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化学工程与工艺英文文献

2019-09-19 6页 doc 28KB 72阅读

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化学工程与工艺英文文献How international oil and gas companies respond to local content policies in petroleum-producing developing countries: A narrative enquiry Michael Zisuh Ngoasong Abstract This paper uses narrative analysis to critically examine the business practices used by fiv...
化学工程与工艺英文文献
How international oil and gas companies respond to local content policies in petroleum-producing developing countries: A narrative enquiry Michael Zisuh Ngoasong Abstract This paper uses narrative analysis to critically examine the business practices used by five international oil and gas companies (IOCs) (Chevron, ExxonMobil, Shell, BP and Total) to respond to local content policies in petroleum-producing developing countries (Nigeria, Angola, Venezuela, Kazakhstan, Brazil, Indonesia, Yemen and Indonesia) during the period 2000–2012. The business practices include the formulation of local content strategies that are implemented through programmes and initiatives aimed at developing and using host country suppliers and workforce. Such practices and the narratives used to communicate them implicitly reflect the context in which the effectiveness of local content policies on economic development can be assessed. By comparing and contrasting the narratives across the five IOCs in relation to the wider literature, four emergent narrative strategies justifying the business practices of IOCs are identified and discussed. They include: (1) direct engagement to renegotiate local content requirements with governments, (2) legal compliance framework, (3) the business case for local content strategies, and (4) corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives. The conclusion considers the policy implications of these findings for local content development in petroleum-producing developing countries. Keywords Local content policy;IOC business practices;Petroleum-producing developing countries 1. Introduction Over the past decade, petroleum-producing developing countries have come under international scrutiny regarding institutional reforms involving the enactment of local content policies to regulate international oil and gas companies (IOCs). The policies require IOCs to give preference to the development and use of local suppliers and workers when sourcing technical inputs and human resources for petroleum production.1The use of local content policies to stimulate domestic manufacturing and create employment is not new; however it has become prominent in the petroleum industry in developing countries in the last decade (UNCTAD, 2007) due to ongoing measures by governments to legislate previously local content directives/guidelines (Kazzazi and Nouri, 2012). The above question is particularly relevant because local content policies ‘may have commercial implications for investors, operators, developers and service providers, which in turn may result into substantive public policy repercussions’(Sigam and Garcia, 2012, p. 6). Shortage of skilled local workforce and under-developed technical infrastructure make it difficult for IOCs to sustain their operations without using expatriate staff and imported inputs (Ismail, 2010 and Warner, 2011). However, by developing and using local procurement and local workforce, IOCs can achieve cost effective and sustainable operations as well as secure social license to operate (Sigam and Garcia, 2012 and UNCTAD, 2007). Existing studies have focused on the role of governments in legislating previously local content directives/guidelines into laws to maximise the benefits of petroleum production (UNCTAD, 2007,Klueh et al., 2009 and Kazzazi and Nouri, 2012). The evidence suggests that local content policies are shifting the emphasis from revenue maximisation through fiscal policies to an increasing focus on IOCs? contribution to wider societal development through local content policies. Five IOCs namely, Chevron, ExxonMobil, Shell, BP and Total are used as case studies and their business practices are drawn from Nigeria, Angola, V enezuela, Kazakhstan, Brazil, Indonesia, Yemen and Indonesia. The paper argues that the role of local content in stimulating economic development of petroleum-producing countries critically depends on the business practices used by IOCs to respond to local content policies. Such practices implicitly reflect the context in which local content policies are produced and implemented. The paper is structured as follows:Section 2develops a framework for analysing local content policies and describes the research method used.Section 3presents the results from the narrative analysis of the business practices of IOCs while Section 4discusses the emergent narrative strategies.Section 5presents conclusions and policy implications. 2. The evolution of local content policies in petroleum-producing developing countries ANGOLAa2003: The 1982 Decree 20/82 on Local Content was re-written as Decree 127/03 and at the same time Law No. 14/03 was passed to promote Angolan private enterprises. It had two main provisions: (1) 90% Angolanisation’or increased use of Angolan staff including succession plan for expatriates; (2) Industrial Development—Rules on which IOCs give priority to Angolan goods/services, bid for certain tenders tied to contracts with local companies and levies for non-compliance. IOCs are required to submit a plan by which both provisions would be met and a final decision is then BRAZILc From 2003 more explicit stringent and rigorous requirements were introduced: e.g. IOCs’bid for E&P projects are assessed against explicit local content compliance requirements and these targets as well as the compliance requirements attached to them are increased/strengthened annually. In 2003 a National Program for the Mobilization and Development of Oil and Gas Industry (PROMINP) was established under the auspices of PETROBRAS to promote local capacity building. Resolution No. 36/2007 and Regulation No. 6/2007 define the criteria and procedures for implementing Local Content Certification; requiring IOCs to evidence up to 40% local participation for bids to be evaluated the country?s National Agency for Oil. KAZAKHSTANd2010—A New Law on Subsoil and Subsoil Use sets target of 50% certified local procurement from Kazakh suppliers by 2012, mandatory joint ventures with KazMunayGas, the national oil company (51% minimum share) in all new exploration and production contracts and the powers to obtain field rights without open tender, IOCs that cannot satisfy requirements risk losing their preferential right to the extraction contract. VENEZUELAe Local content is considered to be very high in Venezuela although there are no local content laws. A 1992 degree established over 20% local participation requirement. This was followed by a succession of ad-hoc local content-related legislations emphasising ‘national interest’and ‘social development’of the country in all E&P project. Since 2001 legislations advocate for 100% state-owned enterprises (e.g. PDSV A) where possible or various Joint Ventures with IOCs in which PDSV A has at least with more than 50% stake. Licenses stipulate obligations/guidelines for local participation and contribution to Local Content Fund. 3.Research method To investigate the business practices used by IOCs to respond to local content policies I use narrative analysis as my analytical tool. Narrative analysis entails content and context analysis of secondary data (Ngoasong, 2009) to identify the forms and functions of narratives and (re)constructing connections between events, and between events and their contexts (Zilber, 2007). (1) the annual reports, newsletters, press releases and company presentations published on the websites of IOCs; (2) local content-related policy documents, technical reports and country studies commissioned by national governments, international agencies and independent consultancy organisations.3 From these two sources, links to reports disseminated on the websites of civil society organizations, media and academic/research institutions were studied to double-check and better clarify the reliability and consistency of data collected from IOCs’ websites/documents. An objective and systematic reading of the contents of the documents was carried out to identify how IOCs describe specific business practices corresponding petroleum-producing developing countries, a common pattern emerged on the perspective of IOCs in using a set of business practices to respond to local content policies. For example top management in all five IOCs view local content as a key element of corporate strategy as seen in the publication of local content strategy documents, the creation of designated company web pages on local content activities and labelling numerous country-specific initiatives in terms of their commitment to local content development.
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