影视后期制作与编辑研究外文文献翻译

影视后期制作与编辑研究外文文献翻译 外文文献翻译:原文+译文 文献出处:Bird D. The study of film post-production and editing [J]. Screen Education, 2016，3(2):78-89. 原文 The study of film post-production and editing Bird D Abstract Film and television post-production, sound of words, images and other audio-visual means a combination of highly integrated creation, is the last procedure of film and television program production, the level of production is directly related to the quality of the program, the following is the history of the development, characteristics, pay attention to the place to talk about the film and television post-production. In the process of development of film and television production, film and television post-production and editing and pre-production are equally important. If you want to do the film and television post-production, must according to the requirements of the film and television program production, choose the right means of editing. Key words: Film and television; Post-production; The editor 1 Introduction From Hollywood to create the illusion of the world, to the television news focus on the real life, to a frenzy of advertising, no do not affect our life. In the past, the film and television program production is the job of the professional personnel, for the public is ignorant. For decades, digital technology in the process of film and television production, comprehensive computer gradually replaced many of the original film and television equipment, and each link has played a major role in film and television production. The use of film and television production has been extremely expensive professional hardware and software, non-professional personnel it is difficult to see the equipment, not to mention, skilled use of these tools to make your own work. As PC performance significantly increase, prices falling, film and television production from the previous professional hardware equipment to gradually move on PC platform, the original identity of professional software also gradually transplanted to the platform, the price also is becoming more and more popular. At the same time, the application of film and television production from professional film and television production to expand to the computer games, multimedia, network, home entertainment, such as wider fields. Many homework personnel in the industry with a large number of movie lovers, now a computer can use their own hands, to make his TV programs. Digital non-linear editing not only combines the advantages of traditional film and television editor, also on the further development, is the significant progress video editing technology. Starting in the 80 s, digital non-linear editing in film production gradually replaced the traditional way, become a standard method of film editing. With the rapid development of technology of film and television production, post-production and take on the responsibilities of the play a very important: the production of special lens. Special lens is refers to the lens which cannot be obtained by direct shot. Early film and television special effects are mostly through the model production, special photography, and optical synthesis and so on traditional methods to complete, mainly in the process of shooting stage and develop complete. The use of computers for special-effects provides more and better method, also make a lot of the past must be used to model and photography means complete special effects can be completed by computer, so more special effects become the post-production work. The production of special effects shots - refers to the special effects shots taken not directly get shot. Early film and television advertising, film and television special effects are mostly through the model production, special photography, the traditional methods such as optical synthesis, mainly in the stage of the film and print. The use of computer digital provides more better means for the production of special effects, also make a lot of the past must be used to model and the photography done special effects can be completed through the computer technology, so the more special effects become the post-production work. Can be seen from the above analysis, linear editing and nonlinear editing each have characteristics, in the later stages of the film and television program editing in both is be short of one cannot, in order to make the film and television late edit program, need according to the requirements of the program production, combined with the characteristics of two kinds of edit mode, selects the appropriate edit mode. 2 The development of film post-production technology In the early 1990 s, developed countries such as Canada, the United States the use of computer technology, multimedia technology and the combination of film and television production, achieve success, launched a desktop editing studio, is today's nonlinear editing audio workstation. Nonlinear editing (Nonlinear Edit) is a product of traditional equipment with computer technology, which USES digital computer records all the digital files stored continuously update and Edit video program. Makes any fragments can watch immediately and any change at any time, in this way can finish "edit" original as efficient as possible, such as editing, switching and lens special transformation, and completed by computer digital video editing, and generates a complete video playback to the video surveillance equipment or transfer to the video. In essence, this technique provides a convenient, quick and efficient method of TV editing. Today, non-linear editor has become the late film and television production of an important means. Similarly, linear editor is another important way. Were, in fact, so-called linear editing by video recorder one-to-one or second team a desktop editing, video recorder mother will bring material by electric - electric copy in another video on second edition copy, among this completed such as access point Settings, transitions are analog signals to analog signals, because once the conversion is completed record became the track, so can't modify, once need to insert the new material or change a certain length of the lens, the later will all be redone. Nonlinear editing is relative to the case of linear editing. They both are important means of film and television production late edit. Before did not appear in non-linear editing, linear editor in the late film and television production plays an important role absolutely, now formed both in the film and television production late edit hand in photograph reflect, they both have their own characteristics and advantages. Linear editing and has a very close relationship between nonlinear editing, linear editing is nonlinear editing's predecessor, first of all, on the basic ideas and art concept, linear editing and nonlinear editing is the same, which is the core of post-production. Second, many professional concepts and terminology, and both are the same. Nonlinear editing software such as the famous Speed Razor Pro user manual in the city's "key", "bright" and "downstream" of the concept of linear editing, and even the whole of this manual is according to the function of linear editing senior special machine to write. 3 Characteristics of film post-production and editing After decades of development, the linear editing technique has been very mature, the use of weaving machine, catalog, the controller directly to video material for operation, intuitive interface, concise, simple operation, using the combination of edit, insert, edit, images and sound can be edited respectively, coupled with subtitles machine, special machine, time base corrector, etc., can fully meet the needs of production, finish like a lens, skill set, in and out of the point set, subtitles and graphic overlay, sound effects and music with addition of post-production. Linear editing system based on magnetic tape record carrier, linear array signal according to the time, looking for material VCR to roll with the search, can only on one dimensional time axis according to the order of the lens as a group search, cannot jump, the choice of the material is very time consuming. Difficult to show the modified electronic edit mode is based on linear record tape, normally only in editing order record, although into edit mode allows replacement has been recorded on magnetic tape sound or images, but required to replace the clips and tapes replaced clips at the same time, and not to add or delete, can't change the length of the program. For programs of this modification is very inconvenient, because any a TV, a TV program from samples to finalized often after a lot of editing. In the programmed production an important problem is the counterpart of the mother with the wear and tear. The essence of linear edit mode is the original material copied to another process on the tape. Because the signal is mainly analog video in linear editing system, when we were in the edit and take copy of signal in transmission vulnerable to external disturbance and editing process, resulting in loss of signal. On the basis of the previous edition, each version can cause the decrease of the quality of the image editor, or make a stunt there will be a loss of signal. Heavily damaged video recorder, tape is easy to damage. Edit a few minutes of TV, should choose to hundreds or even thousands of cameras, video search edit back and forth, make the VCR mechanical wear serious, VCR operation strength, and shorten service life. Other record tape shortcomings exposed constantly too, such as tensile deformation, distortion, brittle, magnetic and scratches will affect the quality of the tape. System structure is complex, operability is relatively lower. Linear editing system connection is complex, there are many different kinds of equipment and equipment performance is uneven, different indicators, when they connected together, can cause large attenuation of the video signal. In addition, a lot of equipment used at the same time, has left many operators, operating process is complex, and operability is relatively lower. Because of this, with the development of new technology, a new concept of audio and video production and the corresponding hardware equipment non-linear editing arises at the historic moment. 4 Correct selection of film post-production editing mode Everything is relative, linear editing and nonlinear editing each have characteristics, each has advantages, both in the film and television post-production is be short of one cannot. If you want to do the film and television post-production, must according to the requirements of the film and television program production, choose the right means of editing. First, in the film and television commercials and documentaries, project opening is given priority to with nonlinear editing is suitable for production. Because, in the film and television advertising films need a lot of use multilayer superposition of images, motion, transparent, fast and slow motion picture, subtitles special processing, 3D, such as processing color, animation effect. In the documentary, project opening production, in addition to the application of special effects, but also the introduction of the extensive use of longer than 5 seconds. Using the nonlinear editing system to deal with these effects will be easier. Secondly, in the newsreel is used in the production of traditional linear editing suit. In order to increase the amount of information, TV news generally requires each lens length less than 5 seconds, and newsreel is rarely used special effects, most of the content is like a lens directly. Commonly used linear editing component connection, in which editors’ newsreel, can reduce the loss in the process of signal transmission, in order to better ensure the quality of programs. Again, straight at the scene, live shows, entertainment, live classroom situation, general is given priority to with using linear editing system equipment. The record straight, the nature of the live recording the response speed of the equipment is very timely, especially live, can't stop once I start, can only be a success, not appear a little mistake, otherwise we are lost. In such cases, using traditional linear editing system is perfect. But in live sports match, because of the need to repeat some wonderful, special, two edit mode should be used at the same time, in a linear editing is given priority to with nonlinear editing system, in this way can both cooperate with each other very well meet the needs of some special. 译文 影视后期制作与编辑研究 Bird D 摘要 影视后期制作是文字、声音、画面等多种视听手段结合起来的高度综合创作, 是影视节目生产的最后一道工序,制作水平的高低直接关系到节目的质量,以下就 起发展的历程、特点、注意的地方来谈谈影视的后期制作。在影视制作发展过程 中，影视的后期制作与编辑与前期制作同等重要。要想做好影视后期制作，必须 根据影视节目的制作要求，选用合适的编辑方式。 关键词:影视;后期制作;编辑 1 引言 从好莱坞创造的幻想世界，到电视新闻所关注的现实生活，再到铺天盖地的 广告，无一不影响着我们的生活。过去，影视节目的制作是专业人员的工作，对 大众来说是一无所知。十几年来，数字技术全面进入影视制作过程，计算机逐步 取代了许多原有的影视设备，并在影视制作的各个环节发挥了重大作用。影视制 作使用的一直是价格极端昂贵的专业硬件和软件，非专业人员很难见到这些设 备，更不用说熟练使用这些工具来制作自己的作品了。随着 PC 性能的显著提 高，价格的不断降低，影视制作从以前专业的硬件设备逐渐向 pc 平台上转移， 原先身份极高的专业软件也逐步移植到平台上，价格也日益大众化。同时影视制 作的应用也从专业影视制作扩大到电脑游戏、多媒体、网络、家庭娱乐等更为广 阔的领域。许多在这些行业的做作业人员与大量的影视爱好者们，现在都可以利 用自己手中的电脑，来制作自己的影视节目。数字非线性编辑不仅综合了传统电影和电视编辑的优点，还对其进行了进一步发展，是影视剪辑技术的重大进步。从 80 年代开始，数字非线性编辑在电影制作中逐步取代了传统方式，成为电影剪辑的方法。随着影视制作技术的迅速发展，后期制作又肩负起了一个非常重要的职责:特技镜头的制作。特技镜头是指通过直接拍摄无法得到的镜头。早期的影视特技大多是通过模型制作、特技摄影、光学合成等等传统手段完成的，主要在拍摄阶段和洗印过程中完成。计算机的使用为特技制作提供了更多更好的手段，也使许多过去必须使用模型和摄影手段完成的特技可以通过计算机制作完成，所以更多的特技效果就成为了后期制作的工作。特效镜头的制作—特效镜头是指拍摄无法直接得到的镜头。早期的影视广告影视特效大多是通过模型制作、特殊摄影、光学合成等传统手段完成的，主要在拍摄及冲印的阶段中完成。计算机数字的使用为特效制作提供了更好更多的手段，也使许多过去必须使用模型和摄影技术完成的特效可以透过计算机科技来制作完成，所以更多的特殊效果就成为了后期制作的工作。从以上分析可以看出 , 线性编辑和非线性编辑各有特点 , 在影视节目的后期编辑中两者是缺一不可的 , 为了做好影视节目的后期编辑 , 需要根据节目的制作要求 , 结合两种编辑方式的特点 , 选用合适的编辑方式。 2 影视后期制作技术的发展 20世纪90年代初期,加拿大、美国等发达国家利用计算机技术、多媒体技术与影视制作相结合,最终取得成功,推出了桌面编辑演播室,即今天的视音频非线性编辑工作站。非线性编辑(Nonlinear Edit)是传统设备同计算机技术结合的产物,它利用计算机数字化记录所有存储的数字化文件反复更新和编辑视频节目。使得任何片断都可以立即观看并随时任意修改,用这种方法可以尽可能高效率的完成“原始编辑”,如剪辑、切换、镜头特技转换等,再由计算机完成数字视频的编辑,并将生成的完整视频回放到视频监视设备或转移到录像带上。从本质上讲,这种技术提供了一种方便、快捷、高效的电视编辑方法。今天,非线性编辑已经成为电影电视制作后期编辑的一个重要手段。同样,线性编辑也是另一种重要的编辑方式。所谓线性编辑,实际上就是通过录像机一对一或者二队一的台式编辑,录像机将母带上的素材通过电———电复制在另一台录像机上完成第二版复制,这中间完成的诸如出入点设置、转场等都是模拟信号转模拟信号,由于一旦转换完成就 记录成为了磁迹,所以无法随意修改,一旦需要中间插入新的素材或改变某个镜头的长度,整个后面的就全得重新制作。非线性编辑是相对于线性编辑而言的。他们两者都是影视制作后期编辑的重要手段。在非线性编辑没有出现以前,线性编辑在影视制作后期编辑中起着绝对重要的作用,而现在形成了两者共同在影视制作后期编辑中交相辉映,它们两者有着各自的特点和优势。线性编辑和非线性编辑之间有着非常密切的关系,线性编辑可以说是非线性编辑的前身,首先,在基本观念和艺术理念上,线性编辑和非线性编辑是一模一样的,而这正是后期制作的核心所在。其次,许多专业概念和专业术语,两者也相同。比如著名的非线性编辑软件Speed Razor Pro的用户手册中全市“色键”、“亮键”、“下游键”等线性编辑的概念,甚至整本手册就是按线性编辑中高级特技机的功能来写的。由此就能看出两者之间的密切关系。 3影视后期制作与编辑的特点 经过几十年的发展,线性编辑技术已非常成熟,其使用编放机、编录机、控制器直接对录像带素材进行操作,操作界面直观、简洁、简单,使用组合编辑、插入编辑,图像和声音可分别进行编辑,再配上字幕机、特技器、时基校正器等,就能充分满足节目制作的需要,完成镜头的组接、技巧的组接、出入点的设置、字幕和图形的叠加、音响效果和音乐配加等后期制作。线性编辑系统是以磁带为记录载体,节目信号按时间线性排列,在寻找素材时录像机需要进行卷带搜索,只能在一维的时间轴上按照镜头的顺序一段一段地搜索,不能跳跃进行,素材的选择很费时间。难于进行节目的修改电子编辑方式是以磁带的线性记录为基础的,一般只能按编辑顺序记录,虽然插入编辑方式允许替换已录磁带上的声音或图像,但要求要替换的片断和磁带上被替换的片断时间一致,而不能进行增删,不能改变节目的长度。这样,对节目的修改就非常不方便,因为任何一部电视片、一个电视节目从样片到定稿往往要经过多次编辑。节目制作中一个重要的问题就是母带的翻版磨损。线性编辑方式的实质是将原素材复制到另一盘磁带上的过程。由于线性编辑系统中的信号主要是模拟视频,当我们在进行编辑及多带复制时,信号在传输和编辑过程中容易受到外部干扰,造成信号的损失。在前一版的基础上,每编辑一版都会引起图像质量下降,或每做一次特技就会有一次信号损失。录像机磨损严重,磁带容易受损。编辑一部几十分钟的电视片,要选择几百个甚至上千个镜头,录像机 来回搜索反复编辑,使录像机机械磨损严重,录像机操作强度大,寿命减短。另外记录磁带的缺点也不断暴露出来,例如拉伸变形、扭曲、变脆、掉磁以及划伤等都会影响磁带质量。系统构成复杂,可操作性相对降低。线性编辑系统连线复杂,设备种类繁多,设备性能参差不齐,指标各异,当它们连接在一起时,会对视频信号造成较大的衰减。另外,大量的设备同时使用,使得操作人员众多,操作过程复杂,可操作性相对降低。正因为如此,随着新技术的发展,一种全新的音视频制作观念以及相应的硬件设备———非线性编辑应运而生了。 4 正确选用影视后期制作的编辑方式 任何事物都是相对的，线性编辑和非线性编辑各有特点，各有优势，在影视后期制作中两者都是缺一不可的。要想做好影视后期制作，必须根据影视节目的制作要求，选用合适的编辑方式。首先，在影视广告片和纪录片、专题片头的制作中以非线性编辑为主比较适合。因为，在影视广告片中，需要大量使用多层画面的叠加、运动、透明，画面的快、慢动作，字幕的特殊处理，三维颜色、动画的特殊处理等效果;在纪录片、专题片头的制作中，除了要应用特技效果外，还要大量使用长于5秒的引入镜头。运用非线性编辑系统处理这些效果会比较容易一点。其次，在新闻片的制作中使用传统的线性编辑比较适合。为了增加信息量，电视新闻一般都会要求每个镜头的长度少于5秒，而且新闻片很少使用特技效果，大部分内容都是镜头的直接组接。线性编辑一般采用分量连接，采用此种方式编辑新闻片，可以减少信号传输过程中的损耗，以更好地保证节目质量。再次，在现场直录、现场直播的访谈节目、娱乐节目、直播课堂等场合，一般以使用线性编辑系统设备为主。现场直录、现场直播的性质要求录制设备的响应速度非常及时，尤其是现场直播，一旦开始就不能停下来，只能一次成功，中途不能出现一丁点的差错，否则就前功尽弃。在这样的情况下，用传统的线性编辑系统是再合适不过的了。但是在现场直播的体育比赛中，由于需要重复某些精彩的、特殊的镜头，应该同时使用两种编辑方式，以线性编辑为主辅以非线性编辑系统，这样两者相互配合才能很好地满足某些特殊的需要。