β-内酰胺酶抑制剂及其复合剂碳青霉烯类抗生素

β-内酰胺酶抑制剂及其复合剂碳青霉烯类抗生素 正确的抗感染思路3 第三节 β-内酰胺酶抑制剂及其复合剂 青霉素、头孢菌素等β-内酰胺类抗生素应用于临床后，随着细菌产生β-内酰胺酶降解抗生素而造成耐药，使临床疗效下降。近二十年，由于β-内酰胺酶抑制剂(以下简称酶抑制剂)的开发，使氨基青霉素、广谱青霉素、头孢哌酮等不耐酶的品种免受酶的降解，不仅增强对产酶菌的抗菌作用，而且扩大了抗菌谱，使酶抑制剂与β-内酰胺类抗生素的复合剂成为开发新抗生素的又一思路。 一(常用酶抑制剂 用于临床的酶抑制剂主要有舒巴坦(sulbactam)、克拉维酸(clavulanic acid)和他唑巴坦(tazobactam,三唑巴坦)，均属不可逆竞争性抑制剂和自杀性抑制剂，通过与β-内酰胺类抗生素竞争酶的活性部位，发生不可逆反应，使酶失活。其抑制作用随时间延长而增强，酶抑制剂本身被破坏，但被抑制的β-内酰胺酶不能再恢复活性。 上述三种酶抑制剂在抑酶谱及其作用强度上有所差别。其中他唑巴坦对金葡菌所产的青霉素酶、革兰阴性杆菌所产的TEM、OXA、SHV、PSE等质粒介导的β-内酰胺酶和部分染色体介导的β-内酰胺酶均具较强的抑制作用，对部分染色体介导的I型酶也有抑制作用，其抑酶作用优于克拉维酸，而舒巴坦的抑酶作用又稍次于克拉维酸。而舒巴坦的抑酶作用整体上稍次于克拉维酸。他唑巴坦诱导产生β-内酰胺酶的作用弱于克拉维酸，更弱于舒巴坦。他唑巴坦 > 克拉维酸 > 舒巴坦 近十年，耐药革兰阴性杆菌中出现比例明显增高的产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBL)菌株，在大肠杆菌、肺炎杆菌、肠杆菌属等细菌中占较高比例。ESBL能水解青霉素、第一、二、三代头孢、氨曲南、部分第四代头孢菌素，直接影响治疗效果。临床上可参考药敏结果来判断，通常对氨曲南和任一第三代头孢菌素同时耐药的菌株可定为产ESBL菌株。β-内酰胺酶抑制剂可有效地阻止部分ESBL降解青霉素和头孢菌素，因此酶抑制剂的复合剂可作为产ESBL菌株所致感染的选用药。 各种酶抑制剂能分布至各种组织与器官，其药动学特点与配伍的β-内酰胺类相似，有利于发挥协同抗菌作用。但是，克拉维酸难以透过血脑屏障，故含克拉维酸的复合剂不宜用于中枢神经系统感染。 二(常用复合剂比较 目前在临床上应用的酶抑制剂的复合剂包括表2,3,1中的5种。所有品种对包括脆弱类杆菌在内的各种厌氧菌及产酶葡萄球菌均具良好的抗菌作用，但对需氧菌的作用有所差异。氨苄西林-舒巴坦、阿莫西林-克拉维酸的抗菌谱与抗菌作用相仿。主要对肠杆菌科细菌与肠球菌具良好作用。克拉维酸的抑酶作用稍强于舒巴坦，阿莫西林的杀菌作用较氨苄西林稍强，皮疹发生率也低于氨苄西林，但氨苄西林-舒巴坦对不动杆菌属具较好的抗菌作用。 表2,3,1 5种酶抑制剂复合剂的抗菌谱比较 氨苄西林-舒巴阿莫西林-克拉替卡西林-克拉头孢哌酮-舒巴哌拉西林-他唑细菌 坦 维酸 维酸 坦 巴坦 肠杆菌科细菌 ++ ++ ++~+++ +++ ++~+++ 铜绿假单孢菌等 - - ++~+++ +++ ++~+++ 不动杆菌 ++ - +~++ +++ +~++ 嗜麦芽食单孢菌 - - ++ +++ - 黄杆菌 - + ? ++ ++ 肠球菌 ++ ++ ++ - ++~+++ 注:-无作用 ?作用甚微 +有作用 ++良好作用 +++作用强 替卡西林-克拉维酸、头孢哌酮-舒巴坦、哌拉西林-他唑巴坦对包括绿脓杆菌、不动杆菌、沙雷菌属等在内的革兰阴性菌、部分非发酵菌具有良好作用。近年来，临床广泛应用广谱抗菌药如碳青霉烯类后，非发酵菌增多明显，这类细菌中的绿脓杆菌、不动杆菌、产碱杆菌、嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌、黄杆菌均较耐药， 但对替卡西林-克拉维酸、头孢哌酮-舒巴坦与哌拉西林-他唑巴坦大多呈敏感，故治疗非发酵菌感染时常予选用。 大部分酶抑制剂复合剂对肠球菌具抗菌活性，因此适用于有肠球菌参与的混合感染、严重感染，如腹腔感染与盆腔感染等。 三(临床适应证 鉴于β-内酰胺酶抑制剂复合剂的抗菌特点，临床上主要用于以下感染。 1(革兰阴性杆菌、产酶菌、耐药菌，包括产ESBL菌株所致的各种感染。对一般的革兰阴性杆菌感染，可根据菌种及其药敏、感染部位选用氨基青霉素、广谱青霉素、各代头孢菌素、氟喹诺酮类、氨基糖苷类、磺胺药等抗菌药。而对耐药菌、产酶菌株所致的严重感染、院内感染、免疫缺陷者感染，则常将β-内酰胺酶抑制剂复合剂列为选用药。近年特别选用于以下二组感染:(1)产ESBL菌株感染:对许多常用抗菌药呈耐药，严重感染首选碳青霉烯类，其余的病例常选用酶抑制剂复合剂，其疗效确切。(2)非发酵菌感染:虽然氟喹诺酮类、SMZ-TMP等可供选用，但酶抑制剂复合剂更为安全。 2(需氧菌、厌氧菌或革兰阴性、阳性菌的混合感染。酶抑制剂复合剂的抗菌谱可复盖多种致病菌组合的混合感染。值得注意的是，与口腔有关的感染(齿科感染、颌面外科感染)、腹腔感染(肠穿孔腹膜炎、坏疽性胆囊炎、坏疽性阑尾炎等)、盆腔感染(与女性生殖道有关的感染)多为需氧菌与厌氧菌的混合感染，其次有吸入性肺炎、肺脓疡、部分副窦炎、乳突炎等。在针对性选用抗菌药时，如采用抗需氧菌药物(如氨基糖苷类、氟喹诺酮类、头孢菌素类)联合抗厌氧菌药物(如甲硝唑、林可霉素类、氯霉素)，二类药物中常含有不良反应较为突出的品种，不宜用于小儿、孕妇等人群，而酶抑制剂的复合剂则较安全。 3(小儿、老人、孕妇、哺乳妇的革兰阴性菌为主的严重感染与耐药菌感染。酶抑制剂的复合剂属β-内酰胺类，毒性较低微，通常可用于各类人群。然而，个别品种具特殊的不良反应，应用时应密切注视。如头孢哌酮分子结构中的甲硫四唑可抑制肠道细菌合成维生素K，在大剂量(每日剂量>6g)，长时间(疗程>7天)使用时应注意出血倾向，对头孢哌酮-舒巴坦同样如此，一旦出现凝血酶元时间明显延长或有出血倾向，必须立即停药，改用其他无类似不良反应的抗菌药，同时快速补充维生素K。 4(敏感菌所致的中枢神经系统感染。可根据菌种选用能顺利透过血脑屏障的品种，包括氨苄西林-舒巴坦、哌拉西林-他唑巴坦、头孢曲松、头孢他定、头孢吡肟、头孢唑肟、头孢噻肟、头孢呋辛。 实例讨论 患者30岁，因转移性右下腹疼痛伴发热3天急症入院。入院前因中上腹阵发性疼痛，后转至右下腹半天，在地区医院检查，拟诊为“阑尾炎”。静滴头孢他啶，2g/次,2次/日，阿米卡星0.4/次，2次/日。右下腹疼痛时轻时重，压痛明显。因患者顾虑手术，继续投用抗生素保守治疗。但腹痛加重，压痛范围扩大，出现反跳痛，体温升至39.6?，伴畏寒。发病第5天急症手术。硬膜外麻醉下作右旁正中切口，见腹腔内炎性渗出液数十毫升，阑尾粗大，暗红，发黑，表面多个小脓肿，呈“蜂窝状”，脓液恶臭。切除阑尾和基底部的肠组织，荷包缝合，清洗腹膜腔，放置雪茄引流，关腹。 考虑到“坏疽性阑尾炎”、“局部腹膜炎”为肠道细菌所致，主要致病菌包括脆弱类杆菌为主的厌氧菌、肠杆菌科细菌和肠球菌引起的混合感染，故改用氨苄西林-舒巴坦4g/次,2次/日静滴。2天后体温见下降，引流脓液量明显减少。用药5天后抗菌药减量，总疗程10天，感染控制。显示β-内酰胺酶抑制剂复合剂氨苄西林-舒巴坦对需氧菌与厌氧菌所致的腹腔感染具满意疗效。 四(主要品种 (一)常用β,内酰胺酶抑制剂 【克拉维酸】 (1) 本身为广谱抗生素，抗菌作用不强，稳定性也差。 (2) 对ESBL的抑酶作用优于舒巴坦。 (3) 难以透过血脑屏障。 【舒巴坦】 (1) 身仅对淋球菌和脑膜炎球菌有较强抗菌活性，对不动杆菌也有较好作用，对其他细菌作用很差。 (2) 抑酶作用稍次于克拉维酸。 (3) 远较克拉维酸稳定。 (4) 可透过血脑屏障。 【三唑巴坦】 (1) 抑酶作用优于克拉维酸及舒巴坦，而诱导产酶的作用最弱。 (2) 除可增强抗生素的抗菌活性，扩增其抗菌谱外，能恢复因产β,内酰胺酶而发生耐药的金葡菌、流感杆菌、卡他莫拉菌、不动杆菌及脆弱类杆菌对抗生素的敏感性。 (3) 可透过血脑屏障。 (二)β-内酰胺酶抑制剂复合剂 头孢哌酮 Scr〈18，最高4g/d; 肾衰2—4g/d时无需调整 头孢哌酮/舒巴坦84%舒巴坦25%头孢哌酮经肾。 最高Scr30-15，舒巴坦1.0 q12h; Scr〈15，，舒巴坦0.5 bid，) 【头孢哌酮,舒巴坦】 (1) 舒巴坦可增强头孢哌酮对葡萄球菌属、肠杆菌科细菌、脆弱类杆菌等的活性。 (2) 适用于产酶肠杆菌科细菌为主的革兰阴性杆菌所致的感染、不动杆菌、嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌、黄杆菌等非发酵菌感染、肝胆系统感染。但不适用于敏感菌所致中枢神经系统感染。 (3) 大剂量、长疗程使用时，注意有凝血功能障碍可能。 【氨苄西林,舒巴坦】 (1) 对大部分革兰阳性菌、肠杆菌科、不动杆菌及厌氧菌有抗菌作用，对绿脓杆菌、黄杆菌、嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌无效。 (2) 不适用于绿脓杆菌与阴沟杆菌所致的感染。 (3) 还可用于敏感菌所致中枢神经系统感染。 【阿莫西林,舒巴坦】 (1) 临床适应证同氨苄西林,舒巴坦。 (2) 可口服也可供注射。 【阿莫西林,克拉维酸】 (1) 对产β,内酰胺酶金葡菌和表葡菌及肠球菌具良好作用，且对产β,内酰胺酶肠杆菌科细菌、流感杆菌、卡他莫拉菌、脆弱类杆菌等也有较强活性。 (2) 有口服及静脉给药制剂。阿莫西林及克拉维酸均可迅速、广泛的分布于组织中。 (3) 不适用于肠杆菌属、假单孢菌属与耐甲氧西林金葡菌感染。 (4) 不适用于中枢感染。 【替卡西林,克拉维酸】 与阿莫西林,克拉维酸相似。抗菌作用较强，尤其对肠杆菌科细菌与绿脓杆菌作用强于阿莫西林,克拉维酸。对嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌具较强抗菌作用。 【哌拉西林,他唑巴坦】 (1) 除能增强哌拉西林的抗菌作用外，对耐哌拉西林的大肠杆菌、肺炎杆菌、奇异变形杆菌、不动杆菌等有良好抗菌作用。他唑巴坦还可提高产β,内酰胺酶金葡菌、流感杆菌、卡他莫拉菌、不动杆菌和脆弱类杆菌对哌拉西林的敏感性。 (2) 在粪便中浓度甚低，故对肠道菌群影响小。 (3) 适用于需氧菌与厌氧菌的混合感染，包括腹腔感染、盆腔感染、中枢感染。 第四节 碳青霉烯类抗生素 碳青霉烯类是80年代开始发展的一组新型广谱的β—内酰胺类抗生素，用于临床不过十余年，对控制耐药菌、产酶菌感染和免疫缺陷者感染，发挥了极其重要的作用。然而，对其临床适应证的定位存在一些分歧，值得深入讨论，以保证该类药物长时期保持良好的临床疗效。 一(抗菌特点 1(碳青霉烯类抗生素的抗菌谱极广，对绝大多数革兰阳性、阴性菌、需氧菌、厌氧菌均具有良好的抗菌作用。 2(抗菌作用强，对甲氧西林敏感的葡萄球菌、肺炎球菌、链球菌属、粪肠球菌的作用优于头孢噻吩。对肠杆菌科细菌大多次于头孢噻肟，但对于沙雷菌属、不动杆菌、绿脓杆菌、产碱杆菌等的抗菌作用大多优于头孢他啶。对各种厌氧菌包括脆弱类杆菌的作用优于甲硝唑、克林霉素和氯霉素。唯耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌、嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌、黄杆菌呈耐药。 3(对酶稳定，本组药物对细菌产的各类β—内酰胺酶，包括超广谱β—内酰胺酶(ESBL)均很稳定，因此可作为产ESBL菌株所致严重感染的首选药。但产金属酶的细菌如部分沙雷菌、脆弱类杆菌对碳青霉烯类耐药。 国内临床主要应用的品种有亚胺培南(imipenem)、美罗培南(meropenem)和帕尼培南(panipenem)，其抗菌谱与抗菌作用相仿(表2,4,1)。对各种革兰阴性需氧菌包括绿脓杆菌的作用以美罗培南为强，对葡萄球菌的作用以帕尼培南略优。 二(主要品种的特点与比较 亚胺培南最早用于临床，对重危细菌感染、难治性感染显示了良好的疗效，临床已积累了相当丰富的用药经验。该品对人肾小管上皮中的去氢肽酶Ι不稳定，可被水解失活而影响抗菌活性，必须配用去氢肽酶抑制剂西司他丁(cilastatin)。亚胺培南及其代谢产物具肾毒性，西司他丁能降低其毒性，故临床应用的制剂中加了西司他丁。此外，亚胺培南可引起脑中γ—氨基丁酸(GABA)与其受体结合受阻，导致肌颤、肢体抽动、惊厥、癫痫等中枢毒性反应，发生率约0.3%-1.0%。在药物用量大(>4g/d)，滴速快，特别对老年人、患者有中枢神经系统疾患基础、肾功能不全或有癫痫史者更易发生，临床应予注意。 美罗培南对β—内酰胺酶的诱导作用弱，不影响抗菌活性。对去氢肽酶稳定，不需与酶抑制剂西司他丁合用。且中枢毒性比亚胺培南明显为低，发生率仅为0.05%。对各种革兰阴性需氧菌包括绿脓杆菌的作用以美罗培南为强。更适用于老年人、小儿的严重感染，包括中枢神经系统细菌感染。用药剂量幅度大，成人每日2-4g/d，必要时可达6g/d，儿童每日40-60mg/kg.d。脑膜炎时可高达120mg/kg.d。该品不仅可静滴，还可以肌注给药。 帕尼培南对β—内酰胺酶的稳定性及诱导作用与美罗培南相似，其中枢毒性低。制剂中所含的倍他米隆(betamipron)通过减少帕尼培南在肾脏中的积聚，以减低其肾毒性。对葡萄球菌的作用以帕尼培南略优。 表2,4,1 碳青霉烯类常用品种比较 亚胺培南 美罗培南 帕尼培南 抗革兰阳性菌 ++ +~++ ++~+++ 抗肠杆菌科细菌 +++ ++++ +++~++++ 抗绿脓杆菌 ++~+++ +++ ++ 抗厌氧菌 +++ +++ +++ 对去氢肽酶稳定 不稳定 稳定 稳定 中枢毒性发生率% 0.3~1.0 <0.1 <0.1 注:++良好 +++强 ++++很强 三(严格掌握临床适应证 由于碳青霉烯类的抗菌谱极广，不少临床医生主要将其用于病原不明的严重感染。而临床上的严重感染大多难以确定致病菌，这样适应证范围就难以控制，易造成滥用。 与其他抗生素相比，碳青霉烯类最突出的抗菌与药理特点在于耐酶，对包括超广谱β—内酰胺酶在内的钝化酶极为稳定，对产酶菌、多重耐药菌，特别是对耐药革兰阴性需氧菌具独特的抗菌作用，其作用优于其他β—内酰胺类抗生素，故其临床适应证应主要针对产酶菌、多重耐药的革兰阴性菌引起的严重感染、院内感染、混合感染和免疫缺陷者感染，如下呼吸道感染、腹腔感染、盆腔感染和败血症等。 至于革兰阳性菌、一般的肠杆菌科细菌和厌氧菌，虽然碳青霉烯类显示良好的抗菌作用，但由于价格昂贵，完全可以选用其他同样有效而价格便宜的品种。碳青霉烯类对大多数非发酵革兰阴性杆菌如绿脓杆菌、其他假单胞菌、不动杆菌、产碱杆菌等具强大的抗菌作用，相应感染可选用之。然而，伯克霍尔德菌、黄杆菌等非发酵菌却对碳青霉烯类敏感率低，常低于30%;嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌几乎全呈耐药;碳青霉烯类对耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌无抗菌作用，故临床上不应用于这些细菌所致的感染。 严格掌握碳青霉烯类的适应证，不轻率选用，其目的不仅考虑医药费用，更重要的是避免滥用，减缓细菌耐药性的产生，使碳青霉烯类能长时期保持优良的抗菌活性，有效地用于产酶菌、多重耐药革兰阴性杆菌等严重感染及其混合感染。 用药时应注意剂量与用法。特别是亚胺培南(100水 + 0.5-1.0 ivgtt q8h)，成人剂量每日1~3g，最高不超过4g，分2~3次静滴，每克一般溶于100~200ml溶液中在1~2小时内缓慢滴入，以免滴速太快引起抽搐等不良反应。对有明确临床适应证，但又有出现中枢神经系统不良反应倾向的患者，如老人、肾功能不全者、有癫痫病史者必须严格调整剂量。此时，宜选用美罗培南或帕尼培南，敏感菌所致的中枢神经系统感染也应如此。疗程较长的病例应注意、耐甲氧西林葡萄菌、真菌等二重感染。碳青霉烯类引起药疹、转氨酶增高等不良反应基本与其他β—内酰胺类抗生素相似。 临床病例:中年患者，因严重的急性坏死性胰腺炎，休克，经积极的综合治疗转危为安。但病程2周时并发严重的细菌感染，出现高热不退，腹痛，血中白细胞增高18000~22000/mm3，中性高达90%以上。B超显示“胰腺脓肿”。先后二次手术，切开脓肿引流，并先后选用第三代头孢菌素、氨基糖苷类等多种抗生素均未能奏效。患者高热39?-40?不退，神态萎靡，血中白细胞居高不降。腹腔引流脓液，重复培养见阴沟肠杆菌，对青霉素、头孢菌素类、氨曲南、庆大霉素、阿米卡星、氯霉素等多种抗菌药耐药，仅对环丙沙星中度敏感，亚胺培南高敏。血培养(—)。该病例的诊断明确，为一严重的阴沟肠杆菌为主的多重耐药菌、产ESBL菌株所致的严重的院内感染，完全属碳青霉烯类的临床适应证。经亚胺培南1g，每日3次静滴及积极的支持疗法3天后，体温明显下降至38?上下，一般情况好转，10天后体温趋正常。减量维持，总疗程20天，感染完全控制。 四(主要品种 【亚胺培南,西司他丁】 (1) 抗菌谱极广，抗菌活性极强，对大多数革兰阳性菌、阴性菌、厌氧菌、需氧菌，及多重耐药或产β,内酰胺酶的菌株都有良好作用。 (2) 在所有β,内酰胺类抗生素中，亚胺培南对脆弱类杆菌抗菌活性最强，也是对梭杆菌属作用最强的药物。对肠杆菌科细菌作用逊于头孢噻肟和拉氧头孢;对绿脓杆菌活性相当于头孢他啶;嗜麦芽苛养单胞菌和多数洋葱假单胞菌、屎肠球菌、黄杆菌属?组和沙眼衣原体、耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌对本品耐b 药。 (3) 易被肾去氢酞酶水解灭活，故与肾去氢酞酶抑制剂西司他丁合用，减轻亚胺培南的肾毒性。 (4) 适用于敏感菌所致的各种严重感染，特别适用于多重耐药菌、产酶菌所致的严重感染、混合感染，免疫缺陷者感染等。 (5) 日剂量1,3g。超过4g或滴速太快，或有中枢神经系统疾病、肾功能不全或具癫痫诱发因素的患者可发生癫痫。 【帕尼培南,倍他米隆】 (1) 抗菌谱极广，抗菌作用极强。 (2) 对金葡菌的作用优于亚胺培南，对绿脓杆菌逊于亚胺培南。 (3) 倍他米隆无抗菌活性，也无抑制肾去氢酞酶作用，但可减少帕尼培南在肾脏中的集聚，减少其肾毒性。 (4) 适应证与亚胺培南,西司他丁相仿。 (5) 与丙戊酸钠合用可导致癫痫复发，故禁止与丙戊酸钠合用。 【美罗培南】 (1) 抗菌谱极广，抗菌活性极强。 (2) 对葡萄球菌和肠球菌属的抗菌作用较亚胺培南稍弱;耐甲氧西林金葡菌及屎肠球菌对其耐药。对肠杆菌科细菌、流感杆菌的活性远较亚胺培南强;对绿脓杆菌的作用也强于亚胺培南。对厌氧菌的抗菌活性与亚胺培南相仿。 (3) 对人肾去氢酞酶稳定，因而不需要与酶抑制剂合用。 (4) 适应证与亚胺培南,西司他丁相仿。 (5) 不良反应少见，癫痫发生率远较亚胺培南低。 (英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations.