to every team, every process of close cooperation and coordination, based on the situation as any, check "play clean" construction diaries and day information. (6) the community "active conservation, waste crimes", section chiefs be sure to lead the staff do thrift and combat waste. (7) for violation of construction laws, adverse quality, safety and engineering progress of unusual to have the courage to succeed, stop. (8) Unity is strength, section chief is the core of the conservation work, so modest. 2, professional engineer job description of garden plants (1) implement the national construction engineering quality and safety standards, norms and regulations, combined with engineering, development, implementing specific measures. (2) to process the project has overall responsibility for all technical work, their sacred responsibilities given to technical work, according to the technical requirements, serious research ... Groups and plant groups. Section with garden plant 4 发酵饲料存在的问题 目前，发酵浓缩饲料在市场上有一定的发展空间，主要表现在产品价格低，农民易接受，这也是发酵浓缩饲料在某些地方盛行的主要原因。但是，据笔者考究发酵饲料的生产，却发现还存在诸多问题，应引起业界高度重视。 1.硬、软件较差。 由于大多数发酵浓缩饲料厂是微型饲料厂，这类企业的发酵设备和专业人员都非常有限，对微生物和发酵工艺了解甚少， 在某种意义上说生产饲料的条件都是凑合，要生产发酵产品是心有余而力不足。 2.管理、卫生条件差。 凡从事微生物发酵工作的人都知道“消毒、灭菌”工作是发酵成败的关建环节之一。然而，许多发酵浓缩饲料厂的管理、卫生条件极差，差得让笔者这个从事饲料微生物工作十多年的人都感到害怕。 3.生料发酵。 笔者所见的发酵浓缩饲料厂几乎全是生料发酵，而且他们认为一般霉变的原料，只要是发酵了就能脱毒、就能提高饲料利用率和改善饲料适口性，就此说明对“发酵”的基础知识了解太少。 4.无、监控条件。 由于这些厂规模一般较小，大多没有专业化验检测设备和专业技术人员，发酵菌种、发酵过程都没有检测手段，纯粹凭气味判定产品allied mechanical maintenance group, lawn maintenance, plant protection group. Establishment of conservation of garden plants in long sections, professional engineers, professional technicians and other related jobs. 1, the maintenance lead responsibilities (1) familiar with the Group's foundations of political thought, technology, culture, work attitudes, feelings and emotions, habits and other personal problems, easy to work. (2) before work, quality of work, requirements engineering, safety, mechanical equipment and some of the technical issues seriously disclosure to workers, and keep the information in writing. (3) when assigning production tasks to the workers, to implement safety measures, complete the task to do self-examination record. (4) section chiefs be vanguard of work, must step forward are familiar with the relevant business, work in the field, hard, dirty work, heavy work need to be at the head of work to do "before charge in and retreat." (5) pay attention to every team, every process of close cooperation and coordination, based on the situation as any, check "play clean" construction diaries and day information. (6) the community "active conservation, waste crimes", section chiefs be sure to lead the staff do thrift and combat waste. (7) for violation of construction laws, adverse quality, safety and engineering progress of unusual to have the courage to succeed, stop. (8) Unity is strength, section chief is the core of the conservation work, so modest. 2, professional engineer job description of garden plants (1) implement the national construction engineering quality and safety standards, norms and regulations, combined with engineering, development, implementing specific measures. (2) to process the project has overall responsibility for all technical work, their sacred responsibilities given to technical work, according to the technical requirements, serious research ... Groups and plant groups. Section with garden plant 质量，产品性能、稳定性等难以得到保证。 5.菌种来源复杂。 由于这些微型饲料厂经济实力差，不愿花钱到正规单位购买菌 种和生产技术，而是到一些个人手上去买，也不请专业人员进行技术指导，产品质量可想而知。 6.营养水平低。 一些小型饲料厂在中大猪浓缩饲料中几乎全用发酵饲料，与豆粕、鱼粉浓缩料相比存在严重的氨基酸不平衡，导致发酵浓缩料的饲料报酬低于豆粕、鱼粉型浓缩饲料。 7.大剂量使用促生长剂。 一些小型饲料厂由于发酵技术综合水平较差。发酵产品杂菌较多，因而将发酵饲料用于仔猪浓缩饲料时，腹泻率较大，于是便在仔猪浓缩饲料中加大了如杆菌肽锌或金霉素等的用量，这将导致畜禽对药物的采食量加大，畜禽产品药残难以得到控制。 8.乱用标签误导用户 9.一些饲料厂在包装袋上大肆宣扬“生物饲料”、“每克含活菌数多少亿个”等等，借助《动物微生态学》的理论，盲目夸大地宣传其功效，其市场生命力值得深思。 5 、发酵饲料的展望 我国是一个农业大国，畜牧养殖业占农业生产比重较大，因此人畜共粮矛盾日趋突出，发酵饲料意在充分利用杂粮、杂粕和农副产品allied mechanical maintenance group, lawn maintenance, plant protection group. Establishment of conservation of garden plants in long sections, professional engineers, professional technicians and other related jobs. 1, the maintenance lead responsibilities (1) familiar with the Group's foundations of political thought, technology, culture, work attitudes, feelings and emotions, habits and other personal problems, easy to work. (2) before work, quality of work, requirements engineering, safety, mechanical equipment and some of the technical issues seriously disclosure to workers, and keep the information in writing. (3) when assigning production tasks to the workers, to implement safety measures, complete the task to do self-examination record. (4) section chiefs be vanguard of work, must step forward are familiar with the relevant business, work in the field, hard, dirty work, heavy work need to be at the head of work to do "before charge in and retreat." (5) pay attention to every team, every process of close cooperation and coordination, based on the situation as any, check "play clean" construction diaries and day information. (6) the community "active conservation, waste crimes", section chiefs be sure to lead the staff do thrift and combat waste. (7) for violation of construction laws, adverse quality, safety and engineering progress of unusual to have the courage to succeed, stop. (8) Unity is strength, section chief is the core of the conservation work, so modest. 2, professional engineer job description of garden plants (1) implement the national construction engineering quality and safety standards, norms and regulations, combined with engineering, development, implementing specific measures. (2) to process the project has overall responsibility for all technical work, their sacred responsibilities given to technical work, according to the technical requirements, serious research ... Groups and plant groups. Section with garden plant 下脚料、食品工业下脚料来生产浓缩饲料，这是对饲料原料的充分补充，而且这种浓缩饲料比豆粕、鱼粉型浓缩饲料价格便宜，农民易接受，这也是发酵饲料存在的空间和理由。相信通过优化发酵技术线路，改善发酵设备，定能提高发酵饲料品质造福社会。尽管目前微生物发酵饲料存在一些问题,但是随着人们对其研究的进一步深入,这些问题都会得到很好的解决,其作为抗生素和蛋白的替代品,以及带来的社会效益与经济效益,在饲料工业中必将受到更大重视。 [ allied mechanical maintenance group, lawn maintenance, plant protection group. Establishment of conservation of garden plants in long sections, professional engineers, professional technicians and other related jobs. 1, the maintenance lead responsibilities (1) familiar with the Group's foundations of political thought, technology, culture, work attitudes, feelings and emotions, habits and other personal problems, easy to work. (2) before work, quality of work, requirements engineering, safety, mechanical equipment and some of the technical issues seriously disclosure to workers, and keep the information in writing. (3) when assigning production tasks to the workers, to implement safety measures, complete the task to do self-examination record. (4) section chiefs be vanguard of work, must step forward are familiar with the relevant business, work in the field, hard, dirty work, heavy work need to be at the head of work to do "before charge in and retreat." (5) pay attention to every team, every process of close cooperation and coordination, based on the situation as any, check "play clean" construction diaries and day information. (6) the community "active conservation, waste crimes", section chiefs be sure to lead the staff do thrift and combat waste. (7) for violation of construction laws, adverse quality, safety and engineering progress of unusual to have the courage to succeed, stop. (8) Unity is strength, section chief is the core of the conservation work, so modest. 2, professional engineer job description of garden plants (1) implement the national construction engineering quality and safety standards, norms and regulations, combined with engineering, development, implementing specific measures. (2) to process the project has overall responsibility for all technical work, their sacred responsibilities given to technical work, according to the technical requirements, serious research ... Groups and plant groups. Section with garden plant