ST-T改变的临床意义

ST-T改变的临床意义 [转] ST-T改变的临床意义 临床上, ST..T改变在异常心电图中最多见。一般综合性医院所查出的各种异常心电图中, ST-T改变约占50% 。ST段和T波代表的是心室复极过程,任何影响心室复极的因素都能引起心电图ST-T发生异常改变。 1.ST-T改变的分类 1. 1 根据病因分类 1. 2 根据发生机制分类 1. 2. 1 原发性ST-T 改变 指由于心肌状况异常, 使心室复极异常而引起心电图ST-T发生的改变。临床常见于慢性冠状动脉供血不足、心绞痛、心肌梗死、心室肥大、心肌炎、心包炎、心肌病、药物作用及电解质紊乱等。 1. 2. 2 继发性ST-T 改变 指因心室除极异常, 继而造成心室复极异常所引起的心电图ST-T 改变。临床常见于心室肥大、束支阻滞、心室预激、室性激动、起搏心律等。 1. 3 根据心电图形态特征分类 coupling Centre shall be checked, the second poured concrete strength of more than 70%. In the process of reaming or boring, apart from the special provisions in factory, does not allow any work that may affect the coupling Centre, such as irrigation, to cylinder connections to flood the condenser pipes and so on. Well boring, hinge bolt hole flange with coupling of vertical, not oblique. Mounting bolts should be added lubricants, typing gently with a small hammer, not too loose or too tight, packed the bolts with the corresponding seal screw hole should be marked. 6.4.5.4.2 coupling reamed and pairings is close to the diameter of bolt bearing good hinge holes, dressed with a good two coupling bolts before you can move the rotor, boring-reaming hole in turn. Coupling bolts must be tight coupling is symmetrical diameter, in boring, reaming, two bolts out. Well boring, hinge bolt hole flange with coupling of vertical, not oblique. Due to the coupling bolts in accordance with hinge holes corresponding to the diameter of the screw holes one by one after processing, processing back bolt installation location cannot be changed, so according to bolt after the actual weight difference of nut and lock washer to match. General requirements for coupling two symmetrical diameter bolt, nut and lock washer's total weight difference should not be greater than 10 g and knocks stamped mark. (See Figure 18) The coupling bolts apply lubricant, and then gently with copper home, not too loose or too tight. Bolt Assembly is finished, symmetrical tightening all bolts to 30%, 50%, 70%, 100% force, and check the coupling flutter and before connecting the circle gradually changes its value should be less than 0.02mm. Tightening torque of the coupling bolts shall comply with the technical requirements manufacturers drawings, with a dynamometric wrench or log tension tools. Three wheel rotor swing test coupling connections should be checked: taking leave, 2.心电图ST-T的正常范围 2. 1 ST段 正常的ST段多数位于基线上, 但亦可有一定程度的上、下偏移。ST 段向上偏移称为ST段抬高, ST 段向下偏移称为ST段下移。ST 段抬高在肢体导联和胸导联的V4 ~ V6, 不应超过0. 1mV。在V1、V2 导联ST段抬高不超过0. 3mV, V3 导联不超过0. 5mV。ST 段下移, 在aVR 导联不超过0. 1mV, 在其他导联都应不超过0. 05mV。ST 段的正常时限为0. 05~ 0. 15秒。ST段改变包括ST 段的下移、抬高、延长及缩短。 2. 2 T波 2. 2. 1 T波的形态 正常T波的双支常常不对称, 前支较缓慢, 后支较陡峭, 顶端较圆钝。 2. 2. 2 T波的方向 正常的T 波, 在? 、?、V4 ~ V6导联直立, aVR 导联倒置。在?、aVL、aVF、V1、V2导联, 可以直立、双向或倒置, V3 导联多为直立。若V1、V2 导联T波倒置, V3 导联可以出现浅倒置、低平或双向。但V1、V2 导联T波若直立, V3 导联则不可以倒置, 否则异常(图3- 1)。 coupling Centre shall be checked, the second poured concrete strength of more than 70%. In the process of reaming or boring, apart from the special provisions in factory, does not allow any work that may affect the coupling Centre, such as irrigation, to cylinder connections to flood the condenser pipes and so on. Well boring, hinge bolt hole flange with coupling of vertical, not oblique. Mounting bolts should be added lubricants, typing gently with a small hammer, not too loose or too tight, packed the bolts with the corresponding seal screw hole should be marked. 6.4.5.4.2 coupling reamed and pairings is close to the diameter of bolt bearing good hinge holes, dressed with a good two coupling bolts before you can move the rotor, boring-reaming hole in turn. Coupling bolts must be tight coupling is symmetrical diameter, in boring, reaming, two bolts out. Well boring, hinge bolt hole flange with coupling of vertical, not oblique. Due to the coupling bolts in accordance with hinge holes corresponding to the diameter of the screw holes one by one after processing, processing back bolt installation location cannot be changed, so according to bolt after the actual weight difference of nut and lock washer to match. General requirements for coupling two symmetrical diameter bolt, nut and lock washer's total weight difference should not be greater than 10 g and knocks stamped mark. (See Figure 18) The coupling bolts apply lubricant, and then gently with copper home, not too loose or too tight. Bolt Assembly is finished, symmetrical tightening all bolts to 30%, 50%, 70%, 100% force, and check the coupling flutter and before connecting the circle gradually changes its value should be less than 0.02mm. Tightening torque of the coupling bolts shall comply with the technical requirements manufacturers drawings, with a dynamometric wrench or log tension tools. Three wheel rotor swing test coupling connections should be checked: taking leave, 2. 2. 3 T波的振幅 正常的T 波, 在?、?、V4 ~ V6导联T 波不仅应直立, 其振幅也应不低于R 波的1 /10, 否则称为T 波低平。如V1、V2 导联T 波直立, 其幅度不应高于V5、V6 导联。 3. ST-T改变的临床意义 心电图上ST 段、T波的表现超出以上范围时称为ST-T 改变或ST-T异常。引起ST-T 改变的病因繁多, 据Levine不完全的统计约67种。从心电图形态特征看, 多数ST-T 改变不具备特异性, 不能依此判断某种疾病, 这部分ST-T 改变称为非特异性ST-T改变; 但有部分ST-T改变的形态特征具有一定特异性, 可提示某种病因, 能协助对某种疾病的诊断, 从而被称为特异性ST-T 改变。显然后者对临床更有意义, 故下面主要就该部分做简单介绍。 3. 1 特异性ST-T 改变 心肌缺血是引起ST-T改变最常见, 也是最重要的病因。心肌缺血所导致的ST-T改变随缺血的严重程度、发生部位及持续时间的不同而呈不一样的表现。一般说来, 心肌缺血最易导致相应导联出现T波改变: 心内膜下心肌缺血时, T波直立; 心外膜下(或透壁性的)心肌缺血时,T波倒置。心肌缺血除可引起T 波改变外, 还可出现损伤型ST段改变: 心内膜下心肌损伤引起ST 段下移; 心外膜下心肌损伤引起ST 段抬高。若发生心内膜下心肌损伤心外膜下心肌缺血时, 则引起缺血部位心外膜导联出现ST段下移、T 波倒置。 心肌缺血所引起的ST-T 改变多数不具有特异性, 常与其他原因引起的ST-T 改变基本相同。然而, 心电图ST-T 若出现以下特殊形态改变时, 由心肌缺血引起的可能性则大大增加了, 故而在其ST段或T波前冠以“缺血型”、“ 损伤型”之类名词。 3. 1. 1 缺血型ST段下移 心电图特点: ? ST 段呈水平型或下斜型下移>0. 05mV; ? ST 段与T 波有明确的分界点; ? 下移的ST 段持续时间> 0. 08秒(图3- 2)。此ST段改变多见于冠状动脉供血不足、心绞痛, 故称为缺血型ST段下移. coupling Centre shall be checked, the second poured concrete strength of more than 70%. In the process of reaming or boring, apart from the special provisions in factory, does not allow any work that may affect the coupling Centre, such as irrigation, to cylinder connections to flood the condenser pipes and so on. Well boring, hinge bolt hole flange with coupling of vertical, not oblique. Mounting bolts should be added lubricants, typing gently with a small hammer, not too loose or too tight, packed the bolts with the corresponding seal screw hole should be marked. 6.4.5.4.2 coupling reamed and pairings is close to the diameter of bolt bearing good hinge holes, dressed with a good two coupling bolts before you can move the rotor, boring-reaming hole in turn. Coupling bolts must be tight coupling is symmetrical diameter, in boring, reaming, two bolts out. Well boring, hinge bolt hole flange with coupling of vertical, not oblique. Due to the coupling bolts in accordance with hinge holes corresponding to the diameter of the screw holes one by one after processing, processing back bolt installation location cannot be changed, so according to bolt after the actual weight difference of nut and lock washer to match. General requirements for coupling two symmetrical diameter bolt, nut and lock washer's total weight difference should not be greater than 10 g and knocks stamped mark. (See Figure 18) The coupling bolts apply lubricant, and then gently with copper home, not too loose or too tight. Bolt Assembly is finished, symmetrical tightening all bolts to 30%, 50%, 70%, 100% force, and check the coupling flutter and before connecting the circle gradually changes its value should be less than 0.02mm. Tightening torque of the coupling bolts shall comply with the technical requirements manufacturers drawings, with a dynamometric wrench or log tension tools. Three wheel rotor swing test coupling connections should be checked: taking leave, 3. 1. 2 损伤型ST段抬高 指ST 段呈弓背向上型显著抬高。反映心外膜下心肌损伤, 见于变异性心绞痛、心肌梗死急性期、心脏外科术后等(图 3- 3)。 coupling Centre shall be checked, the second poured concrete strength of more than 70%. In the process of reaming or boring, apart from the special provisions in factory, does not allow any work that may affect the coupling Centre, such as irrigation, to cylinder connections to flood the condenser pipes and so on. Well boring, hinge bolt hole flange with coupling of vertical, not oblique. Mounting bolts should be added lubricants, typing gently with a small hammer, not too loose or too tight, packed the bolts with the corresponding seal screw hole should be marked. 6.4.5.4.2 coupling reamed and pairings is close to the diameter of bolt bearing good hinge holes, dressed with a good two coupling bolts before you can move the rotor, boring-reaming hole in turn. Coupling bolts must be tight coupling is symmetrical diameter, in boring, reaming, two bolts out. Well boring, hinge bolt hole flange with coupling of vertical, not oblique. Due to the coupling bolts in accordance with hinge holes corresponding to the diameter of the screw holes one by one after processing, processing back bolt installation location cannot be changed, so according to bolt after the actual weight difference of nut and lock washer to match. General requirements for coupling two symmetrical diameter bolt, nut and lock washer's total weight difference should not be greater than 10 g and knocks stamped mark. (See Figure 18) The coupling bolts apply lubricant, and then gently with copper home, not too loose or too tight. Bolt Assembly is finished, symmetrical tightening all bolts to 30%, 50%, 70%, 100% force, and check the coupling flutter and before connecting the circle gradually changes its value should be less than 0.02mm. Tightening torque of the coupling bolts shall comply with the technical requirements manufacturers drawings, with a dynamometric wrench or log tension tools. Three wheel rotor swing test coupling connections should be checked: taking leave, coupling Centre shall be checked, the second poured concrete strength of more than 70%. In the process of reaming or boring, apart from the special provisions in factory, does not allow any work that may affect the coupling Centre, such as irrigation, to cylinder connections to flood the condenser pipes and so on. Well boring, hinge bolt hole flange with coupling of vertical, not oblique. Mounting bolts should be added lubricants, typing gently with a small hammer, not too loose or too tight, packed the bolts with the corresponding seal screw hole should be marked. 6.4.5.4.2 coupling reamed and pairings is close to the diameter of bolt bearing good hinge holes, dressed with a good two coupling bolts before you can move the rotor, boring-reaming hole in turn. Coupling bolts must be tight coupling is symmetrical diameter, in boring, reaming, two bolts out. Well boring, hinge bolt hole flange with coupling of vertical, not oblique. Due to the coupling bolts in accordance with hinge holes corresponding to the diameter of the screw holes one by one after processing, processing back bolt installation location cannot be changed, so according to bolt after the actual weight difference of nut and lock washer to match. General requirements for coupling two symmetrical diameter bolt, nut and lock washer's total weight difference should not be greater than 10 g and knocks stamped mark. (See Figure 18) The coupling bolts apply lubricant, and then gently with copper home, not too loose or too tight. Bolt Assembly is finished, symmetrical tightening all bolts to 30%, 50%, 70%, 100% force, and check the coupling flutter and before connecting the circle gradually changes its value should be less than 0.02mm. Tightening torque of the coupling bolts shall comply with the technical requirements manufacturers drawings, with a dynamometric wrench or log tension tools. Three wheel rotor swing test coupling connections should be checked: taking leave, 3. 1. 3 缺血型T波改变 心肌缺血可使T波表现为直立高耸和倒置两种, 前者提示心内膜下心肌缺血;后者提示心外膜下或透壁性心肌缺血。心电图表现为: ?双支对称; ? 底部变窄; ?不论直立与倒置, 顶端变尖; ?T 波与ST 段有较明确的分界点。其中双支对称、底端尖锐的倒置T波称为冠状T 波(图3-4), 临床上多见于冠心病、心肌梗死。也有学者把上述两种T波(直立和倒置)均称为冠状T 波。 值得注意的是, 并非所有深倒置的T 波都是心肌缺血。其他还可见于心肌病(图3- 5)、心肌劳损(图3- 6)及脑血管意外(图3- 7)等。不过经仔细观察, 这些倒置T 波要不双支不够对称, 要不伴有Q-T间期延长等其他心电图改变, 再结合临床表现,应该不难鉴别。另一方面, 心电图正常或无ST-T 改变, 亦不能排除心肌缺血。临床存在有多支冠脉病变的患者, 甚至少数病例在心绞痛发作时, 心电图却表现正常或仅有轻度的ST-T 改变。故需正确认识心电图对心肌缺血的诊断价值。 coupling Centre shall be checked, the second poured concrete strength of more than 70%. In the process of reaming or boring, apart from the special provisions in factory, does not allow any work that may affect the coupling Centre, such as irrigation, to cylinder connections to flood the condenser pipes and so on. Well boring, hinge bolt hole flange with coupling of vertical, not oblique. Mounting bolts should be added lubricants, typing gently with a small hammer, not too loose or too tight, packed the bolts with the corresponding seal screw hole should be marked. 6.4.5.4.2 coupling reamed and pairings is close to the diameter of bolt bearing good hinge holes, dressed with a good two coupling bolts before you can move the rotor, boring-reaming hole in turn. Coupling bolts must be tight coupling is symmetrical diameter, in boring, reaming, two bolts out. Well boring, hinge bolt hole flange with coupling of vertical, not oblique. Due to the coupling bolts in accordance with hinge holes corresponding to the diameter of the screw holes one by one after processing, processing back bolt installation location cannot be changed, so according to bolt after the actual weight difference of nut and lock washer to match. General requirements for coupling two symmetrical diameter bolt, nut and lock washer's total weight difference should not be greater than 10 g and knocks stamped mark. (See Figure 18) The coupling bolts apply lubricant, and then gently with copper home, not too loose or too tight. Bolt Assembly is finished, symmetrical tightening all bolts to 30%, 50%, 70%, 100% force, and check the coupling flutter and before connecting the circle gradually changes its value should be less than 0.02mm. Tightening torque of the coupling bolts shall comply with the technical requirements manufacturers drawings, with a dynamometric wrench or log tension tools. Three wheel rotor swing test coupling connections should be checked: taking leave, 3. 1. 4 单向曲线 指抬高的ST 段与其前QRS波群及之后直立的T波融合在一起, 形成一位于基线以上的的弓状曲线(图3- 8)。有学者将抬高 的ST段与其后直立T 波相融合形成的图形也称为单向曲线, 如图3- 3的V1 ~ V3 导联。单向曲线见于心肌梗死急性期较早阶段。 coupling Centre shall be checked, the second poured concrete strength of more than 70%. In the process of reaming or boring, apart from the special provisions in factory, does not allow any work that may affect the coupling Centre, such as irrigation, to cylinder connections to flood the condenser pipes and so on. Well boring, hinge bolt hole flange with coupling of vertical, not oblique. Mounting bolts should be added lubricants, typing gently with a small hammer, not too loose or too tight, packed the bolts with the corresponding seal screw hole should be marked. 6.4.5.4.2 coupling reamed and pairings is close to the diameter of bolt bearing good hinge holes, dressed with a good two coupling bolts before you can move the rotor, boring-reaming hole in turn. Coupling bolts must be tight coupling is symmetrical diameter, in boring, reaming, two bolts out. Well boring, hinge bolt hole flange with coupling of vertical, not oblique. Due to the coupling bolts in accordance with hinge holes corresponding to the diameter of the screw holes one by one after processing, processing back bolt installation location cannot be changed, so according to bolt after the actual weight difference of nut and lock washer to match. General requirements for coupling two symmetrical diameter bolt, nut and lock washer's total weight difference should not be greater than 10 g and knocks stamped mark. (See Figure 18) The coupling bolts apply lubricant, and then gently with copper home, not too loose or too tight. Bolt Assembly is finished, symmetrical tightening all bolts to 30%, 50%, 70%, 100% force, and check the coupling flutter and before connecting the circle gradually changes its value should be less than 0.02mm. Tightening torque of the coupling bolts shall comply with the technical requirements manufacturers drawings, with a dynamometric wrench or log tension tools. Three wheel rotor swing test coupling connections should be checked: taking leave, 3. 1. 5 ST-T鱼钩状改变 以R波为主的导联ST段呈下斜型下移, T 波负正双向或倒置, ST 段与T 波融合形成一形似鱼钩状的波形, 且常伴有 Q-T 间期的缩短。见于洋地黄类药物作用(图3- 9)。 3. 1. 6 帐篷状T波 指T 波双支对称, 基底部变窄,顶端尖锐, 形似帐篷样改变(图3- 10)。见于高钾血症。 3. 1.7 继发性ST-T 改变 因心室除极异常, 导致心室复极异常, 继而引起心电图发生ST-T改变。即在QRS波群形态时间发生改变的同时, 出现 coupling Centre shall be checked, the second poured concrete strength of more than 70%. In the process of reaming or boring, apart from the special provisions in factory, does not allow any work that may affect the coupling Centre, such as irrigation, to cylinder connections to flood the condenser pipes and so on. Well boring, hinge bolt hole flange with coupling of vertical, not oblique. Mounting bolts should be added lubricants, typing gently with a small hammer, not too loose or too tight, packed the bolts with the corresponding seal screw hole should be marked. 6.4.5.4.2 coupling reamed and pairings is close to the diameter of bolt bearing good hinge holes, dressed with a good two coupling bolts before you can move the rotor, boring-reaming hole in turn. Coupling bolts must be tight coupling is symmetrical diameter, in boring, reaming, two bolts out. Well boring, hinge bolt hole flange with coupling of vertical, not oblique. Due to the coupling bolts in accordance with hinge holes corresponding to the diameter of the screw holes one by one after processing, processing back bolt installation location cannot be changed, so according to bolt after the actual weight difference of nut and lock washer to match. General requirements for coupling two symmetrical diameter bolt, nut and lock washer's total weight difference should not be greater than 10 g and knocks stamped mark. (See Figure 18) The coupling bolts apply lubricant, and then gently with copper home, not too loose or too tight. Bolt Assembly is finished, symmetrical tightening all bolts to 30%, 50%, 70%, 100% force, and check the coupling flutter and before connecting the circle gradually changes its value should be less than 0.02mm. Tightening torque of the coupling bolts shall comply with the technical requirements manufacturers drawings, with a dynamometric wrench or log tension tools. Three wheel rotor swing test coupling connections should be checked: taking leave, 的ST-T 改变: 以R波为主的导联ST段下移, T波低平、负正双向或倒置; 以S波为主的导联ST 段抬高, T 波直立(图3- 11)。 3. 2 非特异性ST-T 改变 指ST-T 改变超出正常范围, 但其形态改变不具备特异性, 不能据此判断某种疾病的ST-T改变(图3- 12)。在心电图 ST-T改变中, 非特异性ST-T 改变占大多数。 coupling Centre shall be checked, the second poured concrete strength of more than 70%. In the process of reaming or boring, apart from the special provisions in factory, does not allow any work that may affect the coupling Centre, such as irrigation, to cylinder connections to flood the condenser pipes and so on. Well boring, hinge bolt hole flange with coupling of vertical, not oblique. Mounting bolts should be added lubricants, typing gently with a small hammer, not too loose or too tight, packed the bolts with the corresponding seal screw hole should be marked. 6.4.5.4.2 coupling reamed and pairings is close to the diameter of bolt bearing good hinge holes, dressed with a good two coupling bolts before you can move the rotor, boring-reaming hole in turn. Coupling bolts must be tight coupling is symmetrical diameter, in boring, reaming, two bolts out. Well boring, hinge bolt hole flange with coupling of vertical, not oblique. Due to the coupling bolts in accordance with hinge holes corresponding to the diameter of the screw holes one by one after processing, processing back bolt installation location cannot be changed, so according to bolt after the actual weight difference of nut and lock washer to match. General requirements for coupling two symmetrical diameter bolt, nut and lock washer's total weight difference should not be greater than 10 g and knocks stamped mark. (See Figure 18) The coupling bolts apply lubricant, and then gently with copper home, not too loose or too tight. Bolt Assembly is finished, symmetrical tightening all bolts to 30%, 50%, 70%, 100% force, and check the coupling flutter and before connecting the circle gradually changes its value should be less than 0.02mm. Tightening torque of the coupling bolts shall comply with the technical requirements manufacturers drawings, with a dynamometric wrench or log tension tools. Three wheel rotor swing test coupling connections should be checked: taking leave, coupling Centre shall be checked, the second poured concrete strength of more than 70%. In the process of reaming or boring, apart from the special provisions in factory, does not allow any work that may affect the coupling Centre, such as irrigation, to cylinder connections to flood the condenser pipes and so on. Well boring, hinge bolt hole flange with coupling of vertical, not oblique. Mounting bolts should be added lubricants, typing gently with a small hammer, not too loose or too tight, packed the bolts with the corresponding seal screw hole should be marked. 6.4.5.4.2 coupling reamed and pairings is close to the diameter of bolt bearing good hinge holes, dressed with a good two coupling bolts before you can move the rotor, boring-reaming hole in turn. Coupling bolts must be tight coupling is symmetrical diameter, in boring, reaming, two bolts out. Well boring, hinge bolt hole flange with coupling of vertical, not oblique. Due to the coupling bolts in accordance with hinge holes corresponding to the diameter of the screw holes one by one after processing, processing back bolt installation location cannot be changed, so according to bolt after the actual weight difference of nut and lock washer to match. General requirements for coupling two symmetrical diameter bolt, nut and lock washer's total weight difference should not be greater than 10 g and knocks stamped mark. (See Figure 18) The coupling bolts apply lubricant, and then gently with copper home, not too loose or too tight. Bolt Assembly is finished, symmetrical tightening all bolts to 30%, 50%, 70%, 100% force, and check the coupling flutter and before connecting the circle gradually changes its value should be less than 0.02mm. Tightening torque of the coupling bolts shall comply with the technical requirements manufacturers drawings, with a dynamometric wrench or log tension tools. Three wheel rotor swing test coupling connections should be checked: taking leave,