简谈古罗马家具装饰图案与风格

简谈古罗马家具装饰图案与风格 来源:金凯莎 作者:金凯莎 发布时间:2011-06-14 查看次数:725 古罗马艺术的历史地位就是传递了希腊艺术，但只是简单地重复并发挥或丰富希腊发达的造型和装饰。古罗马帝国的中心是意大利，其地理范围包括意大利半岛及其南端的西西里岛。 1. 古希腊家具风格形成 (1)青铜家具的出现 为什么这个时期会有青铜家具而在古希腊却没有呢,当时从海路迁来的伊特鲁里亚人征服了当地的土著部落户在此建立了城邦。当时伊特鲁里亚有丰富的铁和铜矿资源，同时他们的铜铁冶炼工艺已十分发达。特别是青铜腐蚀雕刻工艺和装饰艺术直接催生了青铜家具的产生，极大地丰富了古罗马青铜家具的装饰。 (2)建筑与大理石家具 公元前1世纪末，罗马帝国进入和平时代，此时的罗马大兴土木，修建道路、桥梁、浴场和神庙等，此时的统治者宣称要把泥砖的罗马变成大理石的罗马，这样罗马出现了一系列与帝国的伟大业绩相辉映的宏伟建筑。在此风的影响下，大理石家具也开始在古罗马出现了，主要以桌类和椅类最为常见，通常在大理石家具面施以人或动物浮雕或圆雕，具有严峻、庄重、华丽、肃穆之感。 (3)宗教 宗教对罗马艺术风格和家具的形成影响很小，所信仰的宗教是基督教，基督教早期对家具的影响是纯宗教性的，主要表现在为教会中的重要人物制作的棺椁雕刻一些圣经里的故事或耶稣登宝图上，表现出虔诚的宗教意识。发展到后来，出现了严峻、肃穆、庄重的兽头兽足和象征着耶稣性威力的基督教宝座。 2. 古罗马家具风格的特征 相比较古希腊艺术风格，古罗马在靠椅躺椅和几种具有特色的桌子形式及应用等几个方面有所创新。 (1)家具的材料 development in order to protect a host of attractions and historical sites, as well as to maintain the economic vitality of the downtown area. Figure 5.1-5 figure 5.1.4 Washington mass transit network to support implementation of effective transport demand management policies to reduce urban traffic congestion and public transport priority was in the early 1960 of the 20th century by the planners first proposed in Paris, France, and in Europe and other major cities to operate has been the formation of the rich content system. Public transport priority consists of two aspects: one is on the bus to help. ... 5.1-7 Park and ride systems 5.1.5 typical case Hong Kong-Japan Sapporo, Sapporo is a Japan Hokkaido central parts of cities, Japan's fifth largest city. Area of 1121km2 in the city, a population of 1.921 million. In addition is the administrative center of Hokkaido, Sapporo is Hokkaido's industrial and commercial center, in 1972, hosted the 11th Winter Olympic Games. 3 JR Sapporo rail transit line 3 metro and 3 tram lines, Sapporo in the urban development process combined with Center of construction of subway construction and residential development, and support the development of the region. Prior to 1971, Sapporo, Japan Hokkaido local Centre in the urban development process, in response to the rapid growth of the city centre traffic demand, building trams. 1981 years ago for holding the winter Olympic Games as an opportunity to start building connected to the venue and the city centre 古罗马家具中所用的材料多为木材、金属和石材，在所用的木材中，主要有枫木、雪松、冷杉、榆木、按树、橄榄木、山毛榉等;镶嵌部位的用材主要有黄杨、乌木、冬青、香木等;其他材料有植物纤维绳、织物和大理石。 (2)家具的装饰 古罗马家具中常见的装饰方法有雕刻、镶嵌、绘画、镀金、贴薄木片和油漆等。装饰 图案主要有:圆雕的带翼状人或狮子、胜利女神、花环桂冠、天鹅头或马头、动物脚、动物腿、植物等。罗马家具中较常见的图案是莨苕叶形，这种图案的特性在于把叶脉琢慢雕，看起来高雅、自然;另外也用漩涡形装饰家具， 这在后来的家具中很常见。 古罗马的家具装饰具有坚厚凝重的特征，显示了一种男性化的风格，同时也是罗马帝国尚武好战精神的表现。 3. 古罗马家具的形式 古罗马家具的形式有椅凳类、床榻类、箱、台桌类，箱柜类。 古罗马的家具 2010-04-11 10:05 来源:明清家具网 我要评论 在公元前14世纪中期、马其顿人入侵并控制了希腊。在一场特别的战役中，他们的领袖亚历山大征服了所有从希腊到印度河的领土。在亚历山大灭亡之后，帝国政权开始崩溃与分裂，出现了一些互相冲突的城邦，于是，希腊文化随之通过绘画语言被保存下来。在接近公元前2世纪末期时，罗马人接管并在地中海整个地区建立省份，恢复和平。罗马帝国是一个独立的国家，它从大西洋到幼发拉底河、黑海、多瑙河和莱茵河伸展，并从北海向撒哈拉沙漠和阿拉伯沙漠延伸。 development in order to protect a host of attractions and historical sites, as well as to maintain the economic vitality of the downtown area. Figure 5.1-5 figure 5.1.4 Washington mass transit network to support implementation of effective transport demand management policies to reduce urban traffic congestion and public transport priority was in the early 1960 of the 20th century by the planners first proposed in Paris, France, and in Europe and other major cities to operate has been the formation of the rich content system. Public transport priority consists of two aspects: one is on the bus to help. ... 5.1-7 Park and ride systems 5.1.5 typical case Hong Kong-Japan Sapporo, Sapporo is a Japan Hokkaido central parts of cities, Japan's fifth largest city. Area of 1121km2 in the city, a population of 1.921 million. In addition is the administrative center of Hokkaido, Sapporo is Hokkaido's industrial and commercial center, in 1972, hosted the 11th Winter Olympic Games. 3 JR Sapporo rail transit line 3 metro and 3 tram lines, Sapporo in the urban development process combined with Center of construction of subway construction and residential development, and support the development of the region. Prior to 1971, Sapporo, Japan Hokkaido local Centre in the urban development process, in response to the rapid growth of the city centre traffic demand, building trams. 1981 years ago for holding the winter Olympic Games as an opportunity to start building connected to the venue and the city centre 罗马人珍爱被征服的希腊文化和智慧方面的成就，并成为这一古代世界伟大艺术的庇护人。他们用古老的和现代的希腊雕刻艺术来装饰房子和花园，并且雇拥希腊艺术家来修饰他们的家园。私人的房子是大而舒适的:一个良好的中等阶层的住房，有一个屋顶平台，它可能占据1肋英尺(55m)的场地，并有着一个主要的接待室，约48英尺(15m)长。在庞贝城，作为一个省的海滨胜地和贸易中心，考古学家已经揭示出，一个街区接一个街区的公寓大厦都有着拼花地面，墙面装饰着壁画，设有柱廊的庭院，流动的水，可加热的浴室、厕所，窗户上装有玻璃。罗马人较少关心他们城镇房屋的外貌，没有窗户向着街道开着。有时在人口的每边临街处被当作商店。面向内部建造的房屋像是两个正方形连接在一起，首先，是放置祭坛和祖先塑像的高耸门廊，在中间有一块没有屋顶的空间，蓄水池在门廊的下方，蓄雨水用。不远处是有着支柱的私人房子，房子的支柱排成一列，并常常在中心位置装饰有雕像、development in order to protect a host of attractions and historical sites, as well as to maintain the economic vitality of the downtown area. Figure 5.1-5 figure 5.1.4 Washington mass transit network to support implementation of effective transport demand management policies to reduce urban traffic congestion and public transport priority was in the early 1960 of the 20th century by the planners first proposed in Paris, France, and in Europe and other major cities to operate has been the formation of the rich content system. Public transport priority consists of two aspects: one is on the bus to help. ... 5.1-7 Park and ride systems 5.1.5 typical case Hong Kong-Japan Sapporo, Sapporo is a Japan Hokkaido central parts of cities, Japan's fifth largest city. Area of 1121km2 in the city, a population of 1.921 million. In addition is the administrative center of Hokkaido, Sapporo is Hokkaido's industrial and commercial center, in 1972, hosted the 11th Winter Olympic Games. 3 JR Sapporo rail transit line 3 metro and 3 tram lines, Sapporo in the urban development process combined with Center of construction of subway construction and residential development, and support the development of the region. Prior to 1971, Sapporo, Japan Hokkaido local Centre in the urban development process, in response to the rapid growth of the city centre traffic demand, building trams. 1981 years ago for holding the winter Olympic Games as an opportunity to start building connected to the venue and the city centre 水池和喷泉，其周围分别环绕着卧室、接待室、厨房和餐厅。家庭成员在列柱廊中消磨大部分的时间，有时在那里进行露天餐饮，有石头餐桌，可能这里还有一个小的花园，但是花园前面未放置更大的物品。 所有的房子内部的陈设都相当稀少——床、桌子、椅子、长沙发椅、分枝烛台和箱子，这些仍然是最基本的家具。家具的形式是简单的，但在富裕人家，装饰却显得过分的华丽。房间里因壁画而变得丰富和美观，这些壁画的题材常取自希腊神话，并且还精心地制作丁拼花地面。多彩的帘子和垫子、宽敞的床铺，增加了房间的整体效果。甚至在外省的其他地方都已经拥有了一种牢固而舒适的室内标准。一般家庭有一个进餐的小餐厅。富裕的人家有一间大的、正式的餐厅，内设用来倚靠的三张沙发躺椅，可以作社交性的聚会之用。聚餐会是罗马人社会生活的主要事情。一个罗马人，当他作为招待会的主人时，会邀请三到九位客人。餐厅里的宽敞的长沙发躺椅，每一张都足够容纳下三位斜倚着的人，或许还可能有一张半圆development in order to protect a host of attractions and historical sites, as well as to maintain the economic vitality of the downtown area. Figure 5.1-5 figure 5.1.4 Washington mass transit network to support implementation of effective transport demand management policies to reduce urban traffic congestion and public transport priority was in the early 1960 of the 20th century by the planners first proposed in Paris, France, and in Europe and other major cities to operate has been the formation of the rich content system. Public transport priority consists of two aspects: one is on the bus to help. ... 5.1-7 Park and ride systems 5.1.5 typical case Hong Kong-Japan Sapporo, Sapporo is a Japan Hokkaido central parts of cities, Japan's fifth largest city. Area of 1121km2 in the city, a population of 1.921 million. In addition is the administrative center of Hokkaido, Sapporo is Hokkaido's industrial and commercial center, in 1972, hosted the 11th Winter Olympic Games. 3 JR Sapporo rail transit line 3 metro and 3 tram lines, Sapporo in the urban development process combined with Center of construction of subway construction and residential development, and support the development of the region. Prior to 1971, Sapporo, Japan Hokkaido local Centre in the urban development process, in response to the rapid growth of the city centre traffic demand, building trams. 1981 years ago for holding the winter Olympic Games as an opportunity to start building connected to the venue and the city centre 形的沙发，可供七八人聚会之用。在脱鞋之后，客人们用他们的左肘斜倚在沙发上，在可移动的圆桌上吃饭。在进餐之后，每位客人都有一个仆人来为他洗手和服务，并用灯引路回家。青铜或银制的大分枝烛台，被放置在餐厅里一个重要位置上，以便照亮餐厅。它可能是罗马时期出现的唯一新家具类型，也可能还有一张新风格的桌子，这是用三角支架装在墙上的狭台，由三条腿支撑，并紧靠着墙的位置。另一项革新是一张更大的桌子，它是由巨大的木头厚板或大理石所构成，支撑在一块精心雕刻的大理石基座上。基座上装饰有鹰头狮身带有翅膀的怪兽和其他传说上的野畜。这样的大桌当作餐桌使用。当时非常流行用金属三脚架来放置碗或碟盘。 古罗马的家具(2) 2010-04-11 10:05 来源:明清家具网 我要评论 公元1世纪末期时，尽管希腊风格的长沙发椅还在使用，但一张有着高背和厚垫座、造型独特的罗马沙发出现了。低矮的脚凳同长沙发椅、椅子和凳子配套使用，罗马的座椅和凳子是根据希腊的原型来做的。一种用柳条编制带有圆形后背的椅子，成了妇女们特别喜爱的东西，尤其是当她们在梳妆台前开始梳妆时就爱坐在这样的椅子上。一些折叠凳是由黄铜和铁制成的。古罗马集会时用的座椅属于一种可折叠凳的类型，它为较高级别的地方行政长官使用，这种座椅设计有弯曲的腿，并常常嵌入象牙饰品，它可以被折叠起来，便于仆人们携带，或者是摆放在古代双轮马拉战车上。 development in order to protect a host of attractions and historical sites, as well as to maintain the economic vitality of the downtown area. Figure 5.1-5 figure 5.1.4 Washington mass transit network to support implementation of effective transport demand management policies to reduce urban traffic congestion and public transport priority was in the early 1960 of the 20th century by the planners first proposed in Paris, France, and in Europe and other major cities to operate has been the formation of the rich content system. Public transport priority consists of two aspects: one is on the bus to help. ... 5.1-7 Park and ride systems 5.1.5 typical case Hong Kong-Japan Sapporo, Sapporo is a Japan Hokkaido central parts of cities, Japan's fifth largest city. Area of 1121km2 in the city, a population of 1.921 million. In addition is the administrative center of Hokkaido, Sapporo is Hokkaido's industrial and commercial center, in 1972, hosted the 11th Winter Olympic Games. 3 JR Sapporo rail transit line 3 metro and 3 tram lines, Sapporo in the urban development process combined with Center of construction of subway construction and residential development, and support the development of the region. Prior to 1971, Sapporo, Japan Hokkaido local Centre in the urban development process, in response to the rapid growth of the city centre traffic demand, building trams. 1981 years ago for holding the winter Olympic Games as an opportunity to start building connected to the venue and the city centre 罗马式样的家具是整个罗马帝国时代工匠们创造出来的。罗马金属折叠凳已经在不列颠 和比利时人的墓穴中被发现。在挖掘的遗址中所发现的铁器工具，同今天我们所使用的工具 非常相似。在锯这件工具上罗马人进行了革新，特别是锯齿的设置与改革，可以被人左右交 替地转变角度来使用，使锯子既能推也能拉。框架形锯有几个不同的尺寸类型;刨这种工具 亦是普遍使用的木工具之一。 development in order to protect a host of attractions and historical sites, as well as to maintain the economic vitality of the downtown area. Figure 5.1-5 figure 5.1.4 Washington mass transit network to support implementation of effective transport demand management policies to reduce urban traffic congestion and public transport priority was in the early 1960 of the 20th century by the planners first proposed in Paris, France, and in Europe and other major cities to operate has been the formation of the rich content system. Public transport priority consists of two aspects: one is on the bus to help. ... 5.1-7 Park and ride systems 5.1.5 typical case Hong Kong-Japan Sapporo, Sapporo is a Japan Hokkaido central parts of cities, Japan's fifth largest city. Area of 1121km2 in the city, a population of 1.921 million. In addition is the administrative center of Hokkaido, Sapporo is Hokkaido's industrial and commercial center, in 1972, hosted the 11th Winter Olympic Games. 3 JR Sapporo rail transit line 3 metro and 3 tram lines, Sapporo in the urban development process combined with Center of construction of subway construction and residential development, and support the development of the region. Prior to 1971, Sapporo, Japan Hokkaido local Centre in the urban development process, in response to the rapid growth of the city centre traffic demand, building trams. 1981 years ago for holding the winter Olympic Games as an opportunity to start building connected to the venue and the city centre 尽管罗马帝国表面上繁荣昌盛，但它在休养生息和物质建设、生产方面太微弱了，在技 development in order to protect a host of attractions and historical sites, as well as to maintain the economic vitality of the downtown area. Figure 5.1-5 figure 5.1.4 Washington mass transit network to support implementation of effective transport demand management policies to reduce urban traffic congestion and public transport priority was in the early 1960 of the 20th century by the planners first proposed in Paris, France, and in Europe and other major cities to operate has been the formation of the rich content system. Public transport priority consists of two aspects: one is on the bus to help. ... 5.1-7 Park and ride systems 5.1.5 typical case Hong Kong-Japan Sapporo, Sapporo is a Japan Hokkaido central parts of cities, Japan's fifth largest city. Area of 1121km2 in the city, a population of 1.921 million. In addition is the administrative center of Hokkaido, Sapporo is Hokkaido's industrial and commercial center, in 1972, hosted the 11th Winter Olympic Games. 3 JR Sapporo rail transit line 3 metro and 3 tram lines, Sapporo in the urban development process combined with Center of construction of subway construction and residential development, and support the development of the region. Prior to 1971, Sapporo, Japan Hokkaido local Centre in the urban development process, in response to the rapid growth of the city centre traffic demand, building trams. 1981 years ago for holding the winter Olympic Games as an opportunity to start building connected to the venue and the city centre 术上也没有取得重大的进展。社会的不平等和用于支付军队开支的高税制、管理者和罗马人 奢侈的建设项目等等，都给社会带来了不安与骚动。到了公元250年，即在北方所谓的“野 蛮人”到来之前的150年，罗马帝国就已经穷困与衰落了。历史上传说是北方“野蛮人”使 罗马帝国垮台并将欧洲带人了黑暗的中世纪，这可以说是不真实的。 development in order to protect a host of attractions and historical sites, as well as to maintain the economic vitality of the downtown area. Figure 5.1-5 figure 5.1.4 Washington mass transit network to support implementation of effective transport demand management policies to reduce urban traffic congestion and public transport priority was in the early 1960 of the 20th century by the planners first proposed in Paris, France, and in Europe and other major cities to operate has been the formation of the rich content system. Public transport priority consists of two aspects: one is on the bus to help. ... 5.1-7 Park and ride systems 5.1.5 typical case Hong Kong-Japan Sapporo, Sapporo is a Japan Hokkaido central parts of cities, Japan's fifth largest city. Area of 1121km2 in the city, a population of 1.921 million. In addition is the administrative center of Hokkaido, Sapporo is Hokkaido's industrial and commercial center, in 1972, hosted the 11th Winter Olympic Games. 3 JR Sapporo rail transit line 3 metro and 3 tram lines, Sapporo in the urban development process combined with Center of construction of subway construction and residential development, and support the development of the region. Prior to 1971, Sapporo, Japan Hokkaido local Centre in the urban development process, in response to the rapid growth of the city centre traffic demand, building trams. 1981 years ago for holding the winter Olympic Games as an opportunity to start building connected to the venue and the city centre