中华民族精神包含的内容

中华民族精神包含的内容 中华民族精神是在悠久的历史发展过程中逐渐形成的，它有着博大精深的基本内涵和丰富内容。学者们民族精神的含义从广义和狭义两方面进行了界定。广义上的界定着眼于与民族存在相对的整个民族意识，重在向人们描述事实，讲述民族精神的构成因素。这些学者认为，“民族精神就是一个在长期的历史发展过程中所形成的在心理、意识、观念、习俗、、等方面区别于其它民族的精神风貌、精神特征。” [8]“民族精神是来源于社会实践的一种重要社会意识， 是对社会存在、社会生活的反映。” [定义实质上是将民族精神的范围扩大到了整个思想层面， 强调的是民族精神的构成因素， 而不考虑这些因素的价值与意义， 因此民族精神的含义必然相对宽泛。狭义上的界定则从民族精神的历史意义与积极作用着眼，重在对民族精神的构成因素以价值评判为进行再提取。如张岱年先生认为民族精神是“多数人民所信奉的，能够激励人心， 在民族精神发展过程中起着主导作用”的最高思想原则。[10]也有学者认为“民族精神是该民族的精神支柱，是该民族凝聚力的思想核心。失去民族精神就必将失去民族凝聚力和生命力。” [11](P366)此类定义强调的是民族精神的积极作用，侧重于正面价值与积极意义的阐发，因此其含义的范围较窄。 多数学者认为，民族精神是一个有着丰富历史内涵的与时俱进的概念，它与民族一样，有其历史、现在与未来，具有传统性、时代性的特点，因此，其内涵也可以分为传统精神、时代精神。 (一)从传统精神来看，作为历史的概念，中国人民的民族精神植根于中华民族数千年绵延不绝的优秀文化传统之中。张岱年认为，中华民族精神基本上凝结于《周易?大传》的两句名言之中，“天行健，君子以自强不息。”“地势坤，君子以厚德载物”。他说，“自强不息”、“厚德载物”，就是中国文化传统的基本精神。[12](P73-74) 在增强中华民族凝聚力首次学术讨论会开幕词中，郑群提到最能体现中华民族的民族精神的东西包括，“天下兴亡，匹夫有责”的爱国情操， “刚健奋进、自强不息”的民族精神，“民贵君轻、天下为公”的民本思想，“杀身成仁、舍生取义”的英雄气概， “富贵不能淫、贫贱不能移、威武不能屈”的民族气节，“先天下之忧而忧，后天下之乐而乐”的政治抱负，“为人民利益而死，重于泰山”的高贵品德，“横眉冷对千夫指，俯首甘为the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticism and 50-100 economic sanctions against them. (4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded tank code for construction and acceptance of 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded 孺子牛”的浩然正气，以及兼容宽厚、世界大同的豁达胸怀，勤劳俭朴、实干力行、任重道远的民族风格，砥砺品学、上求下索的民族气质等等。[13] (P1) 肖君和认为，中华民族精神的内涵有以下诸点:作为中华民族精神本质的“生”，作为中华民族精神核心的“中和”，作为中华民族精神主体的“自强”、“重德”，作为中华民族精神基本内容的“刚”、“韧”、“稳”、“进”、“宽”、“厚”、“仁”、“义”，以及作为中华民族精神的特殊形态的爱国主义。[14](P90) (二)从时代精神来看，作为与时俱进的概念，民族精神能够适应现时代的民族生存与发展要求，它是时代文明内在、深层的精髓和内核，是在一个时代起主导作用的精湛思想、最高指导原则的时代精神。近代中国，中国共产党人的革命精神逐渐成为现代中华民族精神的主体，其基本内涵可以概括为:坚定的理想信念、不怕牺牲的革命精神、实事求是的科学态度、为人民服务的崇高人生主旨、保家卫国的爱国主义情感、自力更生、艰苦奋斗的创业精神等。在社会主义的伟大实践中，中华民族精神又增添了新的内容，丰富了它的内涵，如大庆精神、两弹一星精神、抗洪精神、雷锋精神、焦裕禄精神、孔繁森精神等， (从历史性和时代性的有机统一来看，中国这些都成为中华民族精神的重要组成部分。3 共产党人的革命精神继承和丰富了中华民族精神，使民族精神的内涵更加丰富，影响更深。正如党的十六大所提出的，中华民族形成了以爱国主义为核心的团结统一、爱好和平、勤劳勇敢、自强不息的伟大民族精神。 中华民族精神的特质 民族精神是由文化传统中提炼出来的，又为文化传统所涵盖，是文化传统中的优秀部分。我们展开来说，民族精神是一个民族在创生中不断发生的精神“世”(精神体系)，在这个“世界”中，先是一种潜意识、一种内在的思维定势，一种定向发展的倾向，这些潜在的精神，通过政治文化思想、民族性格、民族传统和价值观念的升华(实现)表现出来。从这个视角上说，民族精神的裁体，实际上就是该民族的优秀传统文化精髓，这就是人们常说的文以载道，“文”就是优秀的传统文化和现代的有中国特色的社会主义文化;“道”就是中华民族精神。在这里，民族文化是民族精神的杠杆，通过这个杠杆使民族精神在一切社会意识中发挥作用。而这个杠杆就是流传几千年的儒墨道法文化，其中以孔子为代表的儒家影响最为突出。儒家文化思想，有着丰富的内涵，是民族优秀文化的重要思想资源。 -89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-eel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering2005 st-visions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty pro1000 punishment. (5) significant -of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500ns against them. (4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the administrative leadership 100 economic sanctio-1000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticism and 50-ishment 500anctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct puning administrative s10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concern-the direct punishment 0.51997 steel welded-5 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded tank code for construction and acceptance of 3 JB/ T4735200-98 2 GB50128-ing 1 GB1502000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineer-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 8 JB4730-JB/4709 2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-d acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ2222002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction an2 在这个资源中，以人为本的人本思想文化占优先地位 自强不息精神深深浸染在中华炎黄于民的灵魂中，它几乎成为中华精神永恒性的烙印。从文化史料上讲，早在炎黄于民走上“自为”阶段前，先民们便肯定和崇尚这种精神。如《周易?乾?象传》中说:“天行健，君子以自强不息”，意图是:天体是永不停息地运动的，道德高尚的人应像天体那样，努力向上，决不停止。先民们在肯定和渲染“天行健”——白强不息时，也特别强调“行健”的另一侧面:“刚毅”，因为行胜屿刚毅总是分不开的《论语?子路》上说:“刚毅木调近仁”，意即人要不畏困难，不怕逆境，乐于在逆境中磨练，方能培养出刚毅的品格。用《孟子?告子》上一段话便是:“苦其心志，劳其筋骨，饿其体肤，空泛其身，行拂乱其所为”。自强不息，奋发图强的精神，不仅浸染在我国古代大量的传说、神话、文学作品和史料记载中，而且为历代文化所承传，以致它绵延至今，为中华民族优秀儿女所认同，发扬光大。可以说，哪里有中华民族文化，哪里便记载着中华民族自强不息的精神。 与自强不息、刚毅联结在一起的，便是中华文化讲正气、气节，讲爱国的精神。行健、刚毅、正气、气节、爱国，在中华文化思想中，双双孪生，密不可分。做人不可不讲正气、气节，孔子把为真理、为国家、为民族牺牲视为最大的“仁”，即所谓“志士仁人(无求生以害仁，有杀身以成仁” (《论语?卫灵公》)。认为“三军可夺帅也，匹夫不可夺志也”(《论语?子罕》)。中人自从进入“自为”阶段便极为重视民族气节，凡为民族面捐躯者则留芳百世。 中华民族精神中的“祟尚道德”精神 中华社会历来有礼义之邦的美称。在中华民族精神中，中华文化注重道德是举世闻名的。早在我们先民那里便有记载:《易经》上说:“地势坤，君子以厚镕载物”，认为大地包容着万物，有道德的人应如大地那样(胸怀宽广，能容包扦方面的人、能容纳各种不同的意见。中华文化重道德，在儒家文化小特别突出，以孔子为代表的儒家伦理学说是明证。孔子的以“仁”为核心的伦理思想，孟子提出的“仁义礼智”四项道德，奠定了封建时代的道德理论基础。之后，董仲舒的“三纲”(有为臣纲、父为于纲、夫为妻纲)和“五常”(仁、义、礼、智、信)在“天意”基础上勉强统一起来，使儒家学说中的道德文化趋于完备。在历史演化中，经宋元明清，儒家道德文化经历了从否定到肯定的波浪式的演化过程，儒家的仁、义、礼、智、信诸原则已成为文化传统、成为封建伦理道德的本 2002 i-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-ndards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323n team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction sta1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and constructio-ership, along with 500strative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of lead100 economic sanctions against them. (4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the admini-ility, give notice of criticism and 501000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsib-ompany. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500sibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the c10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the respon-the direct punishment 0.51997 steel welded-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded tank code for construction and acceptance of 3 JB/ T4735-98 2 GB50128-equipment installation engineering 1 GB1502000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical -2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 8 JB4730-elding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/47092000 of w-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-ndustrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ2223 质。 崇尚道德的中华文化，有丰富的内容，它涵摄诸多方面，如人性问题;道德起源和道德本质问题;道德标准和道德规范问题:“义利”、“理欲”问题;“力命”、“义命”问题;道德在天地间的意义问题;道德修养和道德理想问题，等等。每个问题都有正面与负面。可以说，作为民族精神载体的崇尚道德的中华文化，由于它以人本为主体，因面可称为中华人学或关于教人如做人的学说，这样的学说，不仅决定中国古代人的文化人格，面且决定中国传统文化的特征:在历史上它成了团结、融合、凝聚各族人民的纽带和抵御外侮的重要精神力量。历史上一些有远见的统治者，也主要靠“修文德”来处理各民族之间的关系。 中华民族精神中的“整体趋同”精神 中华民族“整体趋同”精神，亦即 “整体思维”精神。世界上任何一个民族，没有像中华民族这样表现出具有整体思维、整体趋同的民族。这种文化精神的根源同中华民族成员的思维方式联结在一起。它的突出特征便是:一切从整体着眼、从宏观人手。如最早老子把宇宙模式规定为“道生一、一生二、生三、生万物”(用“道”、“生”、“和”三个概念来表示纷繁陈杂的宇宙的基本精神，所强调的是世界整体性、无一性、运动性与和谐性。老子的思想代表了古人整体思想、整体趋同的思维方式和致思途径，后来又有儒学家董仲舒加以发展，他以阴阳五行为理论框架来建构他的“天人合一” 、“天人感应”的理论框架。 整体趋同亦即部分向整体趋同的整体精神，在传统文化那里便是“天”、“地”、“人”为一体的思想。这种整体趋同思想，在道德方面，重视人的道德修养，主张“修身、齐家、治国、国平天下”，就是说，以“修养”为起点，修身面后齐家，齐家，而后治国，治国面后平天下，从修身开始到平天下，整体思想贯穿其中，既是起因又是后果。在政治和社会秩序方面，具有强烈的国家意识。无论是“仁”、“义”、“札”、“智”、“信”，还是修身、齐家、治国、平天下，总体上都是以“家”、“国”为轴心，以这个轴心为起点便是大一统:社会制度一统，社会秩序一统，社会文化一统，社会伦理一统，即所谓“车同轨、书同文、行同伦”。 五千年的中华民族，有过分裂、有过政权更选，但是统一时间占了三分之二，最后也 89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-eel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering2005 st-visions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty pro1000 punishment. (5) significant -of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500ns against them. (4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the administrative leadership 100 economic sanctio-1000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticism and 50-ishment 500anctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct puning administrative s10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concern-the direct punishment 0.51997 steel welded-5 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded tank code for construction and acceptance of 3 JB/ T4735200-98 2 GB50128-ing 1 GB1502000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineer-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 8 JB4730-JB/4709 2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-d acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ2222002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction an-4 将完全走向统一。历序一统，社会文化一统，社会伦理一统，即所谓“车同轨、书同文、行同伦”。 五千年的中华民族，有过分裂、有过政权更选，但是统一时间占了三分之二，最后也将完全走向统一。历史表明:整体思想不仅汉族有(少数民族也同样有，即都追求中华民族的大统一。中华民族中整体思想、强烈的国家意识，既为民族成员的思维方式所决定，又为民族文化心理所制约，是世界其他民族所没有的或没有如此强烈的。这正是中华民族凝聚力、聚合力如此重要的文化思想基础。在今天，它必将成为实现祖团统一的思想动力。 中华民族精神中的“民为邦本”精神 以人为本的民族文化，不仅承载着自强不息、祟尚道德、整体趋同精神，而且还承载着民为邦本精神。这种精神主要内容:第一，民众是天下安定国家兴盛的根本，如《尚书?五子之歌》说:“民为邦本，本固邦宁。”《左传?庄公三十二年》说:“国将兴，听于民。”《孟子?离类上》说:“暴其民，甚则身猫国亡，不甚则身危国削。”又说:“桀纣之失天下，失其民也;失其民者，失其心也。得天下有道:得其民，斯得天下矣。”第二，民意即天意。《尚书?皋陶模》说:“天聪明，自我民聪明;天明威，自我民明威。”《尚书?泰誓》说:“天视自我民视，天听自我民听。”《左传?桓公六年》说:“夫民，神之主也，是以圣王先成民而后致力于神。”第三，安民、重民精神。《尚书?皋陶模》说:“安民则惠，黎民怀之。”《尚书?洪范》说，国君退大疑不能决断时，欠要。谋及乃心”(自思)，次要“谋及卿士”，最后要“谋及庶人”。管伸说:“政之所兴，在顺民心，政之所废，在逆民心”，他把民众比作水，把统治者比作舟，告诉统治者，水可载舟，亦可覆舟。《孟子?尽心下》说:“民为贵，社程次之，君为轻。是故得乎丘民(即民众)而为天子，得乎天子为诸侯，得乎诸侯为大夫。” 民为邦本精神是传统“仁政”、“王道”学说的思想基础，也是传统政治文化重要特征。从《盘庚》篇的重民、周公的保民、孔子的爱民，到孟子的民贵君轻论和管仲的君舟民水池，乃至两汉以来的重民思想，民为邦本在思想家们手中不断被充实。就古代思想材料而盲，世界上没有哪个国家，像中国这样拥有如此众多的关于民众的富于哲理的圣贤古训。在中华优秀文化中占有重要地位。 民为邦本思想强调提高民众的地位，有利于调整和改善统治者和被统治者的关系，有 -89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-ndards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323n team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction sta1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and constructio-ership, along with 500strative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of lead100 economic sanctions against them. (4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the admini-ility, give notice of criticism and 501000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsib-ompany. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500sibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the c10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the respon-the direct punishment 0.51997 steel welded-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded tank code for construction and acceptance of 3 JB/ T4735-98 2 GB50128-equipment installation engineering 1 GB1502000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical -2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 8 JB4730-elding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/47092000 of w-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-ndustrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ2222002 i5 益于民众的生息，是凝聚中华民族大家庭的不同成员、维护政治安定、促进国家强盛的重要思想。但是应该看到“民本、重民并不含有对普通百姓个体价值和权利的尊重。在传统政治文化中，不仅没有个人政治权利观念及相应的规定，民作为一个群体，同样没有特定的权利，即‘庶民不能自治(立君以主之’(《尚朽正义?高宗彤日疏》)，立君治民乃是天意。由君主实行统治是天经地义的，具有这样一种持质的民本思想同民主主义相去甚远。”[15] (P21) 民为邦本精神与近代所讲的民主精神是不同的。惟有可取之处(——一些志士仁人用来传播民主主义的思想文化资源)但有其历史局限性，在很大程度上乃是统治者对抗虐民、残民的君主专制的精神力量。 中华民族传统文化，如同中华民族传统精神是个发生的历史过程和动态性的结构，它既是传统的，又是时代的，具有很大的包容性。其中，不仅有上述列举的几个方面，它还包括杀身成仁，舍身取义，严于律己，舍己为人的无私奉献精神;包括独立自主，自力更生，自强、自尊、自信的奋斗意识;包拾天下兴亡、匹夫有责，先天下之忧而忧，后天下之乐而乐的感;包括勤俭节约、艰苦朴素、勤劳忍耐的责任意识和艰苦创业精神;包括清正廉明、言行一致、忠诚老实、实事求是的道德追求，以及抗击强暴、英勇不屈的民族气节和爱国情操。而在现代，以人的名字表达的上述精神:如鲁迅精神、雷锋精神、白求思精神、焦裕禄精神、孔繁森精神等等，它们都是中华民族优秀文化的表征，是作为整体的中华民族精神不可分割的组成部分，是永远引导我们前进的中国精神。 中华民族精神中的“尚中贵和”精神 主张“尚中贵和”，是中华民族优秀的民族精神，它突出的是“中和”二字。何谓“中和”,“中和”包括“中”与“和”两个方面。下面分别加以说明。首先，所谓“中”，指的是适中、中正，《中庸》所谓“执其两端，用其中于民”即是其本义。《论语?先进篇》载:“子贡问:‘师与商也孰贤,’子曰:‘师也过，商也不及。’曰:‘然则师愈与,’子曰:‘过犹不及’。”这里讲的“过犹不及”，其意是说，“过”(即超过“中”)与“不及”(即未达到“中”)都不符合中道，表达了崇尚“中正”的观念。我们的祖先一贯崇尚中道。《周易?决卦》提出:“中行无咎”，意为处中而行，足以免咎(即:免除灾难);《周易?益卦?彖传》 89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-eel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering2005 st-visions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty pro1000 punishment. (5) significant -of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500ns against them. (4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the administrative leadership 100 economic sanctio-1000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticism and 50-ishment 500anctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct puning administrative s10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concern-the direct punishment 0.51997 steel welded-5 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded tank code for construction and acceptance of 3 JB/ T4735200-98 2 GB50128-ing 1 GB1502000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineer-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 8 JB4730-JB/4709 2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-d acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ2222002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction an-6 提出“中正有庆”，意为做到了“中正”，就会有喜庆的结局;《礼记?乐记》强调“中正无邪”，意为做到了“中正”，就不会有邪恶出现。这都表达了崇尚中道的基本观念。 其次，所谓“和”，指的是和谐、协调之义。史伯曰:“以他平他谓之和。”(《国语?郑语》)“以他平他”，讲的是用一种事物去协调另一种事物，以促使两种不同事物达到矛盾的统一、融合状态。史伯还说:“和实生物，同则不继”(同上)。其所谓“同”，指的是一种事物对他种事物的绝对排斥状态，故又将之称为“专同”。我们的祖先，一贯主张和德。孔子强调“君子和而不同，小人同而不和”;《黄帝内经》提出:“阴阳和，万物生”;民间所谓“和气生财”、“家和万事兴”、“国和民气旺”等，都表达了“贵和”的基本观念。“中”与“和”结合起来，称之为“中和”。《中庸》曰:“致中和，天地位焉，万物育焉。”其意是说，达到了中和境界，天地便各得其位，万物乃生长发育。该篇又说:“中也者，天下之大本也;和也者，天下之达道也。”明确把“中”视为“天下之大本”;把“和”看作“天下之达道”。这都鲜明地表达了我们祖先对“尚中贵和”的理想追求。 “尚中贵和”，就是主张人们在社会交往及为人处事中，要推行中正之道，坚持“和而不同”，与大家友好相处，相互协作，共享祥和。提倡“尚中贵和”，过去对于我们民族的文明进步，曾产生过十分积极的影响。 -ndards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323n team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction sta1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and constructio-ership, along with 500strative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of lead100 economic sanctions against them. (4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the admini-ility, give notice of criticism and 501000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsib-ompany. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500sibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the c10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the respon-the direct punishment 0.51997 steel welded-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded tank code for construction and acceptance of 3 JB/ T4735-98 2 GB50128-equipment installation engineering 1 GB1502000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical -2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 8 JB4730-elding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/47092000 of w-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-ndustrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ2222002 i-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering7