美国文学史复习

美国文学史复习 1、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林  1）"Poor Richard's Almanac" 穷人查理德的年鉴     2）“The Way to Wealth” 致富之道 “The Autobiography”自传 18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传 2、Washington Irving华盛顿.欧文 the first great belletrist 第一个纯文学作家， the first great prose stylist of American romanticism. 美国第一位浪漫主义散文文体作家 “Sketch Book”《见闻札记》, the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature.现代文学史上第一部短篇小说和美国第一部伟大的青少年文学读物。 “Legends of the Conquest of Spain”《西班牙征服记》 A History of New York  纽约的历史-----美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作； The Sketch Book见闻札记The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说-----使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家；Bracebridge Hall布雷斯布里奇田庄；Talks of Travellers旅客谈；The Alhambra阿尔罕伯拉 3.James Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯.芬尼莫.库珀 “Leatherstocking Tales”《皮袜子故事集》，包括“The Deerslayer”《杀鹿者》、“The Last of the Mohicans”《最后的莫希干人》、“The Pathfinder”《探路人》、“The Pioneers”《拓荒者》、“The Prairie”《大草原》, regard as “the nearest approach yet to an American epic.” 被认为是迄今为止美国最接近史诗的作品。 The Spy  间谍    The Pilot  领航者      The Littlepage Manuscripts   利特佩奇的手稿 4、Ralph Waldo Emersion 拉尔夫.沃尔多.爱默生 be responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New England, 是把超验主义引入新英格兰的先驱。Emerson believed above all in individualism个人主义, independence of mind思想独立, and self-reliance自强. 作品：“Nature”《论自然》、“Essays”《随笔录》 “The American Scholar”《美国学者》, our intellectual Declaration of Independence.我们知识分子的独立宣言。 ④his most important works are “Representative Men ”《代表》and “English Traits”《英国人》、“Poems”《诗集》。 5、Henry David Thoreau 亨利.戴维.梭罗 “In Walden”《沃尔登》成名作“Civil Disobedience”《平民反抗》essay 随笔。非暴力不合作 6、Nathaniel Hawthorne 纳萨尼尔.霍桑 “Mosses from an Old Manse”《古厦青苔》、“The Marble Faun”《玉石神像》 “The Scarlet Letter”《红字》人物：Hester Prynne, Roger Chillingworth,                Arthur Dimmesdale, Pearl 7、Herman Melville 赫尔曼.麦尔维尔 “Moby Dick”《白鲸》人物：Captain Ahab.船长阿哈比；Queequeg，捕鲸人奎因奎格 Ishmael讲故事的人，Starkbuck 星巴克 8、Walt Whitman 沃尔特.惠特曼 ①★free verse (自由诗体) 无固定节奏，无有规律的韵脚 ②“Leaves of Grass”草叶集 1870 the first genuine epic poem. 美国历史上第一部真正的史诗 Poem’s 特点：most of the poems in “Leaves of Grass”are about man and nature. 9、Emily Dickinson 爱米丽.狄金森 “I died for Beauty” 我为美而死（诗歌） Beauty / Truth / Goodness are ultimate(终极) the same “Because I could not stop for Death”我不能等候死神 Theme：死亡是实现永恒Immortality的途径 “my life closed twice before its close” “mine—by the right of the white election” 10.Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加.阿伦.坡 “The Fall of the House of Usher”《鄂谢府崩溃记》、“The Raven”《乌鸦》the title poem of a collection “Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque”《述异集》first collection of short stories. 第一部短篇小说集。 11.Howells “A modern instance《一个现代的例证》“The rise of Silas Lapham”《塞拉斯。拉帕姆的发迹》 12.James “The Amercian”《美国人》“Daisy Miller”《黛西，米勒》“The portrait of a lady”《贵妇人画像》“The ambassador”《奉使记》“The Wings of the Dove”《鸽翼》“the golden bowl”《金碗》 13.Mark Twain 马克.吐温 ①美国现实主义文学的代表作“Adventures of Huckleberry Finn”哈克贝里.费恩历险记(马克最有名的作品) ②特点：local colorist 地方特色:a unique variation of American literary realism, it refers to the particular concern about the local character of a region. 代表作：“The Gilded Age”70-90年代，镀金时代，贫富分化，财富积累。 “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer”用词简单、幽默、使用当地语言编写 “Life on the Mississippi” 14、Theodore Dreiser 西奥多.德莱塞 ①代表作：“Sister Carrie”《嘉莉妹妹》 the first novel, which traces the material rise of Carrie Meeber and the tragic decline of G. W. Hurstwood. “The Financier”、“The Titan”、“The Stoic”Trilogy of Desire 欲望三部曲 ②“An American Tragedy”《美国悲剧》，The identification of potency with money is at the heart of Dreiser’s greatest and most successful novel,德莱塞最恢宏、最成功的小说，表达了金钱万能的主题。   15、Thomas Stearns Eliot 托马斯.斯特恩斯.爱略特 现代主义代言人 “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock”poems，holds its place in the development of Eliot’s poetry as a whole. “Tradition and the Individual Talent”essay,随笔《传统和个人天才》, the earliest statement of his aesthetics第一次阐释了自己的审美观点. “The Waste Land”《荒原》现代主义的标志 “Four Quartets”《四个四重奏》poem “Murder in the Cathedral”，poetic tragedy, 诗歌悲诗, a drama(戏剧) of impressive spiritual power.极富感染力的戏剧 16.Robert Frost  罗伯特.弗洛斯特  自然主义诗人 poet “The Road Not Taken”、“Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening”向往大自然，想逃避社会；死亡、迷惑  17、Ernest Hemingway 厄恩斯特.海明威  novelist 小说家  诺贝尔 代表作：“The Sun Also Rises” Hemingway became the spokesman for “a lost generation” “A Farewell to Arms”、“For Whom the Bell Tolls”、“The Old Man and the Sea”  18、William Faulkner 威廉.福克纳 诺贝尔 ①作品的主题：the universal theme of “the problems of the human heart in conflict with itself”人类心灵与自己冲突是宇宙永恒的主题。 ②作品：“The Sound and the Fury”《喧嚣与骚动》成名作、“Absalom, Absalom!”、“Go Down, Moses” 19.John Steinbeck 约翰.斯坦贝克  诺贝尔 “Of Mice and Men”《人鼠之间》 portrayed the tragic friendship between two migrant workers “The Grapes of Wrath”《愤怒的葡萄》regarded as masterpiece 视为杰作。 20. Eugene O’Neill 诺贝尔 “The Emperor Jones”《琼斯国王》、“Anna Christie”《安娜.克里斯蒂》、“The Hairy Ape”《毛猿》 “Long days’Journey”自传 21. Saul Bellow 犹太人  诺贝尔 从1941年到1987年的4O余年间，贝娄共出版了9部长篇小说。早期创作有结构优美的《挂起来的人》“Danglin Man” （1944）、 《受害者》“The victim” （1947），颇为评论界注目。 《奥吉·玛琪历险记》“The adventure of Augie March” （1953）的出版，一举成名，奠定了他的文学地位。由于把“丰富多彩的流浪汉小说与当代文化的精妙结合在一起”，这部小说成为当代美国文学中描写自意识和个人自由的典型之作。陆续出版了 《雨王汉德逊》“Hederson the Rain King” （1959）、 《赫索格》“Herzog” 获得4项奖（1964）  、赛姆勒先生的行星》Mr Sammlers Plannet”（1970）、 《洪堡的礼物》 （1975）、 《系主任的十二月》 （1981）、 《而今更见伤心死》 （1987）、《偷窃》（1989）等。这些作品袒露了中产阶级知识分子的精神苦闷，从侧面反映了美国当代“丰裕社会”的精神危机。《赫索格》成为美国轰动一时的畅销书。此外，贝娄还出版过中短篇小说集《且惜今朝》（1956）和《莫斯比的回忆》（1968），剧本《最后的分析》（1965）以及游记《耶路撒冷去来》（1976）、散文集《集腋成裘》（1994）等。 22.Salinger 犹太人Jewish “The Catcher of the Rye”《麦田里的守望者》 名词解释 1.Active romanticism: Owing to difference in social and political attitudes,the romanticists split into two schools.Some romantic writers expressed the aspirations of the classes created by capitalism and held out an ideal,though a vague one,of a feature society free from oppression and exploitation.These were the younger generation of romanticists represented by Byron,Shelley and Keats. 2.Passive Ronmanticism: Owing to difference in social and political attitudes,the romanticists split into two schools.Some romantic writers reflected the thinking of classes ruined by the bourgoisie,and by the way of protesting against capitalist development turned to the feudal past.These were the elder generation of romanticists,sometimes called escapist romanticists,including Wordsworth,Coleridge and Southey. 3.English Critical Realism: English critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the early fifties. The critical realists decribed with much vividness and great artistic skill the chief traits of the English society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint.English critical realists included Charles Dickens,Thackeray,the Bronte Sisters and so on.. 4、Lost Generation：Writers of the first postwar era self-consciously acknowledged that they were a “Lost Generation,” devoid of faith and alienated from a civilization. It describes the Americans who remained in Paris as a colony of “expatriates” or exiles. It describes the writers like Hemingway who lived in semipoverty. It describes the Americans who returned to their native land with an intense awareness of living in an unfamiliar changing world.The famous writers were Hemingway,Fitzgwrald. 5.Imagism:Imagism was an Anglo-Amercian poetic movement flourishing in the 1910s. Its program was formulated about 1912 by the Amercian poet,Ezra Pound and the movement soon broke up in about 1917. The imagist poetry was a kind of free verse shaking off the conventional metres and emphasizing on the use of common speech,new rhythms and clear images. The two most important English poets of the first half of 20th century were Yeats and Eliot. 6.Renaissance： It  refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th century. It means revival , revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture. Renaissance， in essence ， was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts  to get rid of conservatism in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie ， to lift the restrictions  in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities.Humanism is the key-note of the Renaissance. The greatest humanist was Thomas More. 7.local colourism：Local Colourism is a type of writing that was popular in the late 19th century, particularly among authors in the South of the U.S.. This style relied heanvily on using words, phrases, and slang that were native to the particular region in which the story take place. The term has come to mean any  device which implies a special focus. Whether it be geographical or temporal. A well-known loca colourism author was Mark Twain with his books Tom Sawyer and The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn.