血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶

血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶 丙氨酸氨基转移酶偏高: 1. 血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶,简称转氨酶,存在于肝细胞的线粒体中～ 只要肝脏发生炎症、坏死、中毒等损害～转氨酶就会由肝细胞释 放到血中。所以肝脏本身的疾患～特别是各型病毒性肝炎、肝硬 变、肝脓肿、肝结核、肝癌、脂肪肝、肝窦状核变性均可引起不 同程度的转氨酶升高。 2. 除肝脏外～体内其它脏器组织如心、肾、肺、脑、睾丸、肌肉也 都含有此酶。因此当心肌炎、肾盂肾炎、大叶性肺炎、肺结核、 乙型脑炎、多发性肌炎、急性败血症、肠伤寒、流脑、疟疾、胆 囊炎、钩端螺旋体病、流感、麻疹、血吸虫病、挤压综合征等亦 均可见血中转氨酶上升。 3. 因为转氨酶是从胆管排出的～如果有胆管、胆囊及胰腺疾患～胆 管梗阻～也可使转氨酶升高。临床常见的有胆囊炎、胆管蛔虫、 肝胆管细石、胆囊及胆管肿瘤、壶腹周围癌、先天性胆管扩张症、 急慢性胰腺炎、胰头癌及出血坏死性胰腺炎。 4. 药源性或中毒性肝损害～以及药物过敏都可引起转氨酶升高～并 常伴淤胆性黄疸和肝细胞损伤。临床有报告在用药12，48小时即 可引起转氨酶升高～4，10日可达高峰～及时停药者多在3周内 恢复正常。 ncluding based life support (BLS), and senior heart life support (ACLS), and based trauma life support (BTLS) and senior trauma life support (ATLS) of based knowledge; common emergency technology of application; common emergency of causes identification, and clinical performance and the processing specification; common emergency auxiliary check of select refers to levy, and results judge and the clinical meaning; Indications, effects of common emergency drugs, side effects, as well as specific applications (medicine, for expansion of vasoactive drugs, cardiac diuretic, antispasmodic and anti-asthmatic drugs, analgesic drugs, Hemostatic, antiarrhythmic drugs, such as Cortina). Understand: the new development of the theory of life support; cardiac respiratory and cardiopulmonary resuscitation after cardiac syndrome etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment. 2. basic requirements (1) species and cases of study requirements: disease disease fever acute abdominal pain chest pain and difficulty breathing faint coma shock in acute poisoning with cardiac respiratory arrest bleeding (hemoptysis, hematemesis, hematuria, etc) requires at least 45 cases of arrhythmia. (2) basic skills requirements name name heart lung 5. 其它内科疾病～如患系统性红斑狼疮、甲状腺功能亢进、糖尿病、 恶性网状细胞病、心力衰竭、风湿热、消化性溃疡、急慢性胃肠 炎及尿毒症等均可发生转氨酶升高。 6. 另外～剧烈运动后亦可引起转氨酶增高。运动后乳酸含量增加～ 在体内积聚～乳酸代谢使机体相对缺氧及低血糖～造成肝细胞膜 通透性增加～引起转氨酶升高。 7. 由此可见～血清转氨酶升高的原因是多方面的～临床上和生活中 遇到单项转氨酶增高的人～千万不要武断地肯定为肝炎。必须详 细询问病史～作必要的理化检查～并可结合甲型、乙型、丙型、 丁型、戊型、庚型肝炎的特异性诊断和肝活检来协助确诊 8. 低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(简称LDL-C)～能对动脉造成损害,而高密 度脂蛋白胆固醇,简称HDL-C,～则具有清洁疏通动脉的功能。 下面是一些专家推荐的饮食方法～旨在降低人体内LDL-C含量～ 而增加HDL-C含量。 ncluding based life support (BLS), and senior heart life support (ACLS), and based trauma life support (BTLS) and senior trauma life support (ATLS) of based knowledge; common emergency technology of application; common emergency of causes identification, and clinical performance and the processing specification; common emergency auxiliary check of select refers to levy, and results judge and the clinical meaning; Indications, effects of common emergency drugs, side effects, as well as specific applications (medicine, for expansion of vasoactive drugs, cardiac diuretic, antispasmodic and anti-asthmatic drugs, analgesic drugs, Hemostatic, antiarrhythmic drugs, such as Cortina). Understand: the new development of the theory of life support; cardiac respiratory and cardiopulmonary resuscitation after cardiac syndrome etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment. 2. basic requirements (1) species and cases of study requirements: disease disease fever acute abdominal pain chest pain and difficulty breathing faint coma shock in acute poisoning with cardiac respiratory arrest bleeding (hemoptysis, hematemesis, hematuria, etc) requires at least 45 cases of arrhythmia. (2) basic skills requirements name name heart lung 总胆固醇偏高: 1、 多吃鱼 一项针对Ω-3脂肪酸,存在于金枪鱼、鲭鱼、鲑鱼和沙丁鱼等鱼类中,对hdl-c的影响进行的研究表明～当吃鱼的次数达到每周1次甚至每天1次时～能有效减少饱和脂肪的摄入量。 2、多吃富含纤维的食物 整粒谷物和面包等纤维含量非常高的食物～能有效降低人体内ldl-c的含量。营养专家指出～为了达到影响胆固醇含量的效果～膳食中的纤维必须达到15，30克。 可以在早餐中加上一盘黑莓～在午餐中加入半碗扁豆～在晚饭中加入一盘全麦面食～再加上5个对半剖开的桃干作为零食。 3、多吃大豆制品 豆腐和膨化植物蛋白等大豆制品中～含有一种天然的植物化学物质～叫作异黄酮。研究显示～这种化学物质有助于把危害动脉的ldl-c从人体中清除出去。 4、摄入足量的维生素C 在马萨诸塞州塔夫茨大学进行的研究显示～血液中维生素C含量与人体内hdl-c含量成正比。专家建议～每天吃3~4份维生素C含量丰富的食物～如柑橘类水果、马铃薯、椰菜、花椰菜、草莓、番木瓜和深绿色多叶蔬菜等～能提高人体血液中维生素C的含量～从而提高体内hdl-c的数量～保证血管畅通。 Health world tips: ncluding based life support (BLS), and senior heart life support (ACLS), and based trauma life support (BTLS) and senior trauma life support (ATLS) of based knowledge; common emergency technology of application; common emergency of causes identification, and clinical performance and the processing specification; common emergency auxiliary check of select refers to levy, and results judge and the clinical meaning; Indications, effects of common emergency drugs, side effects, as well as specific applications (medicine, for expansion of vasoactive drugs, cardiac diuretic, antispasmodic and anti-asthmatic drugs, analgesic drugs, Hemostatic, antiarrhythmic drugs, such as Cortina). Understand: the new development of the theory of life support; cardiac respiratory and cardiopulmonary resuscitation after cardiac syndrome etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment. 2. basic requirements (1) species and cases of study requirements: disease disease fever acute abdominal pain chest pain and difficulty breathing faint coma shock in acute poisoning with cardiac respiratory arrest bleeding (hemoptysis, hematemesis, hematuria, etc) requires at least 45 cases of arrhythmia. (2) basic skills requirements name name heart lung 胆固醇是人体不可缺少的营养物质。它不仅是身体的结构成分之一～还是合成许多重要物质的原料。过分忌食含胆固醇的食物～易造成贫血～降低人体的抵抗力,但长期大量摄入胆固醇～不利于身体健康～会使血清中的胆固醇含量升高～增加患心血管疾病的风险。所以～科学的饮食方法提倡适量摄入胆固醇。 不含胆固醇和胆固醇含量少的食物有:所有植物性食物、禽蛋的蛋清、禽肉、乳品、鱼等, 胆固醇含量多的食物有:蛋黄、动物脑、动物肝肾、墨斗鱼,乌贼,、蟹黄、蟹膏等。 一般认为～胆固醇的摄入量以每天小于300毫克为宜,相当于1个鸡蛋黄中含的胆固醇量,。 Health world tips: 研究人员还发现～不吸烟、适当喝一点酒和每周进行几次提高心脏功能的体育锻炼～是提高人体内hdl-c数量的3个关键。 l 少吃高脂类食物 动物肝脏、鸡蛋、牛羊肉等红色肉类～都ldl-c含量较高的食物～常吃这些食物～不利于降低人体内的胆固醇数量。 南希?恩斯特是马里兰州国家心肺和血液研究所的工作人员～她指出～在任何旨在降低胆固醇的饮食方法中～都应尽量把从饱和脂肪中获得的热量～降低到全天饮食热量总数的10%。因为过量的饱和脂肪会加重人体内负责清除胆固醇系统的负担～从而导致动脉堵塞。 l 对脂肪的摄入比例进行重新分配 ncluding based life support (BLS), and senior heart life support (ACLS), and based trauma life support (BTLS) and senior trauma life support (ATLS) of based knowledge; common emergency technology of application; common emergency of causes identification, and clinical performance and the processing specification; common emergency auxiliary check of select refers to levy, and results judge and the clinical meaning; Indications, effects of common emergency drugs, side effects, as well as specific applications (medicine, for expansion of vasoactive drugs, cardiac diuretic, antispasmodic and anti-asthmatic drugs, analgesic drugs, Hemostatic, antiarrhythmic drugs, such as Cortina). Understand: the new development of the theory of life support; cardiac respiratory and cardiopulmonary resuscitation after cardiac syndrome etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment. 2. basic requirements (1) species and cases of study requirements: disease disease fever acute abdominal pain chest pain and difficulty breathing faint coma shock in acute poisoning with cardiac respiratory arrest bleeding (hemoptysis, hematemesis, hematuria, etc) requires at least 45 cases of arrhythmia. (2) basic skills requirements name name heart lung 人体每天摄入的脂肪大致分为饱和脂肪,多存在于肉类等食物中,、多种非饱和脂肪,多存在于植物油中,和单一非饱和脂肪,存在于菜籽油和橄榄油中,。 专家建议～改变日常膳食中上述3种脂肪摄入量的比例～能够降低人体内ldl-c的含量。对于体内胆固醇含量较高的人来说～3种脂肪的最佳分配比例7:10: 13。也就是说～从饱和脂肪中摄入的热量～应减少到总摄入量的7%以下,从多种非饱和脂肪中摄入的热量～应减少到总摄入量的10%以下,从单一非饱和脂肪中摄入的热量～则可增加到总摄入量的13%以上。 Health world tips:医生提醒 l 经确诊为胆固醇过高的患者～应该由医生进行定期监护和治疗指导。 l 服用维生素E补充药物的同时～不能服用抗凝血剂药物。 l 维生素E的日需求量是30IU,维生素的国际单位,。然而当医生建议服用维生素E补充药物～协助降低胆固醇时～医生的推荐量通常可达到每天至少 100IU。虽然专家的看法是～维生素E的使用剂量在600IU以内～都属于安全无害范围,但专家同时强调～服用的具体数量、方法、时间和注意事项～须谨遵医嘱。 另外～据我国二十万临床数据证实～茶叶提取物——“茶色素”对调节胆固醇也有明显疗效～无毒副作用～可在医生确诊后确定能否服用[茶色素胶囊]。 ncluding based life support (BLS), and senior heart life support (ACLS), and based trauma life support (BTLS) and senior trauma life support (ATLS) of based knowledge; common emergency technology of application; common emergency of causes identification, and clinical performance and the processing specification; common emergency auxiliary check of select refers to levy, and results judge and the clinical meaning; Indications, effects of common emergency drugs, side effects, as well as specific applications (medicine, for expansion of vasoactive drugs, cardiac diuretic, antispasmodic and anti-asthmatic drugs, analgesic drugs, Hemostatic, antiarrhythmic drugs, such as Cortina). Understand: the new development of the theory of life support; cardiac respiratory and cardiopulmonary resuscitation after cardiac syndrome etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment. 2. basic requirements (1) species and cases of study requirements: disease disease fever acute abdominal pain chest pain and difficulty breathing faint coma shock in acute poisoning with cardiac respiratory arrest bleeding (hemoptysis, hematemesis, hematuria, etc) requires at least 45 cases of arrhythmia. (2) basic skills requirements name name heart lung 一般来讲,胆固醇低有两种原因。一是继发性低胆固醇血症,多见于甲状腺功能亢进,肝损害如肝炎、肝硬化等情况。另一种就是原发性低胆固醇血症,多由饮食不均衡,长期的素食、偏食,胆固醇摄入过低而造成。 高胆固醇固然对身体不利,但胆固醇过低一样会影响健康。胆固醇在体内参与细胞膜的组成,并维持和营养细胞膜,保持细胞膜的稳定性。若血内胆固醇水平过低,会使细胞膜的稳定性减弱,导致细胞膜弹性降低,脆性增加,致使血管壁脆性增加。另外,胆固醇是体内合成类固醇激素的重要原料,它在体内代谢后可转化为孕醇酮,再由孕醇酮合成皮质激素、孕酮、雄激素及雌激素等。这些激素对调节糖、脂肪和蛋白质三大物质以及水和电解质的代谢,对应激性反应、免疫功能均有重要影响。如果胆固醇水平过低,往往会导致皮质激素合成减少,从而导致应激能力减弱,免疫力减弱,使正常的抗病能力减弱;或者导致性激素合成减少,影响正常性功能,均不利于人体的健康。 排除其他疾病的可能性后,要保持血中胆固醇的正常水平,一定要养成均衡饮食的习惯。胆固醇偏低时,可以多吃些鱼类、动物内脏、鸡蛋等食物。 吃什么可以降低胆固醇 1(少吃或不吃动物内脏、蛋黄等胆固醇含量极高的食物～控制饮食中的胆固醇摄入,每天少于300毫克,。血液中的胆固醇主要,70%,是肝脏合成的～只有少部分,30%,来源于食物～所以仅仅依靠减少胆固醇摄入并不能从根本上治疗高胆固醇～但是控制食物中胆固醇摄ncluding based life support (BLS), and senior heart life support (ACLS), and based trauma life support (BTLS) and senior trauma life support (ATLS) of based knowledge; common emergency technology of application; common emergency of causes identification, and clinical performance and the processing specification; common emergency auxiliary check of select refers to levy, and results judge and the clinical meaning; Indications, effects of common emergency drugs, side effects, as well as specific applications (medicine, for expansion of vasoactive drugs, cardiac diuretic, antispasmodic and anti-asthmatic drugs, analgesic drugs, Hemostatic, antiarrhythmic drugs, such as Cortina). Understand: the new development of the theory of life support; cardiac respiratory and cardiopulmonary resuscitation after cardiac syndrome etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment. 2. basic requirements (1) species and cases of study requirements: disease disease fever acute abdominal pain chest pain and difficulty breathing faint coma shock in acute poisoning with cardiac respiratory arrest bleeding (hemoptysis, hematemesis, hematuria, etc) requires at least 45 cases of arrhythmia. (2) basic skills requirements name name heart lung 入量对降低胆固醇仍然是有帮助的。根据美国心脏病协会推荐的～每天摄入的胆固醇宜少于300毫克或更低～而1个鸡蛋黄中的胆固醇为250~290毫克,2两煮卤好的猪肝胆固醇含量更高达469毫克。 2(少吃肥肉和荤油～减少饱和脂肪的摄入。饱和脂肪广泛存在于肉、蛋、奶类食物中～尤其以肥肉、荤油和内脏的饱和脂肪含量为最多。饱和脂肪具有促进血液低密度脂蛋白胆固醇,LDL-C,生高的作用～其效力甚至超过了胆固醇本身。 3(多吃蔬菜水果和菌藻类食物～如魔芋、木耳、海带、裙带菜、洋葱、南瓜、地瓜等～这些食物含有丰富的膳食纤维有助于胆固醇的排泄。人体排泄胆固醇的主要途径是通过胆汁～肝脏利用胆固醇合成胆酸～胆酸随胆汁排入胃肠道参与脂肪的消化～之后～一部分胆酸代谢产物被重新吸收回血液“废物利用”～另一部分胆酸代谢产物则随粪便排出体外。膳食纤维的作用就是吸附更多的胆酸代谢产物～使之排出而不是重新回收利用。这样～肝脏“只好”利用更多的胆固醇合成胆酸以补充胆酸的丢失。大量研究证实～增加膳食纤维的摄入具有降低胆固醇的明确作用。 4(橄榄油、茶油、玉米油和菜子油中含有的单不饱和脂肪酸具有降低低密度脂蛋白胆固醇,LDL-C,的作用。可在日常饮食中与豆油、花生油等植物油搭配食用。 5(鱼油和卵磷脂具有降低血脂的作用～不过其作用主要是针对甘油三脂升高～降胆固醇的作用较小,当然～仍然是有用的,。 ncluding based life support (BLS), and senior heart life support (ACLS), and based trauma life support (BTLS) and senior trauma life support (ATLS) of based knowledge; common emergency technology of application; common emergency of causes identification, and clinical performance and the processing specification; common emergency auxiliary check of select refers to levy, and results judge and the clinical meaning; Indications, effects of common emergency drugs, side effects, as well as specific applications (medicine, for expansion of vasoactive drugs, cardiac diuretic, antispasmodic and anti-asthmatic drugs, analgesic drugs, Hemostatic, antiarrhythmic drugs, such as Cortina). Understand: the new development of the theory of life support; cardiac respiratory and cardiopulmonary resuscitation after cardiac syndrome etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment. 2. basic requirements (1) species and cases of study requirements: disease disease fever acute abdominal pain chest pain and difficulty breathing faint coma shock in acute poisoning with cardiac respiratory arrest bleeding (hemoptysis, hematemesis, hematuria, etc) requires at least 45 cases of arrhythmia. (2) basic skills requirements name name heart lung 6(维生素C、维生素E等具有抗氧化作用的成分虽然并不能直接使血液中的胆固醇减少～但有助于减轻胆固醇对血管的危害。 甘油三脂偏高: 1. 无论是胆固醇含量增高～还是甘油三脂的含量增高～或是两者皆 增高～统称为高脂血症。高脂血症与冠心病有密切的关系～尤其 是胆固醇与甘油三脂皆增高的～患冠心病的危险性更大。当然～ 有高脂血症～并不意味着一定会患冠心病～但积极治疗高脂血症～ 却是预防冠心病的重要措施之一。 2. 合理的饮食是治疗高脂血症的有效和必要的措施。由于目前使用 的降脂药物均有一定的副作用～所以只在饮食治疗无效时～才考 虑药物治疗。若是单纯高胆固醇～则应限制胆固醇的摄入～每天 摄入胆固醇应低于200毫克,一只鸡蛋即含胆固醇约250，300毫 克～故蛋黄、动物内脏等～皆应控制食用。动物油的摄入也应减 少。若是单纯高甘油三脂～则应限制食物的总量～尤其是要限制 糖类食物的摄入～并适当限制动物脂肪和胆固醇的摄入。如果胆 固醇与甘油三脂一并增高的～则应将以上的原则结合起来考虑。ncluding based life support (BLS), and senior heart life support (ACLS), and based trauma life support (BTLS) and senior trauma life support (ATLS) of based knowledge; common emergency technology of application; common emergency of causes identification, and clinical performance and the processing specification; common emergency auxiliary check of select refers to levy, and results judge and the clinical meaning; Indications, effects of common emergency drugs, side effects, as well as specific applications (medicine, for expansion of vasoactive drugs, cardiac diuretic, antispasmodic and anti-asthmatic drugs, analgesic drugs, Hemostatic, antiarrhythmic drugs, such as Cortina). Understand: the new development of the theory of life support; cardiac respiratory and cardiopulmonary resuscitation after cardiac syndrome etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment. 2. basic requirements (1) species and cases of study requirements: disease disease fever acute abdominal pain chest pain and difficulty breathing faint coma shock in acute poisoning with cardiac respiratory arrest bleeding (hemoptysis, hematemesis, hematuria, etc) requires at least 45 cases of arrhythmia. (2) basic skills requirements name name heart lung 高脂血症病人的饮食要有节制～每日摄人的食物能量以维持正常 体重的需要为准。降脂药种类很多～应在医师指导下服用。病人 应多运动～可以促进体内多余脂肪的消耗。 【处方】 1(人体中的脂类大部分从食物中来～所以高脂血症的人饮食应有节制～主食之中应搭配部分粗粮～副食品以鱼类、瘦肉、豆及豆制品、各种新鲜蔬菜、水果为主。少食精制食品、甜食、奶油、巧克力等。 2(海带、紫菜、木耳、金针菇、香菇、大蒜、洋葱等食物有利于降低血脂和防治动脉粥样硬化～可以常吃。饮牛奶宜去奶油～不加糖。蛋类原则上每日不超过1只～烹调时避免油炒、油煎。 3(烹调食物用素油～少吃油煎食物。少吃花生～因其中含油甚多～但可以食用核桃肉、瓜子仁、果仁等。 4(胆固醇过高者应少食蛋黄、肉类,特别是肥肉,、动物内脏、鸡皮、鸭皮、虾皮、鱼子、脑等含胆固醇量高的食物。甘油三酯过高者要忌糖、忌甜食～并应限制总食量。 饮食治疗应持之以恒。 5( 积极参加体育锻练～并坚持不懈～以利于脂肪的消耗。 6(药物治疗～可采用安妥明、非诺贝特、烟酸肌醇脂、亚油酸、脉通、益寿宁等～但需在医师指导下坚持服用才有效果。 7. 洗血。 高脂血症者应注意 ncluding based life support (BLS), and senior heart life support (ACLS), and based trauma life support (BTLS) and senior trauma life support (ATLS) of based knowledge; common emergency technology of application; common emergency of causes identification, and clinical performance and the processing specification; common emergency auxiliary check of select refers to levy, and results judge and the clinical meaning; Indications, effects of common emergency drugs, side effects, as well as specific applications (medicine, for expansion of vasoactive drugs, cardiac diuretic, antispasmodic and anti-asthmatic drugs, analgesic drugs, Hemostatic, antiarrhythmic drugs, such as Cortina). Understand: the new development of the theory of life support; cardiac respiratory and cardiopulmonary resuscitation after cardiac syndrome etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment. 2. basic requirements (1) species and cases of study requirements: disease disease fever acute abdominal pain chest pain and difficulty breathing faint coma shock in acute poisoning with cardiac respiratory arrest bleeding (hemoptysis, hematemesis, hematuria, etc) requires at least 45 cases of arrhythmia. (2) basic skills requirements name name heart lung ?限制高脂肪食品:严格选择胆固醇含量低的食品～如蔬菜、豆制品、瘦肉、海蜇等～尤其是多吃含纤维素多的蔬菜～可以减少肠内胆固醇的吸收。 ?限制甜食:糖可在肝脏中转化为内源性三酸甘油酯～使血浆中三酸甘油酯的浓度增高～所以应限制甜食的摄入。 ?减轻体重:对体重超过正常标准的人～应在医生指导下逐步减轻体重～最好以每月减重1，2公斤为宜。降体重时的饮食原则是低脂肪、低糖、足够的蛋白质。 ?加强体力活动和体育锻炼:体力活动不仅能增加热能的消耗～而且可以增强机体代谢～提高体内某些酶～尤其是脂蛋白酯„酶?的活性～有利于三酸甘油酯的运输和分解～从而降低血中的脂质。 ?戒酒:酗酒或长期饮酒～可以刺激肝脏合成更多的内源性三酸甘油酯～使血液中低密度脂蛋白的浓度增高引起高脂血症。因此～中年人还是以不饮酒为好。 ?避免过度紧张:情绪紧张、过度兴奋～可以引起血中胆固醇及三酸甘油酯含量增高。凡有这种情况～可以应用小剂量的镇静剂。对饮食治疗及体育疗法确实无效者～可在医生指导下适当使用一些降脂药。 高脂血症的预治 首先强调病因预防～去除或控制其可能病因、诱因及其它影响因素: ncluding based life support (BLS), and senior heart life support (ACLS), and based trauma life support (BTLS) and senior trauma life support (ATLS) of based knowledge; common emergency technology of application; common emergency of causes identification, and clinical performance and the processing specification; common emergency auxiliary check of select refers to levy, and results judge and the clinical meaning; Indications, effects of common emergency drugs, side effects, as well as specific applications (medicine, for expansion of vasoactive drugs, cardiac diuretic, antispasmodic and anti-asthmatic drugs, analgesic drugs, Hemostatic, antiarrhythmic drugs, such as Cortina). Understand: the new development of the theory of life support; cardiac respiratory and cardiopulmonary resuscitation after cardiac syndrome etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment. 2. basic requirements (1) species and cases of study requirements: disease disease fever acute abdominal pain chest pain and difficulty breathing faint coma shock in acute poisoning with cardiac respiratory arrest bleeding (hemoptysis, hematemesis, hematuria, etc) requires at least 45 cases of arrhythmia. (2) basic skills requirements name name heart lung ?改善膳食～少吃动物脂肪及内脏、甜食及淀粉类,多吃植物蛋白、油类～蔬菜水果以及鱼类。 ?减轻体重。 ?加强体育锻炼～有氧运动每周至少3次～每次30分钟以上。 ?戒烟～少量饮酒。?控制影响血脂的其它疾病。 ?已有高血脂症者～尤其40岁以上男性、绝经后女性或者合并高血压、糖尿病、冠心病等危险人群～均应定期化验血脂～以期早治。当高血脂症确诊后～首先应进行饮食调整、生活方式改善以及影响因素的控制。在此基础上～再进行药物治疗。 用药中应注意以:防治结合～非药物与药物应用相结合。依据高血脂种类不同而辨型用药。冠心病患者的合适血脂水平应较低于正常人～并尽早用药～控制其它危险因素。长效调脂药～宜每晚服用一次。用药后～至少每3，6个月复查血脂、肝肾功能等～随时调整用药剂量～监测副作用。持续服药～以使血脂水平控制在正常范围内。 生活方式对血脂的影响 (1)运动:运动和体力活动可影响血清脂质和脂蛋白含量。研究表明～运动和体力活动能够消耗体内大量的能量～既可以降低血浆中胆固醇和甘油三酯的含量～又可以提高高密度脂蛋白的水平～甚至可使部分1型和V型高脂蛋白血症患者的电脉图谱正常化。因此～运动和体力ncluding based life support (BLS), and senior heart life support (ACLS), and based trauma life support (BTLS) and senior trauma life support (ATLS) of based knowledge; common emergency technology of application; common emergency of causes identification, and clinical performance and the processing specification; common emergency auxiliary check of select refers to levy, and results judge and the clinical meaning; Indications, effects of common emergency drugs, side effects, as well as specific applications (medicine, for expansion of vasoactive drugs, cardiac diuretic, antispasmodic and anti-asthmatic drugs, analgesic drugs, Hemostatic, antiarrhythmic drugs, such as Cortina). Understand: the new development of the theory of life support; cardiac respiratory and cardiopulmonary resuscitation after cardiac syndrome etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment. 2. basic requirements (1) species and cases of study requirements: disease disease fever acute abdominal pain chest pain and difficulty breathing faint coma shock in acute poisoning with cardiac respiratory arrest bleeding (hemoptysis, hematemesis, hematuria, etc) requires at least 45 cases of arrhythmia. (2) basic skills requirements name name heart lung 活动对增强体质、预防动脉粥样硬化的发生非常有益的。体育锻炼能预防冠心病的奥秘就在于它能提高体内高密度脂蛋白的水平。但是应注意选择运动种类～运动量要逐渐增加～并要持之以恒～以保证运动能使其血脂和脂蛋白朝着有利于健康和防止冠心病的方向发展。 (2)烟酒:嗜烟者冠心病的发病率和病死率是不吸烟者的2，6倍～且与每日吸烟支数呈正比。原因之一与嗜烟者,每日超过20支,血清中总胆固醇及甘油三酯水平升高～高密度脂蛋白、胆固醇水平降低有关。适量饮酒～可使血清中高密度脂蛋白明显增高～低密度脂蛋白水平降低。因此～适量饮酒可使冠心病的患病率下降。大量饮酒不一定都会引起明显的高脂血症～但大多数长期饮酒者都有高脂血症。因饮酒量增多～极易造成热能过剩而肥胖～同时酒精在体内可转变为乙酸～乙酸使得游离脂肪酸的氧化减慢,竞争氧化,～脂肪酸在肝内合成为甘油三酯～而且极低密度脂蛋白的分泌也增多。有的人适应能力很强～极低密度脂蛋白分泌增多时～甘油三酯的清除也增快～因此～持续饮酒数周后～血清甘油三酯水平可恢复正常。另外一些人适应能力差～长期大量饮酒～就会出现严重的高脂血症 ncluding based life support (BLS), and senior heart life support (ACLS), and based trauma life support (BTLS) and senior trauma life support (ATLS) of based knowledge; common emergency technology of application; common emergency of causes identification, and clinical performance and the processing specification; common emergency auxiliary check of select refers to levy, and results judge and the clinical meaning; Indications, effects of common emergency drugs, side effects, as well as specific applications (medicine, for expansion of vasoactive drugs, cardiac diuretic, antispasmodic and anti-asthmatic drugs, analgesic drugs, Hemostatic, antiarrhythmic drugs, such as Cortina). Understand: the new development of the theory of life support; cardiac respiratory and cardiopulmonary resuscitation after cardiac syndrome etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment. 2. basic requirements (1) species and cases of study requirements: disease disease fever acute abdominal pain chest pain and difficulty breathing faint coma shock in acute poisoning with cardiac respiratory arrest bleeding (hemoptysis, hematemesis, hematuria, etc) requires at least 45 cases of arrhythmia. (2) basic skills requirements name name heart lung 低密度脂蛋白胆固醇偏高: 戒烟,戒酒;5.合理安排工作,注意休息,避免过度疲劳;6.适当锻炼,慢跑,打太极拳等.7.饮食宜清淡,少食辛辣,煎炒,油炸,烈酒等不消化和刺激性食物,多食水果,蔬菜和纤维性食物,多饮水,饮食上要远三白,糖,盐,猪油,,近三黑,黑芝麻,蘑菇,黑米,.从营养价值看,四条腿,猪,牛,羊,不如两条腿,鸡,鸭,,两条腿不如一条腿,蘑菇,,一条腿不如没有腿,鱼,.经常吃海带,河鱼,鱼油可减低脑细胞死亡速度 前列腺钙化: 前列腺钙化～纤维化～是前列腺发生炎症愈合后留下的疤痕～是前列腺结石的前兆。前列腺结石常伴有慢性前列腺炎症～一般通过B超检查能看到这些病变。由于前列腺结构特殊性～发生钙化、结石一般没有较好的治疗方法。前列腺钙化,纤维化,、结石上会滋生细菌～所以又是前列腺炎反复发作的一个原因～不能忽视。前列腺囊肿多发生于成年人～糖尿病患者更易发生～临床表现排尿梗阻或大便梗阻～排尿梗阻常会引起急性尿潴留。有时从尿道流出浓性分泌物～指肛检查可触及前列腺有波动感～但常在后期方出现。偶有脓肿破入尿道、直ncluding based life support (BLS), and senior heart life support (ACLS), and based trauma life support (BTLS) and senior trauma life support (ATLS) of based knowledge; common emergency technology of application; common emergency of causes identification, and clinical performance and the processing specification; common emergency auxiliary check of select refers to levy, and results judge and the clinical meaning; Indications, effects of common emergency drugs, side effects, as well as specific applications (medicine, for expansion of vasoactive drugs, cardiac diuretic, antispasmodic and anti-asthmatic drugs, analgesic drugs, Hemostatic, antiarrhythmic drugs, such as Cortina). Understand: the new development of the theory of life support; cardiac respiratory and cardiopulmonary resuscitation after cardiac syndrome etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment. 2. basic requirements (1) species and cases of study requirements: disease disease fever acute abdominal pain chest pain and difficulty breathing faint coma shock in acute poisoning with cardiac respiratory arrest bleeding (hemoptysis, hematemesis, hematuria, etc) requires at least 45 cases of arrhythmia. (2) basic skills requirements name name heart lung 肠、会阴或膀胱周围间隙～引起结缔组织炎。但有的病人可能无发热～主要表现下尿路梗阻～不少病人并有附睾、睾丸炎。囊肿外科主要通过引流～如会阴切开引流或经尿道前列腺切剖引流。 前列腺中的钙化点多为前列腺慢性炎症引起的钙化或者前列腺结石～一般不会有什么症状～也无需治疗。 前列腺钙化的常识 前列腺钙化是由于以前有过前列腺炎症,愈后就留下钙化斑。前列腺钙化说明以前有过炎症,现在静止了,如无症状,不必治疗。如果引起排尿困难的情况,那么就要及时到医院就诊。钙化灶是X线检测到的乳房内的钙质沉积。乳房内的钙化灶有大小之分:粗大的钙化灶常常为乳房的良性病变～如乳房内动脉的老化、陈旧性的损伤以及炎症等～一般不需要进一步活检。细小的钙化灶通常位于细胞生长分裂较快的部位。若局部有多个细小的钙化点聚集成簇～则提示可能有小的乳腺癌病灶存在。在X线发现的乳腺癌中有一半表现为乳房内成簇的细小钙化灶。出现前列腺钙化或结石必须治疗～钙化会发展成结石～引发出各种症状～有的患者症状长期消除不了～要做全面检查～看是否有结石钙化～不治疗结石钙化难以彻底治愈前列腺病。 前列腺钙化的常识:预防前列腺病要在生活上调理: ,1,不能劳累过度～不能熬夜～生活有规律～起居有常～防感冒～感冒、劳累过度容易导致免疫功能低下～易引起前列腺疾病的反复发作, ncluding based life support (BLS), and senior heart life support (ACLS), and based trauma life support (BTLS) and senior trauma life support (ATLS) of based knowledge; common emergency technology of application; common emergency of causes identification, and clinical performance and the processing specification; common emergency auxiliary check of select refers to levy, and results judge and the clinical meaning; Indications, effects of common emergency drugs, side effects, as well as specific applications (medicine, for expansion of vasoactive drugs, cardiac diuretic, antispasmodic and anti-asthmatic drugs, analgesic drugs, Hemostatic, antiarrhythmic drugs, such as Cortina). Understand: the new development of the theory of life support; cardiac respiratory and cardiopulmonary resuscitation after cardiac syndrome etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment. 2. basic requirements (1) species and cases of study requirements: disease disease fever acute abdominal pain chest pain and difficulty breathing faint coma shock in acute poisoning with cardiac respiratory arrest bleeding (hemoptysis, hematemesis, hematuria, etc) requires at least 45 cases of arrhythmia. (2) basic skills requirements name name heart lung ,2,忌食辛,如:海鲜～特别是虾,辣食物～忌酒,饮酒易引起前列腺病复发,～忌烟,多饮水～多排尿～保持大小便通畅～以帮助前列腺分泌物排除,避免久做不动～长时间驾驶机动车时要注意坐椅散热～定时下车活动及饮水～排尿,坚持适当的身体锻炼～改善血液循环利于局部炎症吸收,饮食营养丰富～增强免疫功能～增强抗病能力。 ,3,少吃肉类食品～肉类食品及酸性食品,如:旦黄、乳酪、甜点、金枪鱼、比目鱼等,食用过多会造成酸性体质～易患多种疾病, ,4,多食坚果类食物,生南瓜子、果仁,～多食蔬菜、水果、蜂花粉。 前列腺钙化注意: 出现前列腺钙化或结石必须治疗～钙化会发展成结石～引发出各种症状～有的患者症状长期消除不了～要做全面检查～看是否有结石钙化～不治疗结石钙化难以彻底治愈前列腺病。中医学认为前列腺结石、钙化、囊肿与前列腺炎发病原因一致～都是气血瘀滞～下焦湿热引发。治疗上需要采用杨立华教授发明的清利湿热与活血化瘀的系列中药配方～对于顽固性前列腺结石服用前列腺散同时要配合杨教授发明的排石汤～快的20天内前列腺结石会缩小或消失～钙化斑会从前列腺表面脱落～被排出体外～中药治疗从根本上将病变化解排出～达到不复发目的～也克服了西医治疗对前列腺的破坏性。杨立华教授研制的系列中药能使增大的前列腺尺寸缩小～同理也能改变前列腺钙化ncluding based life support (BLS), and senior heart life support (ACLS), and based trauma life support (BTLS) and senior trauma life support (ATLS) of based knowledge; common emergency technology of application; common emergency of causes identification, and clinical performance and the processing specification; common emergency auxiliary check of select refers to levy, and results judge and the clinical meaning; Indications, effects of common emergency drugs, side effects, as well as specific applications (medicine, for expansion of vasoactive drugs, cardiac diuretic, antispasmodic and anti-asthmatic drugs, analgesic drugs, Hemostatic, antiarrhythmic drugs, such as Cortina). Understand: the new development of the theory of life support; cardiac respiratory and cardiopulmonary resuscitation after cardiac syndrome etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment. 2. basic requirements (1) species and cases of study requirements: disease disease fever acute abdominal pain chest pain and difficulty breathing faint coma shock in acute poisoning with cardiac respiratory arrest bleeding (hemoptysis, hematemesis, hematuria, etc) requires at least 45 cases of arrhythmia. (2) basic skills requirements name name heart lung 或结石～使之消除。 血尿酸偏高: 在饮食上～痛风病人和血尿酸偏高人员应: 一、多吃碱性食物～如海带、白菜、芹菜、黄瓜、苹果、蕃茄、包心菜、萝卜、胡萝卜、等蔬果。尿酸在碱性的环境里溶解度较大～较不容易沉淀～也较容易排出体外。 二、节制高嘌呤食物:各种动物内脏、鱼子、蟹黄、贝类、沙丁鱼、比目鱼、鲔鱼、鲍鱼、肉类、虾子、豌豆、黄豆类、扁豆及其他豆类、香菇、洋菇、啤酒和发酵食品、菠菜、芦笋等。 三、苹果醋加蜜糖。 这是西方传统的治疗方法～经多项临床测试有效。苹果醋含有果胶、维他命、矿物质,磷和钾,及酵素。苹果醋的酸性成份具杀菌功效～有助排除关节、血管及器官的毒素。经常饮用～能调节血压、通血管、降胆固醇、亦有助治疗关节炎及痛风症。饭后可将一茶匙苹果醋及一茶匙蜜糖加入半杯温水内～调匀饮用。 四、痛风患者的食疗方 ncluding based life support (BLS), and senior heart life support (ACLS), and based trauma life support (BTLS) and senior trauma life support (ATLS) of based knowledge; common emergency technology of application; common emergency of causes identification, and clinical performance and the processing specification; common emergency auxiliary check of select refers to levy, and results judge and the clinical meaning; Indications, effects of common emergency drugs, side effects, as well as specific applications (medicine, for expansion of vasoactive drugs, cardiac diuretic, antispasmodic and anti-asthmatic drugs, analgesic drugs, Hemostatic, antiarrhythmic drugs, such as Cortina). Understand: the new development of the theory of life support; cardiac respiratory and cardiopulmonary resuscitation after cardiac syndrome etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment. 2. basic requirements (1) species and cases of study requirements: disease disease fever acute abdominal pain chest pain and difficulty breathing faint coma shock in acute poisoning with cardiac respiratory arrest bleeding (hemoptysis, hematemesis, hematuria, etc) requires at least 45 cases of arrhythmia. (2) basic skills requirements name name heart lung 薏仁粥:取适量的薏仁和白米～两者的比例约为三比一～薏仁先用水浸泡四、五个钟头～白米浸泡三十分钟～然后两者混合～加水一起熬煮成粥。 冬瓜汤:取冬瓜三百克,不连皮,～红枣五、六颗～姜丝少许。先用油将姜丝爆香～然后连同冬瓜切片和红枣一起放入锅中～加水及适量的调味料煮成汤。 五、养成多喝水的习惯。多喝水能促进尿酸盐排出。若喝水少又流汗多的话～得痛风的机率会较高。建议心肾功能好的人每日应饮水3000 cc。 六、多吃高钾质食物～如香蕉、西兰花、西芹等。钾质可减少尿酸沉淀～有助将尿酸排出体外。 七、不可喝酒。酒的代谢产物为乳酸。乳酸会肾脏内抑制尿酸的排泄～使得血尿酸值升高。而饮酒过量常饮起痛风的急性发作～尤其是烈性酒、香槟酒、啤酒及绍兴酒。 八、浓咖啡、浓茶及强烈调味品或辣料做成的浓汤～会兴奋神经系统～而可能诱使痛风急性发作～所以也不宜多喝。 不要吃含嘌呤多的食物: 一级:每百克食物中含极大量嘌呤(150，1000mg,每100g)。常见的有:酵母、胰脏、鲱鱼卵、浓缩肉汁、肉脯、沙丁鱼、心脏。 ncluding based life support (BLS), and senior heart life support (ACLS), and based trauma life support (BTLS) and senior trauma life support (ATLS) of based knowledge; common emergency technology of application; common emergency of causes identification, and clinical performance and the processing specification; common emergency auxiliary check of select refers to levy, and results judge and the clinical meaning; Indications, effects of common emergency drugs, side effects, as well as specific applications (medicine, for expansion of vasoactive drugs, cardiac diuretic, antispasmodic and anti-asthmatic drugs, analgesic drugs, Hemostatic, antiarrhythmic drugs, such as Cortina). Understand: the new development of the theory of life support; cardiac respiratory and cardiopulmonary resuscitation after cardiac syndrome etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment. 2. basic requirements (1) species and cases of study requirements: disease disease fever acute abdominal pain chest pain and difficulty breathing faint coma shock in acute poisoning with cardiac respiratory arrest bleeding (hemoptysis, hematemesis, hematuria, etc) requires at least 45 cases of arrhythmia. (2) basic skills requirements name name heart lung 二级:每百克食物中含大量嘌呤(75，150mg,每100g)。常见的有:凤尾鱼、咸猪肉、鹅肉、鳕鱼、松鸡、肝、肾、野鸡、羊腿肉、鸽肉、小牛肉、马哈鱼、扇贝肉、鲑鱼、火鸡、鹿肉。 三级:每百克食物中含中等量嘌呤(最多75mg,每100g)。常见的有:芦笋、鲈鱼、牛肉、脑、酸苹果、鸡肉、鸭肉、比目鱼、火腿、羊排、牡蛎肉、猪肉、兔肉、鱼卵、虾、舌、花生、内脏和豆类。 四级:每百克食物中所含嘌呤微不足道或无嘌呤体。常见的是:茶、咖啡、果汁、汽水、巧克力、可可茶、各种乳类和乳酪、蛋类、各种脂肪、黄油、海参、鱼翅、面粉、谷类、鱼子酱、糖、蜜汁、各种坚果、蔬菜类(除豆类外)、鱼肝油等。 ncluding based life support (BLS), and senior heart life support (ACLS), and based trauma life support (BTLS) and senior trauma life support (ATLS) of based knowledge; common emergency technology of application; common emergency of causes identification, and clinical performance and the processing specification; common emergency auxiliary check of select refers to levy, and results judge and the clinical meaning; Indications, effects of common emergency drugs, side effects, as well as specific applications (medicine, for expansion of vasoactive drugs, cardiac diuretic, antispasmodic and anti-asthmatic drugs, analgesic drugs, Hemostatic, antiarrhythmic drugs, such as Cortina). Understand: the new development of the theory of life support; cardiac respiratory and cardiopulmonary resuscitation after cardiac syndrome etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment. 2. basic requirements (1) species and cases of study requirements: disease disease fever acute abdominal pain chest pain and difficulty breathing faint coma shock in acute poisoning with cardiac respiratory arrest bleeding (hemoptysis, hematemesis, hematuria, etc) requires at least 45 cases of arrhythmia. (2) basic skills requirements name name heart lung