办理幼儿园营业执照大概需要多少钱？

天一文化教育集团·锐志文化2009专升本串讲复习资料密押版 2009年河南省普通高等学校 选拔优秀专科毕业生进入本科阶段学习考试 考前复习资料·公共英语-阅读理解 There are many shops in Singapore where customers still bargain, although prices are clearly shown on the goods. There is nothing out of the ordinary in haggling; some shopkeepers expect you to and will be surprised if you accept their prices immediately. We know that the prices in some stores are a bit higher than those in Change Alley, but we also realize that to keep a store like Robinson's is by no means cheap. Besides, in such places we shop in air-condition (空调) comfort. For all these, we pay a little extra. It is not always true to say that things in Change Alley cost less. I once bought a Czechoslo- vakian glass butter-dish from Robinson's for a little under two dollars. I then went on to Change Alley and just by chance saw an article of the same shape, design and size, in one of the shops. I then asked about its price, and was surprised when the man demanded more than four dollars for it. "How much can you offer?" he shouted at me. I offered him exactly the same price I paid for the article and his reply was shockingly rude (粗鲁). I opened my bag, showed him my receipt, stared at him and walked out of his shop. A buyer in England expects to find the price of goods clearly shown, or, to be told exactly what the price is. He knows this is the lowest price that will be accepted. If he thinks the price is beyond what he can afford, he shrugs ( 耸耸) his shoulders and walks away. He does not attempt to bargain with the shopkeeper. Even if he showed annoyance or surprise, he would expect to be to that if the price was unacceptable, he should try elsewhere. 1. The underlined word "haggling" (line 2, para. 1 ) in the text most probably means ________. A. accepting the prices immediately B. fixing the right cost for some goods C. arguing about the price of something D. paying extra for comfortable shopping 2. We can learn from the text that Robinson’s is a store which sells A. expensive goods B. air-conditioners C. Czechoslovakian goods D. goods at a bargain price 3. The writer asked about the price of a glass butter-dish in Change Alley because he wanted to ________. A. buy it at a lower price B. change his dish for something else C. find out if the shop assistant is polite D. compare the prices of the dish in two stores 4. Which of the following words best describes tile feeling of a British customer when" he shrugs his shoulders and walks away" ( line 3, para. 3 ) ? A. Frightened. B. Worded. C. Annoyed. D. Disappointed. 5. What would probably happen if a customer does bargain with a shopkeeper in England? A. The customer would be advised to shop in other stores. B. The customer would get the goods at a lower price. 第 1 页共33 页 C. They would discuss and then reach an agreement. D. They would quarrel about the price of the goods. 答案: 1. C 2. A 3. A 4. D 5. A Some people argue that the pressure on international sportsmen and sportswomen kills the essence of sport ---- the pursuit of personal excellence. Children kick a football around for fun. When they get older and play for local school teams, they become competitive but they still enjoy playing. The individual representing his country cannot afford to think about enjoying himself, he has to think only about winning. He is responsible for entire nation's hopes, dreams and reputation. A good example is the football World Cup. Football is third world's most important sport. Winning the World Cup is perhaps the summit of international sporting success. Mention Argentina to someone and the chances are that he' 11 think of football. In a sense, winning the World Cup put Argentina on the map. Sports fans and supporters get quite unreasonable about the World Cup. People in England felt that their country was somehow important after they won in 1966. Last year thousands of Scots sold their cars, and even their houses, and spent all their money traveling to Argentina, where the finals were played. So, am I arguing that international competition kills the idea of sport? Certainly not! Do the Argentinean really believe that because eleven of their men proved the most skillful at football, their nation is in every way better than all others? Not really. But it's nice to know that you won and that in one way at least your country is the best. 1. What is the author' s main purpose in the passage? A. To explain the role of sport. B. To compare Scotland with Argentina. C. To show that Argentina is better than all others. D. To prove that football is the world' s most important sport. 2. In the second paragraph, the word "summit" means _______________ . A. award B. summary C. highest point D. mountain top 3. According to the passage, Argentina is world-famous because of its ______________. A. obvious position on the map B. successes in the football World Cup C. excellence at most important sports D. large number of sports fans and supporters 4. According to the passage, if a sportsman only thinks about winning, he will _____________. A. fail to succeed B. lose enjoyment C. be successful D. be unreasonable 5. What is the author's attitude towards international games? A. Nations that meet on a football field are unlikely to meet on a battlefield. B. Nations that win the football World Cup are regarded as best in all aspects. C. Nations that win in international games prove the best on the sports field at least. D. Nations that give much attention to international competitions are world-famous in many ways. 答案: 1. A 2.C 3.B 4.B 5.C At the first sight the planet Mars does not appear very welcome to any kind of life. It has very little oxygen and water, the temperature at night is below -50°C and winds of 100 miles per hour cause severe dust storms. However, the surface of the planet seems to show that water flowed across it some time in the past, and it is believed that there is enough ice at the poles to cover the planet with water if it melts. Although there is no life on the Mars now, some scientists think that there may have been some form of life long time ago. At that time, the planet had active volcanoes; the atmosphere was thicker and warmer; and there was water. In fact, in some ways the Mars may have been similar to the Earth, where life exists. Some people believe that the Mars could support life in the future if the right conditions were produced. The first step would be to warm the planet using certain gases which trap the Sun's heat in the planet's atmosphere. With warmth, water and carbon dioxide(二氧化碳), simple plants could begin to grow. These plants could slowly make the Mars more suitable for living. It is estimated that the whole process might take between 100,000 and 200,000 years. In the meantime, people could begin to live on the planet in special closed environments. They would provide a lot of useful information about conditions on the Mars and the problems connected with living there. 1. Some scientists think there may have been life on the Mars in the past because _______________. A. there is no life there now B. there is a large amount of water at the poles C. the Mars may be able to support life in the future D. conditions may have been similar to those on the Earth 2. There could be life on the Mars in the future if________________. A. it supported life in the past B. certain gases are used to cool the planet C. the atmosphere can be heated enough to grow simple plants D. the planet's volcanoes become as active as they were in the past 3. People may be able to live on the Mars _________________. A. within the next 200,000 years B. only 200,000 years from now C. only 150,000 years from now D. as soon as the planet becomes cool enough 4. The author's attitude towards the possibility of life on the Mars in the future is ____________. A. doubtful B. positive C. negative D. uninterested 5. Which is the best title for this passage? A. The Possibility of Life on the Mars B. Future Conditions on the Mars C. The Mars and the Earth D. A Study of the Climate of the Mars 答案: 1. D 2. C 3. A 4. B 4. A Passage One Sport is not only physically challenging, but it can also be mentally challenging. Criticism from coaches, parents, and other teammates, as well as pressure to win can create an excessive amount of anxiety or stress for young athletes (运动员). Stress can be physical, emotional, or psychological and research has indicated that it can lead to burnout. Burnout has been described as dropping or quitting of an activity that was at one time enjoyable. The early years of development are critical years for learning about oneself. The sport setting is one where valuable experiences can take place. Y oung athletes can, for example, learn how to cooperate with others, make friends, and gain other social skills that will be used throughout their lives. Coaches and parents should be aware, at all times, that their feedback to youngsters can greatly affect their children. Y oungsters may take their parents' and coaches' criticisms to heart and find a flaw(缺陷) in themselves. Coaches and parents should also be cautious that youth sport participation does not become work for children. The outcome of the game should not be more important than the process of learning the sport and other life lessons. In today's youth sport setting, young athletes may be worrying more about who will win instead of enjoying themselves and the sport. Following a game many parents and coaches focus on the outcome and find fault with youngsters' performances. Positive reinforcement should be provided regardless of the outcome. Research indicates that positive reinforcement motivates and has a greater effect on learning than criticism. Again, criticism can create high levels of stress, which can lead to burnout 1. An effective way to prevent the burnout of young athletes is___________________. A. to reduce their mental stress B. to increase their sense of success C. to make sports less competitive D. to make sports more challenging 2. According to the passage sport is positive for young people in that___________________. A. it can help them learn mom about society B. it enables them to find flaws in themselves C. it can provide them with valuable experiences D. it teaches them how to set realistic goals for themselves 3. Many coaches and parents are in the habit of criticizing young athletes________________. A. believing that criticism is beneficial for their early development B. without realizing criticism may destroy their self-confidence C. in order to make them remember life's lessons D. so as to put more pressure on them 4. According the passage parents and coaches should__________________. A. pay more attention to letting children enjoy sports B. help children to win every game C. train children to cope with stress D. enable children to understand the positive aspect of sports 5. The author's purpose in writing the passage is __________________. A. to teach young athletes how to avoid burnout B. to persuade young children not to worry about criticism C. to stress the importance of positive reinforcement to children D. to discuss the skill of combining criticism with encouragement 答案: 1. A 2. C 3. B 4. A 5. C Most cities and/or states in the U. S. collect a sales tax on almost everything you buy. Y ou must ask when you move into a new community how much the local sales tax is, and what items are and are not taxable. Both taxable items and the amount of tax vary considerably from place, from one of two percent in some places up to eight or ten in others. The New Y ork City sales tax, for examples, is currently 8%, so if you buy a pair of $ 40 shoes you will actually have to pay $ 43.20. This makes paying and getting correct change much more difficult (not to mention making everything more expensive). We say in America that only two things in life are unavoidable: one is death and the other taxes. Another thing that makes money exchanges more complicated is tipping. The Chinese people have happily put an end to tipping, but Westerners are still plagued with this indignity. Waiters and waitresses, cab drivers, hotel bellboys, barbers and hairdressers and all sorts of other people must be tipped. Their employers give them low wages because it is expected that you, the customer, will make up the difference. If you don't, the service person can't earn a living. Tipping also varies from place to place, generally in the area of 15% of your bill (before taxes), but again you should ask local residents whom to tip and how much. There is another kind of tipping as well. Y ou are generally expected to give something (either cash or a bottle of whisky) to the mailman and to your building "super" at Christmas time. Y ou should discuss this also with neighbors and colleagues. 1. The main idea of this passage is ______________. A. shopping and tipping B. sales and shopping C. sales taxes and tipping D. sales taxes and people 2. According to the passage, if you buy a pair of $ 50 shoes in the New Y ork City, you pay extra ____________as sales tax. A. $4.5 B. $4 C. $5 D. $5.5 3. Usually, cab drivers _________________. A. get high wages from the employer B. get great benefits from the employer C. get low wages from the employer D. get high bonus from the employer 4. According to the passage, which of the following statements is true? A. The Chinese people have to pay tips in western countries. B. The westerners don't have to pay high tips in their own country. C. Barbers, hotel bellboys and all sorts of other people can earn a living if they are not tipped. D. Tipping varies from place to place, generally in the area of 20% of your bill. 5. Usually, taxable items and the amount of tax _________________. A. have no difference from place to place in the U. S. B. are over 15% in the U. S. C. have been put an end in the U. S. D. vary from place to place in the U. S. 答案:1. C 2. B 3. C 4. A 5. D In 1993, New Y ork State ordered stores to charge a deposit on beverage (饮料) containers. Within a year, consumers had returned millions of aluminum cans and glass and plastic bottles. Plenty of companies were eager to accept the aluminum and glass as raw materials for new products, but be- cause few could figure out what to do with the plastic, much of it would be buried in landfills(垃圾填埋场). The problem was not limited to New Y ork. Unfortunately, there were too few uses for second hand plastic. Today, one out of five plastic soda bottles is recycled in the United States. The reason for the change is that now there are dozens of companies across the country buying discarded plastic soda bottles and turning them in- to fence posts, paint brushes, etc. As the New Y ork experience shows, recycling involves more than simply separating valuable materials from the rest of the rubbish. A discard re- mains a discard until somebody figures out how to give it a second life--and until economic arrangements exist to give that second life value. Without ad- equate markets to absorb materials collected for recycling, throwaways actually depress prices for used materials. Shrinking landfill space, and rising costs for burying and burning rubbish are forcing local governments to look more closely at recycling. In many areas, the East Coast especially, recycling is already the least expensive waste management option. For every ton of waste recycled, a city avoids paying for its disposal, which, in parts of New Y ork, amounts to savings of more than $100 per ton. Recycling also stimulates the local economy by creating jobs and trims the pollution control and energy costs of industries that make recycled products by giving them a more refined raw material. 46. What regulation was issued by New Y ork State concerning beverage containers? A. Beverage companies should be responsible for collecting and reusing discarded plastic soda bottles. B. Throwaways should be collected by the state for recycling. C. A fee should be charged on used containers for recycling. D. Consumers had to pay for beverage containers and could get their money back on returning them. 47. The returned plastic bottles in New Y ork used to_______________. A. end up somewhere underground B. be turned into raw materials C. have a second life value D. be separated from other rubbish 48. The key problem in dealing with returned plastic beverage containers is______________. A. to sell them at a profitable price B. how to turn them into useful things C. how to reduce their recycling costs D. to lower the prices for used materials 49. Recycling has become the first choice for the disposal of rubbish because______________. A. local governments find it easy to manage B. recycling has great appeal for the jobless C. recycling causes little pollution D. other methods are more expensive 50. It can be concluded from the passage that__________________. A. rubbish is a potential remedy for the shortage of raw materials B. local governments in the U.S. can expect big profits from recycling C. recycling is to be recommended both economically and environmentally D. landfills will still be widely used for waste disposal 答案 1. D 2. A 3. B 4. D 5. C Crime in the cities has had more publicity(宣扬)than crime in the suburbs, but in recent years many of the suburbs have found their crime rates increasing faster than those of the cities. One crime prevention aid is the Neighborhood Watch Program started five years ago and is sponsored by the National Sheriffs' Association. The aim is to get people to watch out for their neighbors. They are asked to be alert for any unusual activity, such as strangers who may be bringing since out of a house to an unfamiliar waiting vehicle. V andalism(破坏行为)is also a target of the program. Children are matchless likely to run around with spray cans if they know that neighbors are alert and that they will probably be caught. The programmer should fit the specific neighborhood and be done with the knowledge and cooperation of the sheriff's office and the police department. So far, 2 300 programs have been set up with at least one in every state in the union. In some cases, neighborhood block clubs have been established to give is instructions. A National Neighborhood Watch Program has been set up, including one and one-half to seven million citizens at a federal government cost of 5 cents to 22 cents per person. The national office supplies Sheriffs and local office departments with program materials, crime prevention literature, and ideas on making homes more secure. Statistics show that this system works and is working better all the time. 1. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A. There has been as much crime in the cities as in the suburbs. B. Crime increase at the same rate in both the cities and the suburbs. C. Crime rates increase more slowly in the cities than in the suburbs. D. There have been higher crime rates in the suburbs than in the cities. 2. Which of the following activities is NOT affected by the Neighborhood Watch Program? A. Neighbors quarrel with each other. B. Strangers take things out of a house. C. Children run everywhere with spray cans. D. V andals walk around the neighborhood. 3. What is the purpose of the Neighborhood Watch Program? A. To replace the sheriff' and policeman's duties. B. To get the people together so they can become better friends. C. To make people less suspicious of their neighbors. D. To decrease the neighborhood crime rate. 4. How far has the program gone? A. The federal government assists in financing a National Neighborhood Watch Program. B. Many thousands of neighborhoods have organized them. C. It costs the government between 22 and 25 cents per person. D. Some states haven't become involved yet. 5. The national office contributes a lot to Neighborhood Watch Program including all the following actions except________________. A. providing program materials to local office departments B. supplying crime prevention literature C. spreading preventive ideas in order to make neighborhood more secure D. setting up clubs to give instructions 答案 1. C 2. A 3. D 4. A 5. D Passage One In only two decades Asian American have become the fastest-growing US minority. As their children began moving up through the nation's schools, it became clear that a new class of academic achievers was emerging. Their achievements are reflected in the nation's best universities, where mathematics, science and engineering departments have taken on a decidedly Asian character. This special liking for mathematics and science is partly explained by the fact that Asian-American students who began their education abroad arrived in the U. S. a solid grounding in mathematics but little or no knowledge of English. They are also influenced by the promise of a good job after college. Asians feel there will be less unfair treatment in areas like mathematics and science because they will be judged more immediate in something like engineering than with an arts degree. Most Asian-American students owe their success to the influence of parents who are determined that their children take full advantage of what the American educational system has to offer. An effective measure of parental attention is homework. Asian parents spend more time with their children than American parents do, and it helps. Many researchers also believe there is something in Asian culture that breeds success, such as ideals that stress family values and emphasize education. Both explanations for academic success worry Asian-Americans because of fears that they feed a typical racial image. Many can remember when Chinese, Japanese and Filipino immigrants were the victims of social isolation. Indeed, it was not until 1952 that laws were laid down giving all Asian immigrants the right to citizenship. 1. While making tremendous achievements at college, Asian-American students__________. A. feel they are mistreated because of limited knowledge of English B. are afraid that their academic successes bear a strong Asian character C. still worry about unfair treatment in society D. generally feel it a shame to have to depend on their parents 2. What are the major factors that determine the success of Asian Americans? A. A solid foundation in basic mathematics and Asian culture. B. Hard work and intelligence. C. Hard help and a limited knowledge of English. D. Asian culture and the American educational system. 3. Few Asian-American students major in human sciences mainly because_______________. A. their English is not good enough B. they are afraid they might meet with unfair judgment in these areas C. there is a wide difference between Asian and Western cultures D. they know little about American culture and society 4. Why do the two "explanations" (Para. 3) worry Asian Americans? A. They are afraid that they would again be isolated from American society in general. B. People would think that Asian students rely on their parents for success. C. Asian-Americans would be a threat to other minorities. D. American academic achievements have taken on too strong at Asian character. 5. The author's tone in this passage is___________________. A. sympathetic B. doubtful C. critical D. objective 答案 1. C 2. A 3. B 4. A 5. D For an increasing number of students at American universities, old is suddenly in. The reason is obvious: the graying of America means jobs. Coupled with the aging of the baby-boom generation, a longer life span means that the nation's elderly population is bound to expand significantly over the next 50 years. By 2050, 25 percent of all Americans will be older than 65, up from 14 percent in 1995. The change poses profound questions for government and society, of course. But it also creates career opportunities in medicine and health professions and in law and business as well. "In addition to the doctors, we're going to need more sociologists, biologists, urban planners and specialized lawyers," says Professor Edward Schneider of the University of Southern California's (USC. School of Gerontology(老年学). Lawyers can specialize in "elder law", which covers everything from trusts and estates to nursing-home abuse and age discrimination(歧视). Businessmen see huge opportunities in the eider market because the baby boomers, 74 million strong, are likely to be the wealthiest group of retirees in human history. "Any student who combines an expert knowledge in gerontology with, say, an MBA or law degree will have a license to print money," one professor says. Margarita Santos is a 21-year-old senior at USC. She began college as a biology major but found she was "really bored with bacteria". So she took a class in gerontology and discovered that she liked it. She says, "I did volunteer work in retirement homes and it was very satisfying." 1. "Old is suddenly in" (Para. 1) most probably means__________________. A. America has suddenly become a nation o5 old people B. gerontology has suddenly become popular C. more elderly professors are found on American campuses D. American colleges have realized the need of enrolling older students 2. With the aging of America, lawyers can benefit__________________. A. from the adoption of the "eider law" B. from rendering special services to the elderly C. by enriching their professional knowledge D. by winning the trust of the elderly to promote their own interests 3. Why can businessmen make money in the emerging elder market? A. Retirees are more generous in spending money. B. They can employ more gerontologists. C. The elderly possess an enormous purchasing power. D. There are more elderly people working than before. 4. Who can make big money in the new century according to the passage? A. Retirees who are business-minded. B. The volunteer workers in retirement homes. C. College graduates with an MBA or law degree. D. Professionals with a good knowledge of gerontology. 5. It can be seen from the passage that the expansion of America's elderly population______________. A. will provide good job opportunities in many areas B. will impose an unbearable burden on society C. may lead to nursing-home abuse and age discrimination D. will create new fields of study in universities 答案 1. B 2. A 3. A 4. D 5. A Normally a student must attend a certain number of courses in order to graduate, and each course which he attends gives him a credit which he may count towards a degree. In many American universities the total work for a degree consists of thirty-six courses each lasting for one semester. A typical course consists of three classes per week for fifteen weeks; while attending a university a student will probably attend four or five courses during each semester. Normally a student would expect to take four years attending two semesters each year. It is possible to spread to period of work for the degree over a longer period. It is also possible for a student to move between one university and another during his degree course, though this is not in fact done as a regular practice. For every course that he follows a student is given a grade, which is re- corded and available for the student to show to prospective employers. All this imposes a constant pressure and strain of work, but in spite of this some students still find time for great activity in student affairs. Elections to positions in student organizations arouse much enthusiasm. The effective work of maintaining discipline is usually performed by students who advise the academic authorities. Any student who is thought to have broken the rules, for example, by cheating, has to appear before a student court. With the enormous numbers of students, the operation of the system does involve a certain amount of activity. A student who has held one of these positions of authority is much respected and it will be of benefit to him later in his career. 1. Normally a student would at least attend _______________ classes each week. A. 36 B. 12 C. 20 D. 16 2. According to the first paragraph an American student is allowed______________. A. to live in a different university B. to take a particular course in a different university C. to live at home and drive to classes D. to get two degrees from two different universities 3. American university students are usually under pressure of work because________________. A. their academic performance will affect their future careers B. they are heavily involved in student affairs C. they have to observe university discipline D. they want to run for positions of authority 4. Some students are enthusiastic for positions in student organizations probably because ____________. A. they hate the constant pressure and strain of their study B. they will then be able to stay longer in the university C. such positions help them get better jobs D. such positions are usually well paid 5. The student organizations seem to be effective in__________________. A. dealing with the academic affairs of the university B. ensuring that the students observe university regulations C. evaluating students' performance by bringing them before a court D. keeping up the students' enthusiasm for social activities 答案 1. B 2. B 3. A 4. C 5. B Looking back on my childhood, I am convinced that naturalists are born and not made. Although we were all brought up in the same way, my brothers and sisters soon abandoned their pressed flowers and insects. Unlike them, I had no ear for music and languages. I was not an early reader and I could not do mental arithmetic. Before World War I we spent our summer holidays in Hungary. I have only the dim memory of the house we lived in, of my room and my toys. Nor do I recall clearly the large family of grand-parents, aunts, uncles and cousins who gathered next door. But I do have a crystal-clear memory of the dogs, the farm animals, the local birds and, above all, the insects. I am a naturalist, not a scientist. I have a strong love of the natural world, and my enthusiasm has led me into varied investigations. I love discussing my favorite topics and enjoy burning the midnight oil while reading about other people's observations and discoveries. Then something hap- pens that brings these observations together in my conscious mind. Suddenly you fancy you see the answer to the riddle (谜), because it all seems to fit together. This has resulted in my publishing 300 papers and books, which some might honor with the title of scientific research. But curiosity, a keen eye, a good memory and enjoyment of the animal and plant world do not make a scientist; one of the outstanding and essential qualities required is self-discipline, a quality 1 lack. A scientist requires not only self-discipline but hard training, determination and a goal. A scientist, up to a point, can be made. A naturalist is born. If you can combine the two, you get the best of both worlds. 1. The first paragraph tells us that the author_______________. A. was born to a naturalist's family B. lost his hearing when he was a child C. didn't like his brothers and sisters D. was interested in flowers and insects in his childhood 2. The author can't remember his relatives clearly because ______________. A. he didn't live very long with them B. he was fully occupied with observing nature C. he was too young when he lived with them D. the family was extremely large 3. It can be inferred from the passage that the author was _______________. A. no more than a born naturalist B. a naturalist but not a scientist C. a scientist as well as a naturalist D. first of all a scientist 4. The author says that he is a naturalist rather than a scientist probably because he thinks he___________. A. lacks some of the qualities required of a scientist B. has a great deal of trouble doing mental arithmetic C. just reads about other people's observations and discoveries D. comes up with solutions in a most natural way 5. According to the author, a born naturalist should first of all be ______________. A. full of ambition B. full of enthusiasm C. knowledgeable D. self-disciplined 答案 1. D 2. B 3. A 4. A 5. B Unit 1 Passage 4 In the same way that a child must be able to move his arms and legs before he can learn to walk, the child must physiologically be capable of producing and experiencing particular emotions before these emotions can be modified through learning. Psychologists have found that there are two basic processes by which learning takes place. One kind of learning is called "classical conditioning''. This occurs when one event or stimulus is consistently paired with or followed by, a re- ward or punishment. It is through classical conditioning that a child learns to associates his mother's face and voice with happiness and love, for he learns that this person provides food and comfort. Negative emotions are learned in a similar fashion. The second kind of learning is called "operant conditioning". This occurs when an individual learns to do things that produce rewards in his environment and learns not to do things that produce punishments. For example, if a mother always attends to her baby when he cries and cuddles him until he is quiet, she may teach him that if he cries he will get attention from mother. Thus, the baby will learn to increase his crying in order to have his mother more. Every day, we grow and have new experiences. We constantly learn by reading, watching television, interacting with other people, and so forth. This learning affects our emotions. Why is it that we learn to like some people and dislike others? If a person is nice to us, cares about us, we learn to associate this person with positive feelings, such as joy, happiness, and friendliness. On the other hand, if a person is mean to us, does not care about us, and even deliberately does things to harm us, we learn to associate this person with negative feelings, such as unhappiness, discomfort, and anger. 16. The author's main purpose in writing the passage is to____________. A. teach children how to learn to produce and experience certain emotions B. give the general reader an account of two basic kinds of learning C. give parents some advice on how to modify their children's emotions through learning D. discuss with psychologists how positive and negative feelings are produced 17. If your jokes often find a ready echo in a person, you will learn through ______________that telling jokes to this person is fun, and you will try with greater efforts to be humorous in his presence. A. classical conditioning B. neither of them C. operant conditioning D. some other sorts of conditioning 18. If a child is bitten or startled several times by a dog, he may learn to associate furry animals with pain or startle and thus develop a fear of furry animals. This is a typical example of learning through____________. A. classical conditioning B. both of them C. operant conditioning D. neither of them 19. In the third paragraph, the author is_____________. A. discussing how we grow and have new experiences every day B. talking about learning to modify emotions through operant conditioning C. concentrating on learning by reading, watching television, interacting with people, and so on D. using examples to further illustrate learning through classical conditioning 20. In the following paragraphs the author will most probably go on to discuss______________. A. definitions of positive feelings and negative feelings B. the third kind of learning C. further examples of learning through operant conditioning D. none of the above 参考答案 Passage 4 16.B 17. C 18.A19. D 20.C Unit 2 Passage 1 The view over a valley of a tiny village with thatched (草盖的) roof cottages around a church; a driver through a narrow village street lined with thatched cottages painted pink or white: the sight over the rolling hills of a pretty collection of thatched farm buildings -- these are still common sights in parts of England. Most people will agree that the thatched roof is an essential part of the attraction of the English countryside. Thatching is in fact the oldest of all the building crafts practiced in the British Isles (英伦诸岛). Although thatch has always been used for cottage and farm buildings, it was once used for castles and churches, too. Thatching is a solitary ( 英伦诸岛) craft, which often runs in families. The craft of thatching as it is practiced today has changed very little since the Middle Ages. Over 800 full-time thatchers are employed in England and Wales today, maintaining and renewing the old roofs as well as thatching newer houses. Many property owners choose thatch not only for its beauty but because they know it will keep them cool in summer and warm in winter. In fact, if we look at developing countries, over half the world lives under thatch, but they all do it different ways. People in developing countries are often reluctant to go back to traditional materials and would prefer modem buildings. However, they may lack the money to allow them to import the necessary materials. Their temporary mud huts with thatched roofs of wild grasses often only last six months. Thatch which has been done the British way lasts from twenty to sixty years, and is an effective defense against the heat. 1. Which of the following remains a unique feature of the English countryside? A. Narrow streets lined with pink or while houses. B. Rolling hills with pretty farm buildings. C. Cottages with thatched roofs. D. Churches with cottages around them. 2. What do we know about thatching as a craft? A. It is a collective activity. 13) It is practiced on farms all over England. C. It is quite different from what it used to be. D. It is in most cases handed down among family members. 3. Thatched houses are still preferred because of________________. A. their style and comfort B. their durability C. their easy maintenance D. their cheap and ready-made materials 4. People in developing countries also live under thatch because ______________. A. thatched cottages are a big tourist attraction B. thatched roof houses are the cheapest C. thatch is an effective defense against the heat D. they like thatched louses better than other buildings 5. We can learn from the passage that __________________. A. thatched cottages in England have been passed down from ancient times B. thatching is a building craft first creates by the English C. the English people have a special liking for thatched houses D. most thatched cottages in England are located on hillsides 参考答案 Passage 1 1. C 2. D 3. A 4. B 5. A Unit 3 Passage 1 Y ou are a German living in Berlin. One day you're walking down in a street minding your own business, when suddenly a stranger approaches with a smile on his face. After stopping you, he holds a small electronic device close to his face and speaks slowly into it, saying, in English: "Can you tell me where I can buy some sauerkraut?" What should you do? (a) Run away'; (b) Call the police; or, (c) Listen closely for the device to say, in German: "Konnen Sie mir bitte sagen, wo ich Sauerkraut kaufen kann?" The most appropriate response would be (c). because the person in front of you is only a tourist trying to enjoy himself. The device is said to be the world's first portable translator ----- a hand-held microcomputer that at the same time converts one spoken language into another. The four-pound, battery-operated product is called the V oice, and it is the creation of Advanced Products and Technologies, an American electronic company. When the V oice is introduced in the United States in late April ----- at a price of $1,500 -- it will be capable of converting spoken English into Italian, German, French and Spanish. The product comes with separate cartridges (盒式存贮器) for each of the four languages, which can be changed when the user travels from one country to another. The item will be sold in Europe soon after the U.S. introduction, with cartridges that convert Italian, German, French and Spanish into English. The voice uses a microchip (微型集成块) and artificial intelligence to translate languages. It is started by voice command and produces voice output through a built-in speaker. When the user makes a statement or asks a question, the V oice immediately repeats what has been said in another language. 1. The stranger holding the V oice seems to be____________. A. asking for some information B. greeting the German C. amusing himself D. practicing his German 2. The German sentence "konnen Sie...kann?" means_____________. A. "Why don't you ask the policeman?" B. "Would you listen closely for the device to say?" C. "Can you say it again, please?" D. "Can you tell me where I can buy some sauerkraut?" 3. The word "speaker" in the last paragraph refers to _____________. A. the person who speaks to the device B. a component part of the V oice C. the person who speaks German D. the speech produced by the V oice 4. Which of the following is NOT TRUE? A. The V oice is an invention of an electronics company. B. The V oice is a hand-held translator. C. The V oice is a new product in wide use. D. The V oice is mainly a microcomputer. 5. The V oice can translate________________. A. from German into any of the other four languages mentioned B. from and into English by using the same cartridge C. between any two of the above-mentioned languages D. from English into any of the other four languages or the other way round Passage 2 Real policemen, both in Britain and in the United States, hardly recognize any resemblance between their lives and what they see about themselves on TV. The first difference is that a policeman's real life revolves round the law. Most of his training is in criminal law. He has to know exactly what actions are crimes and what evidence can be used to prove them in court. He has to know nearly as much law as a professional lawyer. Most television crime drama is about finding the criminal. As soon as he is arrested, the story is over. In real life, finding criminals is seldom much of a problem. Except in very serious cases like murders and terrorist attacks where ----- failure to produce results will affect the reputation of the police ----- little effort is spent on searching. The police have an elaborate machinery which eventually shows up most wanted men. Having made an arrest, a detective really starts to work. He has to prove his case in court and to do that he often has to gather a lot of evidence. He will spend most of his working rife typing millions of words on thousands of forms about hundreds of people who arc guilty of crimes. A third big difference between the drama detective and the real one is the unpleasant moral twilight in which the real one lives. Detectives are subject to two opposing pressures: first as members of a police force they always have to behave with absolute legality; secondly, as expensive public servants they have to get results. They can hardly ever do both. Most of the time some of them have to break the rules in small ways. 6. It is essential for a policeman to be trained in criminal law so that he can _____________. A. arrest criminals in the street B. justify his arrests in court C. know as much law as a professional lawyer D. justify himself on TV 7. Only when very serious cases like murders and terrorist attacks occur, will the police ____________. A. show up their elaborate machinery B. fail to produce results C. spend a lot of effort in finding the criminals D. pay attention to their reputation 8. "Most wanted men" in the third paragraph refers to ________________. A. the most dangerous criminals B. most of the witnesses wanted C. the majority of those the police are searching for D. the men the police are most interested in arresting 9. The real detective lives in an unpleasant moral twilight because he ______________. A. is an expensive public servant B. often feels rather depressed C. is obliged to break the law in order to preserve it D. must always behave with absolute legality 10. Which of the following statements is true according to this passage? A. In real life, finding criminals is one of the policemen's greatest problems. B. The detective's work is over once the arrest has been done. C. The policeman spends a great deal of time finding evidence to support his arrests. D. The policeman devotes most of his working life to searching for criminals. Passage 4 In recent years many countries of the world have been faced with the problem of how to make their workers more productive. Some experts claim the answer is to make jobs more varied. But do more varied jobs lead to greater productivity? There is evidence to suggest that while variety certainly makes the worker's life more enjoyable, it does not actually make him work harder. As far as increasing productivity is concerned, then variety is not an important factor. Other experts feel that giving the worker freedom to do his job in his own way is important and there is no doubt that this is true. The problem is that this kind of freedom cannot easily be given in the modem factory with its complicated machinery which must be used in a fixed way. Thus while freedom of choice may be important, there is usually very little that can be done to create it. Another important consideration is how much each worker contributes to the product he is making. In most factories the worker sees only one small part of the product. Some car factories are now experimenting with having many small production lines rather than one large one, so that each worker contributes more to the production of the cars on his line, It would seem that not only is degree of worker contribution an important factor, therefore, but it is also one we can do something about. To what extent does more money lead to greater productivity? The workers themselves certainly think this important. But perhaps they want more money only because the work they do is so boring. Money just lets them enjoy their spare time more. A similar argument may explain demands for shorter working hours. Perhaps if we succeed in making their jobs more interesting, they will neither want more money, nor will shorter working hours be so important to them. 16. Which of these possible factors leading to greater productivity is not true? A. To make jobs more varied. B. To give the worker freedom to do his job in his own way. C. Degree of work contribution. D. Demands for longer working hours. 17. Why workers want more money? A. Because their jobs are too boring. B. In order to enjoy more spare time. C. To make their jobs more interesting. D. To demand shorter working hours. 18. The last sentence in this passage means that if we succeed in making workers' jobs more interesting______________. A. they will want more money B. they will demand shorter working hours C. more money and shorter working hours are important factors D. more money and shorter working hours will not be so important to them 19. In this passage, the author tells us ______________. A. how to make the workers more productive B. possible factors leading to greater efficiency C. to what extent more money leads to greater productivity D. how to make workers' jobs more interesting 20. The author of this passage is probably a _______________. A. teacher B. worker C. manager D. physicist 参考答案 Passage 1 1. C 2. D 3. B 4. C 5. D Passage 2 6.B 7.C 8.C 9.C 10. C Passage 4 16.D 17. A18.D 19. B 20.C Unit 4 Passage 4 During the Christmas shopping rush in London, a story was reported of a tramp (流浪者) who, apparently through no fault of his own, found himself locked in a well-known chain store late on Christmas Eve. No doubt the store was crowded with last-minute Christmas shoppers and the staff were dead beat and longing to get home. Presumably all the proper security checks were made be- fore the store was locked and they left to enjoy the three-day holiday untroubled by customers desperate to get last-minute Christmas presents. However that may be, our tramp found himself alone in the store and decided to make the best of it. There was food, drink, bedding and camping equipment, of which he made good use. There must also have been television sets and radios. Though it was not reported if he took advantage of these facilities, when the shop re-opened, he was discovered in bed with a large number of empty bottles beside him. He seems to have been a man of good humor and philosophic temperament -- as indeed tramps very commonly are. Everyone else was enjoying Christmas,so he saw no good reason why he should not do the same. He submitted (屈服), cheerful enough, to being taken away by the police. Perhaps he had had a better Christmas than usual. He was sent to prison for seven days. The judge awarded no compensation to the chain store for the food and drink our tramp had consumed. They had, in his opinion, already received valuable free publicity from the coverage the story received in the newspapers and on television. 16. The tramp was locked in the store ______________. A. through an error of his own B. due to the mistake of Christmas shoppers C. by accident D. through a trick of his l7. "The staff were dead beat" in the first paragraph means that they were_______________. A. wounded B. exhausted C. irritable D. forgetful 18. What did the tramp do after he had been locked in? A. He stole some expensive items from the store. B. He made himself at home. C. He kept himself in bed for 3 days. D. He had a Christmas party. 19. When the tramp was arrested, he_______________. A. gave good reasons to protect himself B. said a lot of humorous words C. felt rather sad D. seemed to be willing to be taken away 20. The judge did not award compensation to the chain store because he thought that __________. A. the tramp had stolen nothing of value B. the store had profited by the incident C. the tramp deserved a happy Christmas D. the store was responsible for what had happened 参考答案 Passage 4 16.C 17. B 18.B 19. D 20.B Unit 5 Passage 2 The outside world begins creeping into the school when the children reach the age of 13 and older, the age when they begin to make subject choices and when, according to a careers officer, they know if they're a scientific lot or more inclined to the arts'. The difficult part is bringing the outside world to life with all its opportunities and realities. Schools are handicapped because they are staffed by people who only know about schools. Careers services are heavily influenced by what is readily available in the area, which may be sausage-making(香肠制造) in Wiltshire of ship-building in Clydeside. Somewhere out in the world there are snail(蜗牛) geneticists(遗传学家) and landscape gardeners and girls who polish Elizabeth Taylor's diamonds, but the careers officer knows little of them. What he knows about is engineering and hairdressing and opportunities in the Army. It is not surprising that this constant friction between grand aspirations(抱负) and uninspired reality produces cynicism(玩世不恭,愤世嫉俗) in both parties. Wherever they work, sixteen and seventeen-year-olds can find themselves used as cheap labor, picking things up off floors, fetching and carrying. Some are paid a reasonable wage but it is quite possible to be paid only pocket-money. That's in the living-in jobs like hotel work. There is a small breakthrough of girls into traditionally male preserves like agriculture, but that may be because very few boys now would put up with the low wages. Most girls, despite women's liberation, head straight for hairdressing, nursing or office work and dream of being swept off their feet by the boss. 6. In what sense does the author say the outside world begins "creeping into schools" when children first make subject choices? A. Children begin to become interested in careers possibly open to them. B. Children know what they are good at, science or arts. C. Children start to make constant contact with careers officers. D. Children start to be concerned with what occupations they will be able to obtain. 7. The result of the present staffing arrangements in schools is ____________. A. teachers can concentrate on teaching B. schools can offer little help in finding career opportunities C. students are well prepared for whatever jobs they will get D. students leave school unqualified 8. According to the passage, the youth become cynical because______________. A. they feel they are misled by careers officers B. they can't accomplish in reality their strong desires to become scientists or to do something great C. what they learn at school is quite different from what they see in society D. they are treated unfairly in society 9. According to the author, some girls start to engage in agriculture _____________. A. because they think they can do what boys can do B. because they have no other alternatives C. because there lie new career opportunities D. because that's exactly what the Women's Liberation Movement advocates l 0. A suitable title for the passage might be ____________. A. The Gloomy Job Situation for the Y outh B. The Difficulties in Job Hunting for the Y outh C. The Disability of Careers Officers D. The Friction between Aspirations and Reality 参考答案 Passage 2 6.A7.B 8.B 9.D 10. B Unit 6 Passage 2 Television has changed the life style of people in every industrialized country in the world. In the United States, where sociologists have studied the effects, some interesting observations have been made. Television, although not essential, has become an important part of most peoples' lives. It alters peoples' ways of seeing the world; in many ways, it supports and sustains modern life. Television has become a baby-sitter, an introducer of conversations, the major transmitter or' culture, a keeper of tradition. Y et when what can be seen on TV in one day is critically analyzed, it be- c comes evident that television is not a teacher but a sustainer: the poor quality of programming does not elevate (提高) people into greater understanding, but rather maintains and encourages the life as it exists. The primary reason for the lack of quality in American television is related to both the history of TV programming development and the economics of TV. Television in America began with the radio. Radio companies and their sponsors first experimented with television. Therefore, the close relationship which the advertisers had with radio programs became the system for American TV. Sponsors not only paid money for time within programs, but many actually produced the programs. Thus, in American society, television is primarily concerned with reflecting and attracting society rather than experimenting with new ideas. Advertisers want to attract the largest viewing audience possible, to do so requires that the programs be entertaining rather than educational, attractive rather than challenging. Television in America today remains, to a large extent, with the same organization and standards as it had thirty years ago. The hope for further development and true achievement toward improving society will require a change in the entire system. 6. According to the author American television is poor in quality because ____________. A. advertisers are interested in experimenting with new ideas B. it is still at an early stage of development, compared with the radio C. the programs have to be developed in the interests of the sponsors for economic reasons D. it is controlled by radio companies 7. The second paragraph is mainly about ________________. A. TV as the sustainer of American life B. TV as the major transmitter of culture C. the educational effect of TV on society D. the strong influence and the poor quality of American TV 8. In the author's view American TV should_____________. A. be critical but entertaining B. be creative and educational C. change with the development of society D. attract as many viewers as possible 9. The author believes that television in the United States has become important to most people because____________. A. it promotes family unity B. it helps them develop their speaking ability C. it affects their life in many ways D. it challenges society 10. The author's attitude towards American television is A. critical B. praising C. doubtful D. sympathetic 参考答案 Passage 2 6.C 7.D 8.B 9.C 10. A Unit 7 While a new school term is about to begin, perhaps we should reconsider the matter of examinations. In July, two writers (Letters to the Editor) praised the cancellation of exams because they believe "tests don't tell the whole story." As a teacher who has worked in four countries, I have had the experience that a student who earns good marks is generally a good student, and that a student's final mark in a subject is usually a grade average of the year's work. Of course there are exceptions, but they do not have the frequency that would give an unfair picture of a student's ability. The simple fact is that proper class work, diligent exam studies and good marks are almost certain indicators or a student's future performance. The opposite, almost certainly, incompetence. There is no acceptable substitute for competition and examination of quality. How can teachers and future officials determine what a student has learned and remembered?. Should we simply take the student's word for it? Any institution that ''liberates" students from fair and formal exams is misguided, if not ignorant. And surely the "graduates" of such institutions will lack trustworthiness, not to mention being rejected by foreign universities for graduate or other studies. When all is said and done, I sense that a fear of failure and a fear of unpleasant comparisons with others is at the bottom of most ban-exams talk. Excellence and quality fear nothing. On the contrary, they seek competition and desire the satisfaction of being the best. 16. Which of the following will the author of this passage agree with? A. 'Tests are not effective in measuring the students' abilities. B. Tests are an effective measure of the students' abilities. C. Tests can only measure some of the students' abilities. D. Tests may not be useful for measuring students' abilities. 17. The two writers mentioned in the first paragraph ____________. A. opposed judging students by the results of exams B. must have proposed other ways of testing students C. regarded exams as a way of punishing students D. seemed to be worried about the poor marks of their students 18. According to the letter, a student's final mark ______________. A. is often encouraging B. often gives a fair picture of the year's work C. often proves unreliable D. often tells whether he likes the subject or not 19. If a student graduated from a university which does not require exams he would ____________. A. have to continue his studies B. have a feeling of failure C. be incompetent D. not be admitted by foreign institutions 20. According to the letter, those who dislike the idea of examinations are probably afraid of__________. A. competing with other students B. being graded unfairly C. working too hard D. being dismissed from school 参考答案 Passage 4 16.B 17. A18.B 19. D 20.A Unit 8 Large companies need a way to reach the saving of the public at large. The same problem, on a smaller scale, faces practically every company trying to develop new products and create new jobs. There can be little prospect of raising the sort of sums needed from friends and people we know, and while banks may agree to provide short-term finance, they are generally unwilling to provide money on a permanent basis for long-term projects. So companies turn to the' public, inviting people to lend them money, or take a share in the business in exchange for a share in future profits. This they do by issuing stocks and shares in the business through The Stock Exchange. By doing so they can put into circulation the saving of individuals and institutions, both at home and overseas. When the saver needs his money back, he does not have to go to the company with whom he originally placed it. Instead, he sells his shares through a stockbroker to some other saver who is seeking to invest his money. Many of the services needed both by industry and by each of us are provided by the Government or by local authorities. Without hospitals, roads, electricity, telephones, railways, this country could not function. All these require continuous spending on new equipment and new development if they are to serve us properly, requiring more money than is raised through taxes alone. The government, local authorities, and nationalized industries therefore frequently need to borrow money to finance major capital spending, and they, too, come to The Stock Exchange. There is hardly a man or woman in this country whose job or whose standard of living does not depend on the ability of his or her employers to raise money to finance new development. In one way or another, this new money must come from the savings of the country. The Stock Exchange exists to provide a channel through which these savings can reach those who need finance. 1. Almost all companies involved in new production and development must ___________. A. rely on their own financial resources B. persuade the banks to provide long-term finance C. borrow large sums of money from friends and people they know D. depend on the population as a whole for finance 2. The money which enables these companies to go ahead with their projects is____________. A. repaid to its original owners as soon as possible B. raised by the selling of shares in the companies C. exchanged for part ownership in The Stock Exchange D. invested in different companies on The Stock Exchange 3. When the savers want their money back they_____________. A. ask another company to obtain their money for them B. look for other people to borrow money from C. put their shares in the company back on the market D. transfer their money to more successful company 4. All the essential services on which we depend are_____________. A. run by the Government or our local authorities B. in constant need of financial support C. financed wholly by rates and taxes D. unable to provide for the needs of the population 5. The Stock Exchange makes it possible for the Government, local authorities and nationalized industries_____________. A. to borrow as much money as they wish B. to make certain everybody saves money C. to raise money to finance new developments D. to make certain everybody lends money to them Passage 2 As scientists learn more about the causes of earthquakes, they become better able to predict them. First of all, they know that quakes are likely to occur in areas where the tectonic plates (地层地壳板块) push against each other. They study these areas closely, using different instruments. They measure the vibrations of the earth with seismographs (地震仪), which record on rolls of paper all movements, both large and small. Scientists usually use the Richter scale (里希特震级仪) named after a famous seismologist (地震学家), for these measurements. When an earthquake measures over 4~5 on the Richter scale, it is strong enough to cause damage. Scientists have determined that an area is not likely to have a large earthquake when many small quakes have been occurring. When the small quakes stop, then pressure builds and a strong quake is more likely. There are several other ways to predict earthquakes. Scientists can measure the tiny changes in the tilt(倾斜) of the land that happen before earthquakes occur. Increases in the amount of radon(氡), a substance found in deep wells, as well as a higher level of water in the wells, can also mean that an earthquake is likely to occur. In addition, scientists have found that some animals, like dogs, behave strangely before an earthquake, they become nervous and howl(嚎叫). Seismologists have correctly predicted several earthquakes. In 1975, they said that an earthquake would occur in Liaoning Province, China, one month, and then one hour, before it happened. In 1978, Russian scientists predicted an earthquake in the Altai Mountains six hours before it occurred. However, not all earthquakes are predictable, and a system for predicting is not yet perfected. Nothing on this earth is certain. Although people who live in California and Japan live with the possibility of a serious quake, perhaps the next strong earthquake will occur somewhere outside the "Ring of Fire". 6. According to the information in Para. 1 seismograph is __ A. a computer like electronic instrument for predicting earthquakes B. a special instrument for recording and measuring the vibrations of the earth C. an instrument which seismologists use to make studies on the causes of earthquakes D. an instrument with which seismologists measure the pressure between tectonic plates 7. According to the passage, a large earthquake is most likely to occur in an area A. where a series of minor vibrations of the earth have been occurring B. that is within the "Ring of Fire" but does not see any vibration of the earth C. where many small vibrations of the earth have been occurring and then a calm period follows D. where tectonic plates fit into each other properly 8. The following signs that show the coming of an earthquake are mentioned in the passage EXCEPT that___________. A. the amount of radon in deep wells increases B. the earth gives off flashes of light C. the level of water in the wells rises D. some animals become nervous and behave strangely 9. According to the passage, the earthquake occurred in China's Liaoning Province in 1975 A. was twice predicted by seismologists B. took all the people in the area by surprise C. was followed by many small vibrations of the earth D. was correctly predicted by Russian seismologists 10. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage? A. Not all earthquakes are predictable although seismologists have correctly predicted some. B. Seismology was fully developed now and earthquake prediction is always reliable. C. No earthquake prediction is reliable since nothing on this earth is certain. D. A system for predicting the earthquake is perfected, but prediction is not always correct. Passage 4 A computer is a machine designed to perform work mathematically and to store and select in- formation that has been fed into it. It is run by either mechanical or electronic means. These machines can do a great deal of complicated work in a very short time. A large computer, for example, can add or subtract nine thousand times a second, multiply a thousand times a second, or divide five hundred times a second. Its percentage of error is about one in a billion digits. It has been estimated that human beings making calculations average about one mistake per two hundred digits. The heart of an electronic computer lies in its vacuum tubes, or transistors. Its electronic circuits work a thousand times faster than the nerve cells in the human brain. A problem that might take a human being two years to solve can be solved by a computer in one minute, but in order to work properly, a computer must be given instructions---- it must be programmed. Computers can be designed for many specialized purposes -- they can be used to prepare payrolls, guide airplane flights, direct traffic, even m play chess. Computers play an essential role in modem automation in many plants and factories throughout the world. 16. A computer is a machine designed to_______________. A. perform work mathematically B. perform complicated calculations C. store and select information D. all of the above 17. The selection calls the vacuum tubes the electronic computer's____________. A. nerve cells B. brain C. nervous system D. heart 18. The selection says that computers play an essential roles in ____________. A. automation processes B. mathematical computations C. traffic control D. the development of mathematical theory 19. The use of computers for specialized purposes depends on the ______________. A. design of computer B. power used to operate the computer C. difficulty of the mathematical calculations involved D. the ability of the programmer 20. The selection implies that human beings differ from computers in that human beings______________. A. make fewer errors B. do not have to be programmed C. work more quickly D. understand their instructions 参考答案 Passage 1 1. D 2. B 3. C 4. B 5. C Passage 2 6.B 7.C 8.B 9.A10. A Passage 4 16.D 17. D 18.A19. A20.B Unit 9 Passage 2 The "balance of nature" is not an empty phrase. Nature provides a population to occupy a suitable environment and cuts down surplus population to fit the available food supply. One means of reducing surplus population is predators(食肉动物); others are parasites(寄生虫) and diseases. Also, population density produces nervous disorders and even drives animals to mass migrations, like the lemmings(旅鼠) of Norway who plunge(跳入) into the sea. That predators populations increase to control other animals has long been known. Many years ago, the Hudson's Bay Company records revealed that the fox population went up and down about a year after the rabbit population had gone up and down. Sometimes a situation occurs in which the predators population is reduced to a level below that which nature can readily replace. On V alcour Island in Lake Champlain(New Y ork), a costly campaign resulted in the elimination of predatory animals only to have birds and small animals (including grouse(松鸡) and hares, popular game(猎物)) increase for four years afterward. Then lacking predator control, nature resorted to cut down these populations. Jamaica had an example of nature's persistence in providing animals for existing habits. Sugar planters, about 75 years ago, imported mongooses to control rats. ]'he mongooses killed off the rats and, with plentiful food, multiplied. Rats became scarce and the mongooses ate lambs, kids, puppies(小狗), and wildlife. Eventually, food became scarce and the mongoose’s population declined. 6. According to the article, the phrase "balance of nature" means _______________. A. the relation of wildlife to man B. the adequacy of the food supply to support its animal population C. the ratio of small game to predators D. the destruction of predators 7. The effect of predator control over other animal populations _______________. A. has just been learned C. is not important now B. is not recent knowledge D. was learned in Norway 8. When predators control is not available, nature brings animal population into balance by resorting to ________________. A. hunters B. diseases C. storms and flood D. forest fires 9. When the mongooses in Jamaica killed off the rats, they ___________________. A. quickly died for lack of food B. attacked humans C. became problems themselves D. ate the sugar crop 10. Implied but not stated:_____________________. A. Sugar planters imported mongooses to control rats B. Man should never tamper(损害) with nature C. To upset the balance of nature can be troublesome D. Man has complete control over nature 参考答案 Passage 2 6.B 7.B 8.B 9.C 10. C Unit 10 Passage 4 The United States is a country made up of many different races. Usually they are mixed together and can't be told one from another. But many of them still talk about where their ancestors came from. It is something they are proud of. The original Americans, of course, were the Indians. The so-called white men who then came were mostly from England. But many crone from other countries like Germany and France. One problem the United States has always had is discrimination. As new groups came to the United States they found they were discriminated against. First it was the Irish and Italians. Later it was the blacks. Almost every group has been able to eventually escape this discrimination. The only immigrants who have not are the blacks. Surprisingly enough the worst discrimination today is shown towards the Indians. One reason the Indians are discriminated against is that they have tried so hard to keep their identity. Of course they are not the only ones who have done so. The Japanese have their Little Tokyo in Los Angeles and the Chinese a Chinatown New Y ork. The Dutch settlement in Pennsylvania also stays separate from other people. Their towns are like something from the 19th century. They have a different reason than the other groups for staying apart. They live separately for religious reasons rather than keeping together in a racial group. Although some groups have kept themselves separate and others have been discriminated against, all groups have helped make the United States a great country. There is no group that has not helped in some way. And there is no group that can say they have done the most to make it a great country. Many people still come from other countries to help the United States grow. A good example is the American project that let a man walk on the moon. It was a scientist from Germany who was most responsible for doing that. It is certain that in the future the United States will still need tile help of people from all racial groups to remain a great country. 16. Which of the following statements can best describe the main idea of this passage? A. The United States is a country made up of many different races. B. Discrimination is the most serious problem in the United States. C. All the races in the United States have helped make the country a great one. D.The prosperity of the United States is mainly due to the hard work of the most discriminated races. 17. In the first paragraph, the word "told" means _______________. A. separated B. distinguished C. revealed D. made known 18. This passage implies that discrimination is a problem which ______________. A. many races in the United States have experienced B. is still very serious in the United States C. has already been solved in the United States D. is strongly opposed by many different races in the United States 19. The main reason why the Indians are most discriminated against is that ____________. A. they have tried hard to keep their religious B. they have tried hard to live together to keep their Indian customs C. they are the only ones who tried to keep their identity D. they discriminate many other races 20. The Dutch live separately in Pennsylvania_________________. A. to escape discrimination B. to enjoy themselves in their own towns C. to keep together in a racial group D. for religious reasons 参考答案 Passage 4 16.C 17. B 18.A19. B 20.D Unit 11 Passage 2 It is difficult to imagine what life would be like without memory. The meanings of thou- sands of everyday perceptions, the bases for the decisions we make and the roots of our habits and skills are to be found in our past experiences, which are brought into the present by memory. Memory can be defined as the capacity to keep information available for later use. It includes not only "remembering" things like arithmetic or historical facts, but also involves any change in the way an animal typically behaves. Memory is involved when a rat gives up eating grain because be has sniffed something suspicious in the grain pile. Memory is also involved when a six-year-old child learns to swing a baseball bat. Memory exists not only in humans and animals but also in some physical objects and machines. Computers, for example, contain devices for storing data for later use. It is interesting to compare the memory-storage capacity of a computer with that of a human being. The instant-access memory of a large computer may hold up to 100,000 "words"----- ready for instant use. An average U.S. teenager probably recognizes the meaning of about 100,000 words of English. However, this is but a fraction of the total amount of information which the teenager has stored. Consider, for ex- ample, the number of faces and places that the teenager can recognize on sight. The use of words is the basis of the advanced problem-solving intelligence of human beings. A large part of a person's memory is in terms of words and combinations of words. 6. According to the passage, memory is considered to be _________________. A. the basis for decision making and problem solving B. an ability to store experiences for future use C. an intelligence typically possessed by human beings D. the data mainly consisting of words and combinations of words 7. The comparison made between the memory capacity of a large computer and that of human being shows that______________. A. the computer's memory has a little bigger capacity than a teenager's B. the computer's memory capacity is much smaller than an adult human being's C. the computer's memory capacity is much smaller even than a teenager's D. both A. and B. 8. The whole passage implies that ___________________. A. only human beings have problem-solving intelligence B. a person's memory is different from a computer's in every respect C. animals are able to solve only very simple problems D. animals solve problems by instincts rather than intelligence 9. The phrase "in terms of" in the last sentence can best be replaced by________________. A. in connection with B. expressed by C. consisting D. by means of 10. The topic of the passage is ___________________. A. What would life be like without memory? B. Memory is of vital importance to life. C. How is a person's memory different from an animal's or a computer's? D. What is contained in memory? 参考答案 Passage 2 6.B 7.C 8.C 9.B 10. B Unit 12 Passage 1 Looking back on my childhood, I am convinced that naturalists are born and not made. Although we were all brought up in the same way, my brothers and sisters soon abandoned their pressed flowers and insects. Unlike them, I had no ear for music and languages. I was not an early reader and I could not do mental arithmetic. Before World War I we spent our summer holidays in Hungary. I have only the dim memory of the house we lived in, of my room and my toys. Nor do I recall clearly the large family of grand-parents, aunts, uncles and cousins who gathered next door. But I do have a crystal-clear memory of the dogs, the farm animals, the local birds and, above all, the insects. I am a naturalist, not a scientist. I have a strong love of the natural world, and my enthusiasm has led me into varied investigations. I love discussing my favorite topics and enjoy burning the midnight oil while reading about other people's observations and discoveries. Then something hap- pens that brings these observations together in my conscious mind. Suddenly you fancy you see the answer to the riddle (谜), because it all seems to fit together. This has resulted in my publishing 300 papers and books, which some might honor with the title of scientific research. But curiosity, a keen eye, a good memory and enjoyment of the animal and plant world do not make a scientist; one of the outstanding and essential qualities required is self-discipline, a quality 1 lack. A scientist requires not only self-discipline but hard training, determination and a goal. A scientist, up to a point, can be made. A naturalist is born. If you can combine the two, you get the best of both worlds. 1. The first paragraph tells us that the author_______________. A. was born to a naturalist's family B. lost his hearing when he was a child C. didn't like his brothers and sisters D. was interested in flowers and insects in his childhood 2. The author can't remember his relatives clearly because ______________. A. he didn't live very long with them B. he was fully occupied with observing nature C. he was too young when he lived with them D. the family was extremely large 3. It can be inferred from the passage that the author was _______________. A. no more than a born naturalist B. a naturalist but not a scientist C. a scientist as well as a naturalist D. first of all a scientist 4. The author says that he is a naturalist rather than a scientist probably because he thinks he___________. A. lacks some of the qualities required of a scientist B. has a great deal of trouble doing mental arithmetic C. just reads about other people's observations and discoveries D. comes up with solutions in a most natural way 5. According to the author, a born naturalist should first of all be ______________. A. full of ambition B. full of enthusiasm C. knowledgeable D. self-disciplined Passage 4 A subject which seems to have been insufficiently studied by doctors and psychologists is the influence of geography and climate on the psychological and physical health of mankind. There seems no doubt that the general character of the landscape, the relative length of day and night, and the climate must all play a big part in determining what kind of people we are. It is true that a few studies have been made. Where all the inhabitants of particular area enjoy exceptionally good or bad health, scientists have identified contributory factors such as the presence or absence of substances like iodine, fluoride, calcium, or iron in the water supply, or per- haps types of land that provide breeding places for pests like mosquitoes or rats. Moreover, we can all generalize about types of people we have met. Those living in countries with long dark winters are apt to be less talkative and less vivacious(活泼的) than inhabitants of countries where the climate is more equable(稳定). And where the olive and the orange grow, there the inhabitants are cheerful, talkative, and spontaneous. But these commonplace generalizations are inadequate: the influence of climate and geography should be studied in depth. Do all mountain dwellers live to a ripe old age? Does the drinking of wine, rather than beer, result in a sunny and open temperament? Is the strength and height of one of the Kenyan tribes due to their habitual drinking of the blood of cows ? We are not yet sure of the answers to such questions, but let us hope that something of benefit to mankind may eventually result from such studies. 16. _____________ might serve as a suitable title for this selection. A. The Importance of Geographical Environment B. The influence of Geographical Environment on Man C. Generalization of Types of People D. Geographical Environment, a Mysterious Subject 17. Using context clues we may infer that "iodine, fluoride, and calcium" are ___________. A. substances which act positively or negatively on man's health B. harmful substances in the Water supply C. substances which help provide breeding places for pests D. substances contributory to good health 18. We may infer from the third paragraph that geography and climate play an important role in determining the inhabitants'_____________. A. health condition B. personality C. life-span D. all of the above 19. According to the author, research into the influence of geography and climate should ____________. A. focus on some unknown aspects B. be pursued on a larger scale C. be carried out within a larger scope D. go much deeper 20. The author hopes that studies on the influence of geographical environment will enable us to____________. A. generalize better about types of people B. find better water supplies C. gain an insight into its influence on mankind D. live to a ripe old age 参考答案 Passage 1 1. D 2. B 3. A 4. A 5. B Passage 4 16.B 17. A18.B 19. D 20.C Unit 13 Passage 4 Canals existed in Egypt thousands of years ago. The great canal at Babylon was built about 2000 BC. The Grand Canal of China, which is over 900 miles long, was begun about 2500 years ago, and took centuries to finish. During the seventeenth century, France built many canals that are still in use today'. However, they are not so heavily traveled as they were a hundred years ago, before railways were built. One such canal is a short-cut between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean. Canals in Germany permit boats to go from the Black Sea to the North Sea. The Kiel Canal provides a passageway between tile North Sea and the Baltic. In America, the Great Lakes are all connected by canals, enabling ships to go from the Atlantic Ocean and the St. Lawrence River to Lake Superior. It is impossible to answer the question, "Who built the first canal?" Perhaps some people long ago, living in a dry country, discovered that they could dig ditches to irrigate their fields with river water. And, naturally, in the days when boats were the most important means of transport, canals were the easiest means of reaching a place that was not on a river. A canal joining two rivers proved both easy and time-saving for boat travel. Today, most countries in the world have canals. Even in the twentieth century, goods can move more cheaply by boat than by any other means of transport. Some canals, such as the Suez or the Panama, save ships weeks of time by making their voyage a thousand miles shorter. Other canals permit boats to reach cities that are not located on the coast. Still other canals drain lands where there is too much water, help to irrigate fields where there is not enough water, and furnish water power for factories and mills. 16. Which of the following pairs of places has not yet been connected by canal? A. The North Sea and the Black Sea. B. The Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. C. The North Sea and the Baltic. D. The Black Sea and the Baltic. 17. According to this passage, canals in Europe were built primarily for _____________. A. transport B. irrigation C. drainage D. electricity 18. It is implied in the passage that the first canal was probably built_____________. A. in China B. about 2000 B. C. C. for irrigation D. for boat travel 19. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE according to this passage? A. Boats travel faster in the canal than in the river. B. Canals make the voyage of ships shorter. C. Canals are still used for the delivery of goods. D. Canals provide a means of cheap transportation even today. 20. The main purpose of the author in writing this passage is most probably to___________. A. discuss the development of canals in the world B. introduce the history of important canals in the world C. illustrate the usefulness of canals D. suggest the necessity to make better use of canals 参考答案 Passage 4 16.D 17. A18.C 19. A20.C Unit 14 Passage 2 By 1970, according to a World Wildlife Fund report, only about 4,500 tigers survived throughout the world -- half of them in India. Mr. Foresters, who followed and counted tiger footprints, estimated that in May 1972 only about 1,800 tiger existed in India. Project Tiger supported by W.W.F. was immediately launched. Nine tiger reserves were created, with armed guards protecting them. The project provided opportunities for researchers from India and abroad to study tigers in the reserves and gather previously unavailable information about their habits. Studies show that a male tiger may control a hunting territory of between 10 and20 sq. kms. depending on its age, size and strength. The territory of a male includes the smaller territories of three or four tigresses. A tiger marks the boundaries of its territory' by spraying urine (尿) and other bodily liquids on bushes. But it tries to avoid territorial fights, being guided by the distinctive body smell of other tigers. Tigers fight to death only when a tigress is defending her young, or when a tiger is guarding a tigress from the attentions of other males. The popular image of the tiger is that of a merciless and unconquerable hunter. But studies show that it catches only one of 20 victims it tries to attack. Fears have recently developed that Project Tiger has been too successful. It has enabled the tiger population to double (by mid-80s) but India's human population has also grown out of control. Currently it is 750 million and likely to be 900 million by the end of the century. Land problem is becoming serious and many rural people feel bitter about the fact that some rich forests are reserved for tigers. A growing number of attacks by tigers on man has added to the hostility. 6. The ultimate aim of Project Tiger is to ______________. A. protect tigers from being killed B. study the growth rate of tigers C. promote the breeding of young tigers D. analyze the behavioral patterns of tigers 7. Studies have shown that_____________. A. a tigress never attacks until attacked B. the tigress is not as fierce as the tiger C. the tiger is not an efficient hunter as is commonly described D. a tiger usually fights another tiger to defend its own territory 8. According to the passage, a tiger's territory ______________. A. remains unchanged B. is often defended by tigresses C. is the cause of most fights D. expands as the tiger grows up 9. Some people are afraid that Project Tiger____________. A. has failed to achieve its goal B. has not received enough attention C. has been carried too far D. is not worth the money spent on it 10. The author seems_________________. A. to have a matter-of-fact attitude towards Project Tiger B. to be enthusiastic about Project Tiger C. to have a hostile attitude towards Project Tiger D. to be satisfied with Project Tiger 参考答案 Passage 2 6.A7.C 8.D 9.C 10. A Unit 15 Passage 1 Within fifteen years Britain and other nations should be well on with the building of huge industrial complexes for the recycling of waste. The word rubbish could lose its meaning because everything which goes into the dumps (垃圾堆) would be made into something useful. Even the most dangerous and unpleasant wastes would provide enemy if nothing else. The latest project is to take a city of around half a million inhabitants and discover exactly what raw materials go into it and what go out. The aim is to find out how much of these raw materials could be provided if a plant for recycling waste were built just outside the city. This plant would recycle not only metal such as steel, lead and copper, but also paper and rubber as well. Another new project is being set up to discover the best ways of sorting and separating the rubbish. When this project is complete, the rubbish will be processed like this: first, it will pass through sharp metal bars which will tear open the plastic bags in which rubbish is usually packed; then it will pass through a powerful fan to separate the lightest elements from the heavy solids, after that grounders and rollers will break up everything that can be broken. Finally, the rubbish will pass under magnets (磁铁), which will remove the bits of iron and steel; the rubber and plastic will then be sorted out in the final stage. The first full-scale giant recycling plants are, perhaps, fifteen years away. In-deed, with the growing cost of transporting rubbish to more distant dumps, some big cities will be forced to build their own recycling plants before long. 1. The phrase "be well on with..." (Para. 1 ) most probably means ______________. A. have completed what was started B. have achieved a great deal in C. got ready to start D. put an end to 2. What is NOT mentioned as a part of the recycling process described in Para.3? A. Sharpening metal bars. B. Breaking up whatever is breakable. C. Separating light elements from the heavy ones. D. Sorting out small pieces of metal. 3. What's the main reason for big cities to build their own recycling plants? A. To get big profits from those plants. B. To protect the environment from pollution. C. To get raw materials locally. D. To deal with wastes in a better way. 4. The first full-scale huge recycling plants _______________. A. will probably be in operation in fifteen years B. will probably take less than fifteen years to build C. will be built fifteen years later D. began to operate fifteen years ago 5. The passage is mainly about ________________. A. a cheap way to get energy B. new ways of recycling wastes C. the location of recycling plants D. the protection of city environment 参考答案 Passage 1 1. C 2. A 3. D 4. A 5. B