引起心跳过慢的常见原因大致分为三种

引起心跳过慢的常见原因大致分为三种 引起心跳过慢的常见原因大致分为三种: 第一种是迷走神经功能亢进,在大脑的延髓部位有一个调节心血管活动的神经中枢.这个中枢可以有抑制心跳也可以加速心跳的功能.迷走神经就是由这个中枢发出的神经纤维用来支配心跳等作用的.当迷走神经兴奋时它的末梢可以释放一种称为“乙酰胆碱”的物质,对心脏起抑制作用使心跳减慢.由“迷亢”引起的心跳过慢心律多数是整齐的,心跳虽慢但很少低于每分钟30-40次,正常人包括老年人可以出现. 第二种心跳过慢叫“病态窦房结综合征”,简称“病窦”.这是一种病态的心脏现,它的病理变化主要发生在心跳的起搏点———窦房结.使窦房结不能很好发出冲动或延迟发出冲动,常见的病因是冠心病,心肌病以及老人心脏传导系统的退行性病变.“病窦”患者心跳很慢,有时每分钟只有30-40次. 第三种是严重的房室传导阻滞所致的心跳过慢,就是原来由起搏点窦房结发出的冲动波不能传到房室结,被阻断了,这时心室只好代偿性地自己发出冲动,所以心跳十分缓慢,一旦发生完全性的房室传导阻滞时,心跳每分钟在20次以下时,可因心脏排血明显下降直接影响脑供血而出现头晕,甚至晕厥和抽搐,这就是阿斯综合症的严重发作.引起严重的传导阻滞的 病因多数为心脏本身的器质性病变,如冠心病,心肌病变或某些心脏病的晚期严重变化等. 总之,心跳过慢时,主要应从“迷亢”,“病窦”及严重传导阻滞等主要原因去考虑,也可以通过详细的病史和心电图检查,以寻找引起心跳过慢的原因,这样就可以针对病因进行治疗. 房室传导阻滞 百科名片 房室传导阻滞是指窦房结发出的冲动，从心房传到心室的过程中发生阻滞。常见 病因为器质性 心脏病 ，各种 心肌炎 ，洋地黄、奎尼丁等药物影响;也可见健 康运动员和重体力劳动者以及压迫眼球和颈动脉窦、胸腔和颈部肿瘤刺激迷走神 经等。 疾病名称 分型说明 疾病病因 疾病分类 症状体征 诊断检查 疾病分类 鉴别诊断 疾病名称 分型说明 疾病病因 疾病分类 症状体征 诊断检查 疾病分类 鉴别诊断 , 治疗 , 药物治疗 , 人工心脏起搏治疗 , 化验检验 , 并发症 , 预防常识 展开 编辑本段 疾病名称 房室传导阻滞 编辑本段 分型说明 按阻滞部位常分为房室束分支以上与房室束分支以下阻滞两类，其病因、临床表现、发病规律和治疗各不相同。还可按病程分为急性和慢性房室传导阻滞;慢性还可分为间断发作与持续发作型。也可按病因分为先天性与后天性房室传导阻滞;或按阻滞程度分为不全性与完全性房室传导阻滞 房室传导阻滞 。从临床角度看，按阻滞部位和阻滞程度分类不但有利于估计阻滞的病因、病变范围和发展规律，还能指导治疗，因而比较切合临床实际。 房室传导比就是房室传导阻滞传导的比值。房室传导阻滞是指冲动在房室传导过程中受到阻滞。分为不完全性和完全性两类。前者包括一度和二度房室传导阻滞，后者又称三度房室传导阻滞，阻滞部位可在心房、房室结，希氏束及双束支。 编辑本段 疾病病因 注意引起房室传导阻滞的病因，有无器质性心脏病，是否长期或大量服用抗心律失常药物，有无心脏手术、炎症、电解质和酸碱失衡等原因，有无迷走神经张力过强、颈动脉窦综合征等。 房室传导阻滞 ?以各种原因的心肌炎症最常见，如风湿性、病毒性心肌炎和其它感染。 ?迷走神经兴奋，常表现为短暂性房室传导阻滞。 ?药物:如洋地黄和其他抗心律失常药物，多数停药后，房室传导阻滞消失。 ?各种器质性心脏病如冠心病、风湿性心脏病及心肌病。 ?高血钾、尿毒症等。 ?特发性的传导系统纤维化、退行性变等。 ?外伤，心脏外科手术时误伤或波及房室传导组织可引起房室传导阻滞。 编辑本段 疾病分类 心血管内科 编辑本段 症状体征 病史注意有无头晕、眩晕、晕厥等症状和症状的轻重。体检注意心搏脱漏、心率缓慢程度及其变化等。 一度房室传导阻滞患者常无症状。听诊时心尖部第一心音减弱，此是由于P,R间期延长，心室收缩开始时房室瓣叶接近关闭所致。 二度?型房室传导阻滞病人可有心搏暂停感觉。二度?型房室传导阻滞病人常疲乏、头昏、昏厥、抽搐和心功能不全，常在较短时间内发展为完全性房室传导阻滞。听诊时心律整齐与否，取决于房室传导比例的改变。 完全性房室传导阻滞的症状取决于是否建立了心室自主节律及心室率和心肌的基本情况。如心室自主节律未及时建立则出现心室停搏。自主节律点较高如恰位于希氏束下方，心室率较快达40,60次,分，病人可能无 症状。双束支病变者心室自主节律点甚低，心室率慢在40次,分以下，可出现心功能不全和脑缺血综合征(Adams-Stokes,Syndrome)或猝死。心室率缓慢常引起收缩压升高和脉压增宽。 编辑本段 诊断检查 心电图检查，可确定诊断，并应区分为不完全性(?度和?度)或完全性(?度)房室传导阻滞。必要时，有条件者也可行希氏束电图检查。 一、一度房室传导阻滞:?P,R间期,0.20秒，?每个P波后，均有QRS波群. 二、二度房室传导阻滞:部分心房激动不能传至心室，一些P波后没有QRS波群，房室传导比例可能是2:1;3:2;4:3……。第二度房室传导阻滞可分为两型。?型又称文氏现象，或称莫氏?型，?型又称莫氏?型。 (一)第二度?型传导阻滞,文氏现象?P-R间期逐渐延长，直至P波受阻与心室脱漏，?R,R间期逐渐缩短，直至P波受 ??AVB 阻;?包含受阻P波的R,R间期比两个P,P间期之和为短。 (二)第二度?型房室传导阻滞莫氏?型?P,R间期固定，可正常或延长。?QRS波群有间期性脱漏，阻滞程度可经常变化，可为1:1;2:1;3:1;3:2;4:3等。下传的QRS波群多呈束支传导阻滞图型。 第一度和第二度?型房室传导阻滞，阻滞部位多在房室结，其QRS波群不增宽;第二度?型房室传导阻滞，其阻滞部位多在希氏束以下，此时QRS波群常增宽。 (三)完全性房室传导阻滞(三度房室传导阻滞): ?P波与QRS波群相互无关;?心房速率比心室速率快，心房心律可能为窦性或起源于异位;?心室心律由交界区或心室自主起搏点维持。 QRS波群的形态主要取决于阻滞的部位，如阻滞位于希氏束分支以上，则逸搏起搏点多源于房室交界区紧靠分支处出现高位心室自主心律，QRS波群不增宽。如阻滞位于双束支，则逸搏心律为低位心室自主心律，QRS波群增宽或畸形。邻近房室交界区高位逸搏心律的速率常在每分钟40-60次之间，而低位心室自主心律的速率多在每分钟30-50次之间。 编辑本段 疾病分类 按阻滞部位常分为房室束分支以上与房室束分支以下阻滞两类，其病因、临床表现、发病规律和治疗各不相同。还可按病程分为急性和慢性房室传导阻滞;慢性还可分为间断发作与持续发作型。也可按病因分为先天性与后天性房室传导阻滞;或按阻滞程度分为不全性与完全性房室传导阻滞。 从临床角度看，按阻滞部位和阻滞程度分类不但有利于估计阻滞的病 [1]因、病变范围和发展规律，还能指导治疗，因而比较切合临床实际。 编辑本段 鉴别诊断 根据典型心电图改变并结合临床表现，不难作出诊断。为估计预后并确定治疗， 房室传导阻滞 尚需区分生理性与病理性房室传导阻滞、房室束分支以上阻滞和三分支阻滞，以及阻滞的程度。 编辑本段 治疗方案 1.积极治疗可以去除的病因。 2.维持一定水平的心室率，保持较理想的心排出量。轻度房室传导阻滞，或高度阻滞，但心室率<40次/min者，可用阿托品、心宝等药物;急性发生者可用泼尼松或地塞米松及心肌营养药。重度阻滞或心室率<40次 /min或症状较显著者，可选用下列药物:?麻黄素25mg，3,5/d。?异丙肾上腺素10mg，舌下含用，每2~6h 1次或lmg加入5,葡萄糖液500m1中缓慢静滴。 ?阿托品注射或口服。伴缺氧、酸中毒时，可用5,碳酸氢钠100~200ml、1.87mol乳酸钠40,60ml静脉缓慢注射。 3.上述治疗无法防止阿-斯综合征发作时，应考虑安装临时或永久性人工心脏起搏器。 4.首先针对病因，如用抗菌素治疗急性感染，肾上腺皮质激素抑制非特异性炎症，阿托品等解除迷走神经的作用，停止应用导致房室传导阻滞的药物，用氯化钾静脉滴注治疗低血钾等。第一度与第二度?型房室传导阻滞预后好，无需特殊处理。 5.阿托品有加速房室传导纠正文氏现象的作用，但也可加速心房率。使二度房室传导阻滞加重，故对第二度?型房室传导阻滞不利。 ?度?型房室传导阻滞如QRS波群增宽畸形，临床症状明显，尤其是发生心原性昏厥者，宜安置人工心脏起搏器。 6.完全性房室传导阻滞，心室率在40次,分以上，无症状者，可不必治疗，如心室率过缓可试给麻黄素、阿托品、小剂量异丙肾上腺素5,10mg，每日4次，舌下食化。如症状明显或发生过心原性昏厥，可静脉滴注异丙肾上腺素(1-4ug,分)并准备安置人工心脏起搏器。 编辑本段 药物治疗 (1)拟交感神经药物:常用异丙肾上腺素每4小时舌下含5,10mg，或麻黄碱口服，0(03g，3,4次/d。预防或治疗房室传导阻滞引起的阿-斯综合征发作，宜用0(5mg,异丙肾上腺素溶液连续静脉滴注，控制滴速使心室率维持在60,70次,min;过量不仅可明显增快房率而使房室阻滞加重，而且还能导致严重室性异位心律。阿-斯综合征发作的其他紧急处理参见本篇第六章"心脏骤停和心原性猝死"。 (2)阿托品:每4小时口服0(3mg，适用于房室束分支以上的阻滞，尤其是迷走神经张力过高所致的阻滞，必要时肌肉或静脉注射，每4,6小时0(5,1(0mg。 (3)碱性药物:碳酸氢钠或乳酸钠有改善心肌细胞应激性、促进传导系统心肌细胞对拟交感神经药物反应的作用，一般用克分子溶液静脉滴注或推注，尤其适用于高血钾或伴酸中毒时。 编辑本段 人工心脏起搏治疗 心室率缓慢并影响血流动力状态的?,?度房室传导阻滞，尤其是阻滞部位在房室束分支以下，并发生在急性心肌炎、急性心肌梗塞或心脏手术损伤时，均有用临时起搏治疗的指征。安装永久起搏前，或高度至?度房室传导阻滞患者施行麻醉或外科手术时，临时起搏可保证麻醉或手术诱发心室停搏时患者的安全，并可预防心室颤动的发生。 保持高度或?度房室传导阻滞伴有心、脑供血不足症状、活动量受限或有过阿-斯综合征发作者，均可考虑采用永久起搏治疗。 编辑本段 化验检验 房室传导阻滞可发生在窦性心律或房性、交接处性、室性异位心律中。冲动自心房向心室方向传导阻滞(前向传导或下传阻滞)时，心电图表现为PR间期延长，或部分以至全部P波后无QRS波群。冲动自心室向心房传导阻滞(后向传导或逆传阻滞)时，则表现为RP间期延长或部分QRS波群后无逆传P波。以下主要介绍前向阻滞的表现，后向阻滞的相应表现可以类推。 (一)I度房室传导阻滞 每个P波后均有QRS波群，但PR间期在成人超过0(20秒，老年人超过0(21秒，儿童超过0(18秒。诊断I度逆传阻滞的RP间期长度目前尚无统一标准。 应选标准导联中P波起始清楚、QRS波群以Q波起始的导联测量PR间期，以最长的PR间期与正常值比较。PR间期明显延长时，P波可隐伏在前一个心搏的T波内，引起T波增高、畸形或切迹，或延长超过PP间距，而形成一个P波越过另一个P波传导。后者多见于快速房性异位心律。显著窦性心律不齐伴I度房室传导阻滞时，PR间期可随其前的RP间期的长或短而相应地缩短或延长。 房室传导阻滞 (二)?度房室传导阻滞 间断出现P波后无QRS波群(亦称心室脱漏)。QRS波群形态正常或呈束支传导阻滞型畸形和增宽。P波与QRS波群可呈规则的比例(如5?4、3?1等)或不规则比例。?度房室传导阻滞的心电图表现可分两型。I型(文氏现象)PR间期不固定，心室脱漏后第一个PR间期最短，以后逐次延长，但较前延长的程度逐次减少，最后形成心室脱漏。脱漏后第一个PR间期缩短，如此周而复始。RR间距逐次缩短，直至心室脱漏时形成较长的RR间距。P波与QRS波群比例大多不规则。不典型的文氏现象并不少见，可表现为:心室脱漏前一个PR间期较前明显延长，导致脱漏前一个RR间期延长;由于隐匿传导而使脱漏后第一个PR间期不缩短;或在文氏周期中出现交接处性逸搏或反复搏动，从而打乱典型的文氏现象。图示不典型文氏周期，心室脱漏前一个心搏PR间期延长显著，使RR相应延长，因而不见典型文氏周期RR逐次缩短的特征。 (三)高度房室传导阻滞 ?度?型房室传导阻滞中，房室呈3?1或3?1以上比例的，称为高度房室传导阻滞。 (四)近乎完全性房室传导阻滞 绝大多数P波后无QRS波群，心室基本由房室交接处或心室自主心律控制，QRS波群形态正常或呈束支传导阻滞型畸形增宽。与完全性房室传导阻滞的不同点，在于少数P波后有QRS波群，形成一个较交接处或心室自主节律提早的心搏，称为心室夺获。心室夺获的QRS波群形态与交接处自主心律相同，而与心室自主心律不同。 (五)?度或完全性房室传导阻滞 全部P波不能下传，P波与QRS波群无固定关系，PP和RR间距基本规则。心室由交接处或心室自主心律控制，前者频率35,50次,min，后者35次,min左右或以下。心室自主心律的QRS波群形态与心室起搏点部位有关。在左束支的，QRS波群呈右束支传导阻滞型;在右束支的，QRS波群呈左束支传导阻滞型。在心室起搏点不稳定时，QRS波群形态和RR间距可多变。心室起搏点自律功能暂停则引起心室停搏，心电图上表现为一系列P波。 编辑本段 并发症 本病常作为其它疾病的并发症出现，如急性下壁心肌梗死、甲状腺功能亢进、预激综合征等都可以引起本病。本病所起的并发症并不多见，但一旦发生则非常危险，如高度的房室传导阻滞可以并发室颤，患者发生室颤前心电图常有频发室性早搏,室性心动过速,另外患者大多有乏力、心悸、胸闷、恐慌、烦躁不安的症状。故对这类病人临床上应先做好抢救的准备。室颤的抢救应分秒必争,室颤常有先兆,室性心动过速是其前奏,发现后立即给予抗心律失常药物治疗,避免严重并发症发生。 编辑本段 预防常识 房室传导阻滞，由心脏房-室之间的传导障碍引起。根据病情不同分为?、?、?度。发现传导阻滞后应积极查找病因。如患?度?型或?度AVB药物治疗无效时，可安装永久性人工心脏起搏器，术后可以维持正常生活及工作。 按心律失常时心率的快慢 按心律失常时心率的快慢，心律失常可分为快速性和缓慢性心律失常。近年来有些学者还提出按心律失常时循环障碍严重程度和预后，将心律失常分为致命性、潜在致命性和良性三类。这两种分类方法简易可行，结合临床实际，对心律失常的诊断和防治有一定帮助。 致命性心律失常的预防与治疗 2007-11-26 21:05:22 一、什么是正常心律与心律失常,正常人心脏跳动的信号由窦房结发出并传递到心脏的各个部分，使心脏的各个部分顺序、协调而有规律的跳动，称之为窦性心律，频率60,100 /分。如果心脏跳动的信号由其它部位发出、或传递异常，或频率过快或过慢就叫做心律失常，心律失常是最常见的一种临床现象，每个人都会有心律失常发生。心律失常的种类包括窦性心动过速,过缓,停搏和窦房传导阻滞，房性早搏、过速、扑动、颤动、房内传导阻滞、心房静止，室性早搏、过速、扑动、颤动、室内传导阻滞、心室停搏，房室交界性早博、过速与传导阻滞。大部分心律失常如最常见的偶发房性早搏或室性早搏，对人体影响不大，都不需要特殊处理。 二、什么是致命性心律失常,严重的有致死可能性的心律失常称为致命性心律失常，主要包括室速、室颤和严重缓慢性心律失常如窦性停搏、严重房室传导阻滞、室内传导阻滞和心室停搏，轻者引起患者晕厥、抽搐，重者如果抢救不及时，特别是心跳停止超过5分 钟者可导致神经系统后遗症或死亡。致命性心律失常的防治也是心脏性猝死的防治，是全球范围内一个严重的尚在研究和探讨中的临床医学课题。 三、致命性心律失常的常见病因: 1、室速、室颤的常见原因:室速、室颤占心脏性猝死原因的90%左右，室速、室颤的发生机制仍然不完全清楚，目前认为最主要的机制是心室心肌的自律性升高或者折返运动，其中早期后除极(EAD)和晚期后除极(DAD)，是最主要的细胞电生理机制。 引起室速、室颤最常见的疾病有:(1)冠心病和缺血性心肌病包括急性心肌梗塞，急性冠脉综合症，心肌梗塞后的各种室性心律失常等;(2)心力衰竭所致的猝死;(3)心肌疾病包括心室肥厚、扩张性心肌病所致的室性心律失常;(4)长QT综合症等，先天遗传性疾病所致的心脏猝死。 最常见的危险因素有:缺血或冠心病;心肌疾病;慢性心衰;EF<40%;心脏过大(心胸比例大于0.6);及已知和未知的遗传性疾病。 2、缓慢性心律失常的常见原因:缓慢性心律失常主要指:病态窦房结综合症，尤其严重的窦性停搏(>3,5秒)、窦房阻滞;房室传 导阻滞，完全性?度房室传导阻滞，心室率慢于40次/分;严重的室内传导阻滞 ，如三束支阻滞或严重的完全性左束支阻滞(QRS>140ms);和由缓慢性心律失常诱发的室速、室颤。缓慢性心律失常的病因和发病机制目前研究的比较清楚，最常见的病因是老年人退行性传导系统疾病，成年人冠状动脉疾病，青年人心肌炎或心肌病。 四、致命性心律失常的防治: 1、室速、室颤:室速、室颤的预防首先是积极防治其基础心脏疾病。 室颤的处理是心律失常的最急诊的处理之一，室颤一旦发生，立即体外电除颤。如发生心脏骤停，则按心脏骤停常规处理。 室速的处理一般先用药物复律，其中应用最多的是静注氨碘酮或者利多卡因。如果室速药物处理效果不好，且伴有血压下降者应积极电复律。 室速/室颤的药物防治占重要地位，二者有复发的倾向，是猝死的主要原因，在防治上同样重视病因治疗和消除诱发因素。不同病因的室速/室颤在防治上有不同的选择，而且在预示室颤危险分层上的各项指标也有不同的意义;但不论哪项指标，它们的敏感生、特异性、 实用价值都有限。因此室速/室颤的远期防治是一个难题，而且要个体化选择防治方法。从总体而言，对器质性心脏病伴室速/室颤者，体内自动除颤器(ICD)优于氨碘酮。因此经济条件允许下，室速/室颤复发者宜植入ICD;没有经济条件者，选用胺碘酮。 ICD防治心脏性猝死和室速、室颤的效果是肯定的。凡有心性猝死病史者或者有室速、室颤者均为ICD植入的适应症。目前ICD具有分层治疗功能即:?、起搏功能——当心律缓慢时具有起搏器的功能进行按需起搏;?、治疗室性心动过速的功能——即超速抑制自动复律功能;?、低能量电复律——即用2,5J的能量将适性心动过速体内复转为窦性心律;?、自动电除颤的功能——即确诊室颤存在时自动用10,30J的自动放电将室颤复律为窦性心律。 2、缓慢性心律失常的治疗:症状轻微者，一般情况下先用阿托品、654-2或异丙肾上腺素等药物治疗，任何器质性的、不可逆的和药物治疗无效的缓慢性心律失常均为人工心脏起搏器治疗的适应症。起搏器的选用以DDD起搏器或其它生理性起搏器为宜，对缓慢心律失常伴心功能不全者，尤其QRS综合波大于0.12,0.14秒者应植入双心室或者右室双部位起搏器。 人工心脏起搏治疗缓慢性心律失常的疗效是肯定的。植入技术已有四十余年的经验，非常成熟且严重合并症极少，因此，应积极的推 广应用人工心脏起搏技术治疗缓慢性心律失常。 心肌炎常是全身性疾病在心肌上的炎症性表现，由于心肌病变范围大小及病变程度的不同，轻者可无临床症状，严重可致猝死，诊断及时并经适当治疗者，可完全治愈，迁延不愈者，可形成慢性心肌炎或导致心肌病。 病因 细菌性白喉杆菌、溶血性链球菌、肺炎双球菌、伤寒杆菌等。病毒如柯萨奇病毒，艾柯病毒、肝炎病毒、流行性出血热病毒、流感病毒、腺病毒等，其他如真菌，原虫等均可致心肌炎。但目前以病毒性心肌炎较常见。 致病条件因素?过度运动、运动可致病毒在心肌内繁殖复制加剧，加重心肌炎症和坏死。?细菌感染，细菌和病毒混合感染时，可能起协同致病作用。?妊娠: 妊娠可以增强病毒在心肌内的繁殖，所谓围产期心肌病可能是病毒感染所致。?其他: 营养不良，高热寒冷，缺氧、过度饮酒等，均可诱发病毒性心肌炎。 症状 青壮年发病较多，常先有原发感染的表现，如病毒性者常有发热、咽痛、咳嗽、呕吐、腹泻、肌肉酸痛等。大多在病毒 感染1,3周后，出现心肌炎的症状，由于心律失常可致心悸因排血量降低而感无力。累及心包膜及胸膜时，胸闷、胸痛、亦可有类似心绞痛的表现。严重者心功能不全。常见体征，窦性心动过速与体温不相平行。也可有窦性心动过缓及各种心律失常，心界扩大者占1,3,1,2，见于重症心肌炎，因心脏扩大可致二尖瓣或三尖瓣关闭不全，心尖部或胸骨左下缘收缩期杂音。心肌损害严重或心力衰竭者，可闻舒张期奔马律，第一心音减弱，合并心包炎者可闻心包摩擦音。 轻者可完全无症状，重者心力衰竭或猝死。表现悬殊。根据临床表现可分为六个类型:?无症状型:感染后1,4周心电图出现S,T改变，无症状。?心律失常型:表现各种类型的心律失常，心室性期前收缩最多见。?心力衰竭型:出现心力衰竭的症状及体征。?心肌坏死型:临床表现类似心肌梗塞。?心脏增大型:心脏扩大，二尖瓣及三尖瓣区收缩期杂音。?猝死型:无先兆，突然死亡。 检查 一、心电图:心电图异常的阳性率高，且为诊断的重要依据，起病后心电图由正常可突然变为异常，随感染的消退而消失。主要表现有ST段下移，T波低平或倒置。 二、X线检查:由于病变范围及病变严重程度不同，放射线检查亦有较大差别，大约1,3,1,2心脏扩大，多为轻中度扩大，明显扩大者多伴有心包积液，心影呈球形或烧瓶状，心搏动减弱，局限性心肌炎或病变较轻者，心界可完全正常。 三、血液检查:白血球计数在病毒性心肌炎可正常，偏高或降低，血沉大多正常，亦可稍增快，C反应蛋白大多正常，GOT、GPT、LDH、CPK正常或升高，慢性心肌炎多在正常范围。 四、有条件者可做病毒分离或抗体测定。 治疗 应卧床休息，以减轻组织损伤，病变加速恢复。伴有心律失常,应卧床休息2,4周，然后逐渐增加活动量，严重心肌炎伴有心脏扩大者，应休息6个月至一年，直到临床症状完全消失，心脏大小恢复正常。免疫抑制剂:激素的应用尚有争论，但重症心肌炎伴有房室传导阻滞，心原性休克心功能不全者均可应用激素。 常用强的松，40,60mg/日，病情好转后逐渐减量，6周一个疗程。必要时亦可用氢化考地松或地塞松，静脉给药。心 力衰竭者可用强心、利尿、血管扩张剂。心律失常者同一般心律失常的治疗。 心肌炎指心肌中有局限性或弥漫性的急性、亚急性或慢性的炎性病变。近年来病毒性心肌炎的相对发病率不断增加。病情轻重不同，表现差异很大，婴幼儿病情多较重，成年人多较轻，轻者可无明显病状，重者可并发严重心律失常，心功能不全甚至猝死。急性期或亚急性期心肌炎病的前驱症状，病人可有发热、疲乏、多汗、心慌、气急、心前区闷痛等。检查可见期前收缩、传导阻滞等心律失常。谷草转氨酶、肌酸磷酸激酶增高，血沉增快。心电图、X线检查有助于诊断。 [治法]:补血益气，祛瘀化痰 太子参12 黄芪15 麦冬8 五味子6 丹参9 川芎8 柴胡6 延胡索6 葛根12 桂枝6 石菖蒲6 牡蛎20 [加减]: (1)心血不足引至头晕乏力者，加酸枣仁6 龙眼肉10 远志4 (2)心气不足者，改太子参为人参10 加熟附子6 (3)痰多者，加浙贝10 全瓜萎15 心肌炎 心肌炎(myocarditis)是指由各种原因引起的心肌的局限性或弥漫性炎症。虽然某些心肌炎由于在终期可过渡为充血 性或限制性心肌病，而被某些学者视为继发性心肌病，但在发病学上心肌炎毕竟是可区分的疾病类型。引起心肌炎的原因很多，诸如病毒、细菌、真菌、寄生虫、免疫反应，以及物理、化学因素等均可引起心肌炎。心肌炎的分类颇不一致，兹根据病因将其常见类型分述如下: 一、病毒性心肌炎 病毒性心肌炎(viral myocarditis)颇为常见，是由亲心肌病毒引起的原发性心肌炎症，常累及心包，引起心包心肌炎。事实上，所谓特发性心肌炎极可能是因病毒感染引起。 病因和发病机制 可引起心肌炎的病毒种类颇多，其中最常见的是柯萨奇(Coxsackie)病毒、ECHO病毒(即人肠孤病毒)、风疹病毒、流行性感冒病毒、腮腺炎病毒等。由于在妊娠最初3个月内感染柯萨奇病毒和风疹病毒时可引起胎儿的先天性心脏畸形，因此，这两种病毒占有特别重要的地位。人类的心肌炎以柯萨奇病毒B组感染最为常见。一般而言，亲心肌病毒可直接破坏心肌细胞，但也可通过T细胞介导的免疫反应间接地破坏心肌细胞。由于此类病毒衣壳的糖蛋白分子结构与心肌细胞膜的糖蛋白相似，故在感染后，机体所产生的抗体(激活补体的抗体及中和病毒的抗体)既针对病毒，亦针对心肌细胞。因此，当细胞毒性T细胞被致敏后，即可破坏被病毒感染的心肌细胞。 病变 本病病变依患者年龄不同而有所不同。妊娠最初3个月的胎儿感染风疹病毒时，可引起心内膜下心肌的无反应性心肌细胞坏死。在妊娠后期，胎儿感染柯萨奇病毒时则可引起全心炎，大多伴有心骨膜纤维弹性组织增生。初生儿的病毒性心肌炎可见到心肌细胞坏死及粒细胞浸润。其后，代之以巨噬细胞、淋巴细胞、浆细胞浸润及肉芽组织形成。在成人，多累及心房后壁、室间隔及心尖区，有时可累及传导系统。镜下，主要病变为坏死性心肌炎。晚期，可见到明显的心肌间质纤维化，伴有代偿性心肌肥大及心腔扩张(充血性心肌病)。 二、细菌性心肌炎 细菌性心肌炎(bacterial myocarditis)可由细菌直接感染，或细菌产生的毒素对心肌的作用，或细菌产物所致的变态反应而引起。 1(心肌脓肿 常由化脓菌引起，如葡萄球菌、链球菌、肺炎双球菌、脑膜炎双球菌等。化脓菌来源于脓毒败血症时的转移性细菌菌落，或来自细菌性心内膜炎时的化脓性血栓栓子。肉眼观，心脏表面及切面可见多发性黄色小脓肿，周围有充血带。镜下，脓肿内心肌细胞坏死液化，脓腔内有大量脓细胞及数量不等的细菌集落。脓肿周围心肌有不同程度的变性、坏死，间质内有中性粒细胞及单核细胞浸润。 2(白喉性心肌炎 白喉杆菌可产生外毒素，一方面可阻断心肌细胞核蛋白体的蛋白质合成，另一方面可阻断肉碱介导的长链脂肪酸运入线粒体，导致心肌细胞脂肪变性和坏死。镜下，可见灶状心肌变性坏死，心肌细胞出现嗜酸性变、肌浆凝聚、脂肪变性及肌浆溶解。病灶内可见淋巴细胞、单核细胞及少数中性粒细胞浸润。病灶多见于右心室壁，愈复后形成细网状小瘢痕。有的病例出现弥漫性心肌坏死，可导致心性猝死。 3(非特异性心肌炎 在上呼吸道链球菌感染(急性咽峡炎、扁桃体炎)及猩红热时，可并发急性非风湿性心肌炎。其发病机制尚未明了，可能是由链球菌毒素引起。病变是间质性心肌炎。镜下，心肌间质结缔组织内及小血管周围有淋巴细胞、单核细胞浸润，心肌细胞有程度不等的变性、坏死。 三、寄生虫性心肌炎 寄生虫性心肌炎(parasitic myocarditis)常见的有以下两种类型: 1(弓形虫性心肌炎 此型心肌炎由鼠弓形虫(Toxoplasma gondii)感染而引起。人类主要因食入含有包囊的未煮熟肉类而感染。弓形虫进入人体后，经血流到达单核巨噬细胞系统及各种组织，并在细胞内繁殖。弓形虫侵入心肌细胞后很快繁殖，形成集合体，亦称假包囊。心肌细胞很快破裂，病原体进入周围组织。被破坏的心肌细胞周围有淋巴细胞、单 核细胞浸润。愈复后有瘢痕形成。约半数患者因心力衰竭致死。 2(Chagas心肌炎 此种心肌炎由原虫枯氏锥虫(trypanosoma cruzi)感染引起，流行于拉丁美洲各国。病情严重，死亡率高。可引起灶状或弥散性心肌坏死，周围有淋巴细胞、单核细胞浸润。心腔扩张，心室壁(主要在心尖区)变薄，常形成室壁瘤，伴有心腔内附壁血栓形成。 四、免疫反应性心肌炎 此类心肌炎见于一些变态反应性疾病，如风湿病、类风湿性关节炎、系统性红斑狼疮、结节性多动脉炎等。其中以风湿性心肌炎最为常见，在心肌间质结缔组织内可见到典型的风湿性肉芽肿(详见本章第六节)。 此外，某些药物可引起变态反应性心肌炎，如磺胺、抗生素(青霉素、四环素、链霉素、金霉素等)、消炎药(保泰松、消炎痛)、抗抑郁药(阿密曲替林)、以及抗癫痫药(苯妥因)等。病变主要累及左心室、室间隔。镜检下，常表现为间质性心肌炎。可引起心肌细胞坏死溶解及淋巴细胞、浆细胞以及引人注目的嗜酸性粒细胞浸润。 五、孤立性心肌炎 孤立性心肌炎(isolated myocarditis)亦称特发性心肌炎(idiopathic myocarditis)，至今原因不明。因其首先由Fiedler(1899)所描述，又称Fiedler心肌炎。多见于20,50 岁的青、中年人。急性型常导致心脏扩张，可突然发生心力衰竭致死。 病变 依组织学变化分为两型: 1(弥漫性间质性心肌炎(diffuse interstitial myocarditis) 镜下，心肌间质和小血管周围有多量淋巴细胞、浆细胞和巨噬细胞浸润。有时也可见到嗜酸性粒细胞和少量中性粒细胞。心肌细胞较少发生变性、坏死。 2(特发性巨细胞性心肌炎(idiopathic giant cell myocarditis) 病变特点是心肌内有局灶性坏死及肉芽肿形成(图8-43)。病灶中心部可见红染、无结构的坏死物，周围有淋巴细胞、浆细胞、单核细胞和嗜酸性粒细胞浸润，混有许多多核巨细胞。巨细胞的形态、大小各异，可为异物型或Langhans型多核巨细胞(图8-44)。 图8-43 特发性巨细胞性心肌炎 图示左心室心肌的炎症及坏死灶(大小不等的灰白色区域)，男性，37岁 图8-44 特发性巨细胞性心肌炎 心肌层内可见多数单核细胞和多核巨细胞 ×200 心肌炎是指心肌有局限性或弥漫性的炎症病变，以病毒性心肌炎为多见。一般在病毒感染时，常可因营养不良、疲劳、高热、寒冷、饮酒等致病条件作用下诱发病毒性心肌炎。其临床表现大多可在1至2周内有发热、咽痛等类似上呼吸道感染的症状，以后出现胸闷、心悸、疲乏、心前区隐痛、气促等症，严重时可并发心力衰竭。但也有一开始发现即为心肌炎后遗症者。 养生指南: 一.预防感染:病毒性心肌炎是感染病毒引起的。防止病毒的侵入是十分重要的。尤其应预防呼吸道感染和肠道感染。对易感冒者平时应注意营养，避免过劳，选择适当的体育活动以增强体质。避免不必要的外出，必须外出时应注意防寒保暖，饮食卫生。感冒流行期间应戴口罩，避免去人口拥挤的公共场所活动。 二.劳逸结合:应避免情绪突然激动或体力活动过度而引起身体疲劳，使机体免疫抗病能力降低。 三.适当休息:急性发作期，一般应卧床休息2至4周，急性期后仍应休息2至3个月。严重心肌炎伴心界扩大者，应休息6至12个月，直到症状消失，心界恢复正常。心肌炎后遗症者，可尽量与正常人一样的生活工作，但不宜长时间看书、工作甚至熬夜。 四.饮食调摄:饮食宜高蛋白、高热量、高维生素。多食葡萄糖、蔬菜、水果。忌暴饮暴食，忌食辛辣、熏烤、煎炸之品。吸烟时烟草中的尼古丁可促进冠状动脉痉挛收缩，影响心肌供血，饮酒会造成血管功能失调，故应戒烟忌酒。食疗上可服用菊花粥、人参粥等，可按医嘱服用生晒参、西洋参等，有利于心肌炎的恢复。 五.体育锻炼:在恢复期时，根据自己的体力参加适当的锻炼，如散步、保健操、气功等，可早日康复及避免后遗症。心肌炎后遗症只要没有严重心律失常，可参加一般性的体育锻炼，如慢跑、跳舞、鹤翔庄气功、太极拳等，持之以恒，对疾病的康复肯定是有利的。 心肌炎为什么会出现心律失常? 心肌炎多数是由感染引起的，但也可以是非感染性疾病所致。不管何种病因，心肌的变性病灶总伴有不同程度的炎症。病灶通常最终由疤痕组织代替，所以在局灶性变性之后，总有局部的纤维化。由于心肌的炎症反应，对心肌内小血管的损伤，和由于免疫机制的产生，可出现冠状动脉小分支病变，心脏神经病变和心脏收缩过度状态。如当心室的小动脉被阻塞时，则导致心肌供血不足，收缩能力丧失，心输出量下降，出现心脏扩大和衰竭。当传导系统的小动脉阻塞时，影响到 心脏复极，便可发生传导障碍，心律不齐，从而出现各种心律失常。 青年人出现了心律失常一定是心肌炎吗? 有些青年人经常因工作紧张、疲劳、惊吓后出现胸闷、气急及心跳快、心慌等症状。检查心电图有心律失常。而常常认为患了心肌炎，其实并不一定是心肌炎所致。以上症状出现的心律失常大多数为功能性，即心脏神经功能调节失调所致。因此多见于精神刺激，大脑过度紧张的人，由于植物神经功能失调大脑皮层的兴奋和抑制过程发生障碍，影响心血管的正常功能，造成心律失常。 因此，发生上述情况，首先，不要紧张，放下思想包袱，听轻松音乐，调节自我情绪并在医生的指导下检查治疗，排除其它疾病，用中药调理或短期应用镇静安神药物即可以得到较好的疗效。 除了上述的原因外，少数青年人的心律失常是由感染后引起的心肌炎或先天性心脏病及与遗传有关的心脏病造成的。 怎样判定心律失常是由病毒性心肌炎引起的? 判定心律失常是否由病毒性心肌炎引起的主要有以下几点: (1)常先有感染:尤其是上呼吸道感染，并常有发热、关节疼痛，全身倦怠等症状。少数患者伴有恶心、呕吐等消化道症状。 (2)随后出现心悸、胸闷、心前区隐痛、头昏、呼吸困难等心肌炎症状。 (3)体检可发现与发热程度不平行的心动过速或其它各种心律失常，部分病人有心脏扩大，心音改变，可听到第三心音或第一心音减低或第四心音奔马律。 (4)实验室检查:白细胞计数可升高或不高，如急性期红细胞沉降率可增速、血清酶包括谷草转氨酶、乳酸脱氢酶、磷酸肌酸激酶等均可增高。心电图可见ST T改变，R波减低，病理性Q波，约1 /3病人可有?至?度房室传导阻滞。 (5)病因学检查:咽拭子或粪便中可分离出病毒，血清中特异抗体(中和、血凝机制、补体结合试验)增高，IgM滴定度增高。如作心肌活检则可从心肌分离出病毒。 所以临床上诊断心律失常是否由心肌炎引起，必须结合病史、临床表现和辅助检查来判定。 另外，心肌炎也可以是由“细菌”感染引起，如链球菌感染引起的风湿热也可造成风湿性心肌炎，根据血象，血沉、抗“O”及病史，不难与病毒性心肌炎相鉴别。 心肌炎的心律失常在何种情况下易出现? 近来，一些青年人患心肌炎较多，其中最常见的是病毒性心肌炎，其它还有细菌性(白喉等)真菌和原虫等。这些病毒和细菌直接侵犯心肌，以及对心肌内小血管的损伤，免疫机制产生的心肌损伤和毒素对心肌的损害，造成心肌细胞的溶解，间质水肿，单核细胞浸润。如进行病理学切片检查，镜检可见心肌纤维之间与血管四周的结缔组织中可有组织细胞、淋巴、嗜酸或中性粒细胞浸润和间质水肿，心肌纤维可有脂性、颗粒性或玻璃样变性，也可有心肌溶解或坏死。 如果心肌炎的病变影响心脏的起搏传导系统如窦房结、房室结、房室束和蒲金野氏纤维，则易出现心律失常。 另外，心肌炎病人在急性期应充分休息、应防止过度疲劳、情绪激动、饱餐、过食辛辣及肥甘厚味、房室过度等。否则，在上述情况下容易加重心肌负担而加重病情，出现心律失常。 (英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations.