单项肿瘤标志物特点

单项肿瘤标志物特点 1. AFP 主要相关肿瘤:肝细胞癌和生殖细胞癌。 其它相关肿瘤:胚胎细胞癌、卵巢畸胎瘤、胃癌、胆道癌、胰腺癌等。 其他影响因素:良性疾病包括肝炎、肝硬化、肠炎以及遗传性酪氨酸血症等会升高;怀孕时也可一时性升高。 2. CEA 主要相关肿瘤:广谱的肿瘤标志物。 其它相关肿瘤:常见于肺癌、大肠癌、胰腺癌、胃癌、乳腺癌、甲状腺髓样癌等。 其他影响因素:吸烟者假阳性较多，妊娠期妇女和心血管疾病、糖尿病、非特异性结肠炎等疾病患者中约有15%~53%的血清CEA也会升高。 3. CA242 主要相关肿瘤:胰腺癌、胃、结肠癌。 其它相关肿瘤:肝癌、食管癌、肺癌。 其他影响因素:良性胃肠疾病如胰腺癌、肝炎、肝硬化患者会有所升高。 4. CA125 主演相关肿瘤:卵巢癌。 其它相关肿瘤:肺癌、胰腺癌、乳腺癌、肝癌、胃肠道恶性肿瘤、子宫癌。 其他影响因素:女性盆腔炎、子宫内膜异位、行经期、卵巢囊肿、子宫肌瘤、慢性肝炎、胰腺炎、胆囊炎、肺炎等会升高。 5. CA199 主要相关肿瘤:胰腺癌、胆管癌、结直肠癌。 其它相关肿瘤:肝癌、胆囊癌、胆管癌等。 其他影响因素:很多消化系统的良性疾病患者中也有升高，据报道又近10%的胰腺炎患者血清CA19-9有中等度升高。 6. CA153 主要相关肿瘤:乳腺癌的首选标志物。 其它相关肿瘤:肺癌、卵巢癌、肺腺癌、结直肠癌等均可增高。 其他影响因素:良性乳腺疾患、子宫内膜异位、卵巢囊肿等患者的血清CA15-3也可超过正常值。 rAt present, we have formed a "three-three" Park. …… Industrial Park, according to ... ... The instructions of comrade, focus on development needs in the next decade, based on the original, and then extended the 6 square kilometers. Of the Park, to further improve the roads, power supply, communications, water supply and drainage and sewage pipe network and other infrastructure, to achieve full coverage of infrastructure and interconnection with the facilities and raise capacity. Each park to determine 1 leading industries, in particular stone Materials, cans, gloves, through guided, force and other measures to promote the "road company" Park, industrial agglomeration. Currently, to focus on building better ... ... Industrial Park, ... ... Wood Park as the starting area of the industrial park, planners need to take out plan, start construction as soon as possible, undertake in a timely manner ... ... Transfer of the wood industry. This opportunity slip by, so the timing must be tight. Second is to optimize government service. Low efficiency of government services, departments do not coordinate the views of businesses large, poor business environment, it is ... ... Short Board, decide to change. We will continue to deepen reform of the administrative examination and approval system, good digestion, implement the Government canceled, adjustment and devolution of administrative examination and approval matters, strengthen the existing supervision in matters of administrative power, has made it clear to cancel, are not allowed to keep or disguised approval. To do list list of administrative powers and responsibilities 7. CA724 主要相关肿瘤:胃癌的最佳肿瘤标志物之一。 其它相关肿瘤:对其他胃肠道癌、乳腺癌、肺癌、卵巢癌等也有不同检出率。 其他影响因素:良性疾病对CA72-4影响较小。 8. CA50 主要相关肿瘤:胰腺和结、直肠癌的标志物。 其它相关肿瘤:胃癌、胆囊癌、肝癌、肺癌、乳腺癌。 其他影响因素:萎缩性胃炎、胰腺炎、结肠炎和肺炎发病时，CA50也会升高。 9. NSE 主要相关肿瘤:小细胞肺癌。 其它相关肿瘤:肺腺癌、大细胞肺癌、神经系统癌。 其他影响因素:若发生溶血或者采血后停滞时间过长在分离血浆血清或离心不当使细胞破坏，均可导致NSE升高。 10. CYFRA21-1 主要相关肿瘤:肺鳞癌、宫颈癌、食管癌。 其它相关肿瘤:膀胱癌、鼻咽癌、卵巢癌、胃肠道癌。 其他影响因素:肝炎、胰腺炎、肺炎、前列腺增生也可有一定的升高。 11. f-PSA 主要相关肿瘤:前列腺癌。 其它相关肿瘤:某些妇科肿瘤和乳腺癌。 其他影响因素:前列腺增生会引起升高。 12. t-PSA 主要相关肿瘤:前列腺癌。 其它相关肿瘤:某些妇科肿瘤、多囊卵巢综合症、乳腺癌。 其他影响因素:前列腺炎、前列腺肥大会引起升高。 13. Free β-hCG 主要相关肿瘤:妇科肿瘤和非精原性睾丸癌。 其它相关肿瘤:乳腺癌、精原性睾丸癌、肺癌、肝癌等。 其他影响因素:患子宫内膜异位症、卵巢囊肿等非肿瘤状态、肺炎、前列腺增生时，Free β-hCG含量也会有有所升高。 14. SCCA rAt present, we have formed a "three-three" Park. …… Industrial Park, according to ... ... The instructions of comrade, focus on development needs in the next decade, based on the original, and then extended the 6 square kilometers. Of the Park, to further improve the roads, power supply, communications, water supply and drainage and sewage pipe network and other infrastructure, to achieve full coverage of infrastructure and interconnection with the facilities and raise capacity. Each park to determine 1 leading industries, in particular stone Materials, cans, gloves, through guided, force and other measures to promote the "road company" Park, industrial agglomeration. Currently, to focus on building better ... ... Industrial Park, ... ... Wood Park as the starting area of the industrial park, planners need to take out plan, start construction as soon as possible, undertake in a timely manner ... ... Transfer of the wood industry. This opportunity slip by, so the timing must be tight. Second is to optimize government service. Low efficiency of government services, departments do not coordinate the views of businesses large, poor business environment, it is ... ... Short Board, decide to change. We will continue to deepen reform of the administrative examination and approval system, good digestion, implement the Government canceled, adjustment and devolution of administrative examination and approval matters, strengthen the existing supervision in matters of administrative power, has made it clear to cancel, are not allowed to keep or disguised approval. To do list list of administrative powers and responsibilities 主要相关肿瘤:宫颈鳞癌。 其它相关肿瘤:肺鳞癌、头颈部鳞癌、食管癌以及外阴部鳞状细胞癌等。 其他影响因素:肝炎、肝硬化、肺炎、结核病患者中SCCA值有所升高。 15. β2-MG 主要相关肿瘤:恶性肿瘤辅助性标志物，慢性淋巴细胞白血病、淋巴细胞肉瘤、多发性骨髓瘤等尤为明显。 其它相关肿瘤:肺癌、乳腺癌、胃肠道癌及子宫颈癌中也可见升高。 其他影响因素:肾功能衰竭、多种血液系统疾病及炎症时会升高，而且在多种疾病中均可增高，故应排除由于某些炎症性疾病或肾小球滤过功能 肿瘤标志物(tumor marker，TM)是指在肿瘤的发生和增殖过程中，由肿瘤细胞本身所产生的或者是由机体对肿瘤细胞反应而产生的，反映肿瘤存在和生长的一类物质，包括蛋白质、激素、酶(同工酶)及癌基因产物等。化验患者血液或体液中的肿瘤标志物，可在肿瘤普查中早期发现肿瘤, 并观察肿瘤治疗的疗效以及判断患者预后。目前临床上常用的肿瘤标志物有:?甲胎蛋白(AFP)为原发性肝癌、睾丸癌、卵巢癌等肿瘤的标志物;?癌胚抗原(CEA)为消化系统肿瘤、肺癌、乳腺癌等肿瘤的标志物;?糖类抗原125(CA125)为卵巢癌等肿瘤的标志物;?糖类抗原153(CA153)为乳腺癌等肿瘤的标志物;?糖类抗原19-9(CA19-9)为消化系统肿瘤的标志物;?糖类抗原724(CA724)为胃癌、卵巢癌等肿瘤的标志物;?糖类抗原242(CA242)为消化系统肿瘤的标志物;?糖类抗原50(CA50)为消化系统肿瘤、乳癌、肺癌等肿瘤的标志物;?CYFRA21-1(Cy211)为非小细胞肺癌等肿瘤的标志物;?神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)为小细胞肺癌、神经内分泌肿瘤等肿瘤的标志物;?前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)为前列腺癌的肿瘤标志物;?人绒毛膜促性腺激素(HCG)为胚胎细胞癌、滋养层肿瘤(绒癌、葡萄胎)等肿瘤的标志物;?甲状腺球蛋白(TG)为甲状腺癌的标志物;?铁蛋白(SF)为消化系统肿瘤、肝癌、乳腺癌、肺癌等肿瘤的标志物;?β2-微球蛋白(β2-MG)在慢性淋巴细胞白血病、淋巴瘤、骨髓瘤、肺癌、甲状腺癌、鼻咽癌等患者体液中升高;?鳞状细胞抗原(SCC)为宫颈癌、肺鳞癌、食管癌等肿瘤标志物。目前临床上检测的肿瘤标志物绝大多数不仅存在于恶性肿瘤中，也存在于良性肿瘤、胚胎组织、甚至正常组织中。因此，肿瘤标志物有动态检查和多项联合检查更有价值。 那么对于众多的肿瘤标志物，临床上如何选择呢,不同的肿瘤会一些相对特异的肿瘤标志物，如CA153常出现在乳腺癌;CEA常出现在肠癌、胃癌;CA19-9常出现在肠癌、胰腺癌;CA125常出现在卵巢癌等等。临床医生会根据不同的肿瘤检查不同的标志物。同一种肿瘤或不同类型的肿瘤可有一种或几种肿瘤标志物异常;同一种肿瘤标志物可在不同的肿瘤中出现。为提高肿瘤标志物的辅助诊断价值和确定何种标志物可作为治疗后的随访监测指标，可进行肿瘤标志物联合检测，合理选择几项灵敏度、特异性能互补的肿瘤标志物组成最佳组合，进行联合检测。一般来说肿瘤标志物的联合检测可提高对肿瘤诊断的正确率。如对rAt present, we have formed a "three-three" Park. …… Industrial Park, according to ... ... The instructions of comrade, focus on development needs in the next decade, based on the original, and then extended the 6 square kilometers. Of the Park, to further improve the roads, power supply, communications, water supply and drainage and sewage pipe network and other infrastructure, to achieve full coverage of infrastructure and interconnection with the facilities and raise capacity. Each park to determine 1 leading industries, in particular stone Materials, cans, gloves, through guided, force and other measures to promote the "road company" Park, industrial agglomeration. Currently, to focus on building better ... ... Industrial Park, ... ... Wood Park as the starting area of the industrial park, planners need to take out plan, start construction as soon as possible, undertake in a timely manner ... ... Transfer of the wood industry. This opportunity slip by, so the timing must be tight. Second is to optimize government service. Low efficiency of government services, departments do not coordinate the views of businesses large, poor business environment, it is ... ... Short Board, decide to change. We will continue to deepen reform of the administrative examination and approval system, good digestion, implement the Government canceled, adjustment and devolution of administrative examination and approval matters, strengthen the existing supervision in matters of administrative power, has made it clear to cancel, are not allowed to keep or disguised approval. To do list list of administrative powers and responsibilities 于乳腺肿瘤可查CA153、CEA、CA50和SF;对于肺肿瘤可查CY211、CEA、NSE和CA50;对于肝肿瘤可查AFP、CEA、CA199和SF;对于上消化道肿瘤可查CEA、CA724、CA199、CA50和SF;对于肠道肿瘤可查CEA、CA242、CA724、CA199、CA50和SF;对某些单顶标志物如原发性肝癌AFP、卵巢癌CA125、前列腺癌PSA及甲状腺癌TG在肿瘤检查中也具有重要价值。 肿瘤标志物检查的临床意义,由于绝大多数肿瘤标志物可同时存在于恶性肿瘤及某些良性肿瘤、炎症、甚至正常组织中。所以，肿瘤标志物的特异性比较差，也就是说肿瘤标志物高不一定是肿瘤造成的;结果正常在某些情说下也不能完全排除肿瘤。比如病毒性肝炎、肝硬化时，AFP、CA19-9、CEA等肿瘤标志物都有可能升高。同样，如原发性肝癌AFP的阳性率仅达75%到90%，也就是说至少还有10%左右的原发性肝癌患者的AFP为阴性。因此，肿瘤的诊断不能单独依靠肿瘤标志物的检查。单次肿瘤标志物升高的临床意义并不大，只有动态的持续升高才有意义。如果体检中发现某个或某几个肿瘤标志物持续升高，那么应该提高警惕，但也不必过分担忧，需要进一步通过CT、B超、MR或最先进的PET/CT等手段检查，必时须通过病理检查才能明确诊断。如果肿瘤标志物只是单次轻度升高或每次检查的结果没有大的变化，就不必那么紧张了。总之，各种肿瘤标志物只能作为辅助诊断的指标之一，在没有明确诊断前，千万不要因为某项指标轻度升高就以为自己患了癌症，而应该提高警惕，做进一步检查和观察。但对于已确诊的肿瘤治疗后，那么肿瘤标志物检查的意义就非常大了，如肿瘤标志物的升高往往预示着肿瘤的复发或治疗效果不理想，可提示医生调整治疗。对大多数肿瘤标志物临床医师都认识较深入，但对甲状腺癌治疗后用甲状腺球蛋白(TG)作为其疗效及复发转移的重要性认识不足，应引起高度重视。 目前对肿瘤标志物检查结果认识上存在两大误区。误区之一是有肿瘤标志物异常就认为有恶性肿瘤。误区之二是肿瘤标志物正常就认为无恶性肿瘤。因为大多肿瘤标志物缺乏特异性，许多良恶性病变均可导致其异常，因此其升高不一定都是肿瘤。另外有些确诊为肿瘤患者其肿瘤标志物在正常范围，这可能与其产生肿瘤标志物水平较低或基因不达有关。因此，对肿瘤标志物检查结果要正确分析，动态检测的临床意义更大。尽管临床上对高危人群体检中也能发现早期肿瘤患者，但肿瘤标志物的检查结果在诊断中只有辅助诊断价值，应结合临床及其他检查综合判断。而肿瘤标志物对肿瘤疗效评价及复发转移检查意义更大一些见底所致的血清β2-MG增高 肿瘤标志物是指由肿瘤细胞所产生，存在于血液、细胞、组织或体液中，反映肿瘤存在和生长的一类物质，包括蛋白质、激素、酶和多胺等，目前临床上常用的肿瘤标志物大多是肿瘤相关抗原。这些标志物并非肿瘤细胞所特有，而是由于肿瘤细胞的表达量明显增加，从而与正常细胞之间存在量的差异。肿瘤标志物大多无器官特异性(广谱标志物)，同一种肿瘤可含一种或多种标志物，而不同肿瘤或同种肿瘤的不同组织类型既可有共同的标志物，也可有不同的标志物。 rAt present, we have formed a "three-three" Park. …… Industrial Park, according to ... ... The instructions of comrade, focus on development needs in the next decade, based on the original, and then extended the 6 square kilometers. Of the Park, to further improve the roads, power supply, communications, water supply and drainage and sewage pipe network and other infrastructure, to achieve full coverage of infrastructure and interconnection with the facilities and raise capacity. Each park to determine 1 leading industries, in particular stone Materials, cans, gloves, through guided, force and other measures to promote the "road company" Park, industrial agglomeration. Currently, to focus on building better ... ... Industrial Park, ... ... Wood Park as the starting area of the industrial park, planners need to take out plan, start construction as soon as possible, undertake in a timely manner ... ... Transfer of the wood industry. This opportunity slip by, so the timing must be tight. Second is to optimize government service. Low efficiency of government services, departments do not coordinate the views of businesses large, poor business environment, it is ... ... Short Board, decide to change. We will continue to deepen reform of the administrative examination and approval system, good digestion, implement the Government canceled, adjustment and devolution of administrative examination and approval matters, strengthen the existing supervision in matters of administrative power, has made it clear to cancel, are not allowed to keep or disguised approval. To do list list of administrative powers and responsibilities 到目前为止尚未发现具有100%灵敏度和特异性的肿瘤标志物，其原因是其不仅在发生癌变时产生，在正常和良性疾病情况下也有不同程度的表达，肿瘤标志物的产生还受到一些生物活性因子的影响等。因此，仅凭对某一种标志物的检测或某一次检测结果是很难做出判断的。选择一些特异性较高的肿瘤标志物联合检测某一肿瘤，有利于提高肿瘤诊断的阳性率;而对肿瘤标志物的连续动态监测将有助于良、恶性疾患的鉴别，还可提示肿瘤的复发和转移，判断预后及疗效。对于服用中药保守治疗的癌前期患者与中、晚期肿瘤患者，监测相关肿瘤标志物，对于观察判断疗效与转归有较为重要的意义。 一:甲胎蛋白(AFP) 正常参考值:血清0~25μg/L。 临床意义:?原发性肝细胞癌患者血清中AFP明显升高，约71%的患者AFP,500μg/L。?病毒性肝炎、肝硬化患者AFP有不同程度的升高，但其水平常,500μg/L。?生殖腺胚胎性肿瘤患者的血清中AFP可见升高。?妇女妊娠3个月后，血清AFP开始升高，7~8个月时达到高峰，一般在400μg/L以下，分娩后3周恢复正常。若孕妇血清中AFP异常升高，应考虑有胎儿神经管缺损畸形的可能性。 二:癌胚抗原(CEA) 正常参考值:血清,5μg/L。 临床意义:?血清CEA升高主要见于结肠癌、直肠癌、胰腺癌、胃癌、肝癌、乳腺癌等，其他恶性肿瘤也有不同程度的阳性率。?CEA连续随访检测，一般情况下，病情好转时血清CEA浓度下降，病情恶化时升高。?肠道憩室炎、直肠息肉、结肠炎、肝硬化、肝炎和肺部疾病虽有不同程度的升高，但阳性的百分率较低。?98%的非吸烟健康者血清,5μg/L，吸烟者中约有39%的人CEA,5μg/L。 rAt present, we have formed a "three-three" Park. …… Industrial Park, according to ... ... The instructions of comrade, focus on development needs in the next decade, based on the original, and then extended the 6 square kilometers. Of the Park, to further improve the roads, power supply, communications, water supply and drainage and sewage pipe network and other infrastructure, to achieve full coverage of infrastructure and interconnection with the facilities and raise capacity. Each park to determine 1 leading industries, in particular stone Materials, cans, gloves, through guided, force and other measures to promote the "road company" Park, industrial agglomeration. Currently, to focus on building better ... ... Industrial Park, ... ... Wood Park as the starting area of the industrial park, planners need to take out plan, start construction as soon as possible, undertake in a timely manner ... ... Transfer of the wood industry. This opportunity slip by, so the timing must be tight. Second is to optimize government service. Low efficiency of government services, departments do not coordinate the views of businesses large, poor business environment, it is ... ... Short Board, decide to change. We will continue to deepen reform of the administrative examination and approval system, good digestion, implement the Government canceled, adjustment and devolution of administrative examination and approval matters, strengthen the existing supervision in matters of administrative power, has made it clear to cancel, are not allowed to keep or disguised approval. To do list list of administrative powers and responsibilities 三:前列腺特异性抗原(PSA) 正常参考值:,40μg/L。 临床意义:?前列腺癌手术后，PSA可逐渐降至正常，若手术后PSA浓度不降或下降后再次升高，应考虑肿瘤转移或复发。?前列腺肥大、前列腺炎、肾脏和泌尿生殖系统疾病，血清PSA水平也可升高，但必须结合其他检查进行鉴别。?约有5%的前列腺患者前列腺酸性磷酸酶(PAP)升高，但PSA在正常水平。 四:糖链抗原19-9(CA19-9) 正常参考值:血清,37U/ml。 临床意义:?胰腺癌、胆囊癌、胆管壶腹癌时，血清CA19-9水平明显升高，尤其是胰腺癌晚期病人，血清CA19-9浓度可达40万U/ml，阳性率约为74.9%。?胃癌阳性率约为50%，结肠癌阳性率约为60%，肝癌阳性率约为64.6%。?急性胰腺炎、胆囊炎、胆汁淤积性胆管炎、肝硬化、肝炎等疾病CA19-9也有不同程度升高。 五:糖链抗原50(CA50) 正常参考值:血清,24U/ml。 临床意义:?胰腺癌、结肠癌、直肠癌、胃癌等血清CA50升高，特别是胰腺癌患者最为明显。?肝癌、肺癌、子宫癌、卵巢癌、肾癌、乳腺癌等也可见CA50升高。?溃疡性结肠炎、肝硬化、黑色素瘤、淋巴瘤、自身免疫性疾病等也有CA50升高现象。 六:癌抗原125(CA125) 正常参考值:血清,35U/ml。 rAt present, we have formed a "three-three" Park. …… Industrial Park, according to ... ... The instructions of comrade, focus on development needs in the next decade, based on the original, and then extended the 6 square kilometers. Of the Park, to further improve the roads, power supply, communications, water supply and drainage and sewage pipe network and other infrastructure, to achieve full coverage of infrastructure and interconnection with the facilities and raise capacity. Each park to determine 1 leading industries, in particular stone Materials, cans, gloves, through guided, force and other measures to promote the "road company" Park, industrial agglomeration. Currently, to focus on building better ... ... Industrial Park, ... ... Wood Park as the starting area of the industrial park, planners need to take out plan, start construction as soon as possible, undertake in a timely manner ... ... Transfer of the wood industry. This opportunity slip by, so the timing must be tight. Second is to optimize government service. Low efficiency of government services, departments do not coordinate the views of businesses large, poor business environment, it is ... ... Short Board, decide to change. We will continue to deepen reform of the administrative examination and approval system, good digestion, implement the Government canceled, adjustment and devolution of administrative examination and approval matters, strengthen the existing supervision in matters of administrative power, has made it clear to cancel, are not allowed to keep or disguised approval. To do list list of administrative powers and responsibilities 临床意义:?卵巢癌病人血清CA125水平明显升高，手术和化疗有效者CA125水平很快下降。若有复发时，CA125升高可先于临床症状之前。?其他非卵巢恶性肿瘤也有一定的阳性率，如乳腺癌40%、胰腺癌50%、胃癌47%、肺癌44%、结肠直肠癌32%、其他妇科肿瘤43%。?非恶性肿瘤，如子宫内膜异位症、盆腔炎、卵巢囊肿、胰腺炎、肝炎、肝硬化等虽有不同程度升高，但阳性率较低。?在胸腹水中发现有CA125升高，羊水中也能检出较高浓度的CA125。?早期妊娠的头3个月内，也有CA125升高的可能。 七:癌抗原15-3(CA15-3) 正常参考值:血清,28U/ml。 临床意义:?乳腺癌患者常有CA15-3升高，但在乳腺癌的初期敏感性较低，其他恶性肿瘤，如:肺癌、结肠癌、胰腺癌、卵巢癌、子宫癌、原发性肝癌等，也有不同程度的阳性率。?肝脏、胃肠道、肺、乳腺、卵巢等非恶性肿瘤性疾病，阳性率一般低于10%。 八:鳞状细胞癌抗原(SCC) 正常参考值:血清,5μg/L。 临床意义:?子宫颈癌、肺癌、头颈部癌，血清中SCC升高，其浓度随病期的加重而增高。?肝炎、肝硬化、肺炎、肾功能衰竭、结核等疾病，SCC也有一定程度的升高。 九:组织多肽抗原(TPA) 正常参考值:血清,55U/L。 临床意义:?血清TPA升高主要见于膀胱癌、前列腺癌、乳腺癌、卵巢癌和消化道恶性肿瘤，特别是对膀胱转移细胞的诊断敏感性高。由于TPA的水平与肿瘤细胞的增殖分化相关，如果TPA水平降至正常，说明肿瘤治疗有效。?急性rAt present, we have formed a "three-three" Park. …… Industrial Park, according to ... ... The instructions of comrade, focus on development needs in the next decade, based on the original, and then extended the 6 square kilometers. Of the Park, to further improve the roads, power supply, communications, water supply and drainage and sewage pipe network and other infrastructure, to achieve full coverage of infrastructure and interconnection with the facilities and raise capacity. Each park to determine 1 leading industries, in particular stone Materials, cans, gloves, through guided, force and other measures to promote the "road company" Park, industrial agglomeration. Currently, to focus on building better ... ... Industrial Park, ... ... Wood Park as the starting area of the industrial park, planners need to take out plan, start construction as soon as possible, undertake in a timely manner ... ... Transfer of the wood industry. This opportunity slip by, so the timing must be tight. Second is to optimize government service. Low efficiency of government services, departments do not coordinate the views of businesses large, poor business environment, it is ... ... Short Board, decide to change. We will continue to deepen reform of the administrative examination and approval system, good digestion, implement the Government canceled, adjustment and devolution of administrative examination and approval matters, strengthen the existing supervision in matters of administrative power, has made it clear to cancel, are not allowed to keep or disguised approval. To do list list of administrative powers and responsibilities 肝炎、胰腺炎、肺炎和胃肠道疾病也可见到血清中TPA升高。?妊娠的最后3个月可见TPA升高。 十:神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE) 正常参考值:血清,15μg/L。 临床意义:?可用于鉴别、诊断、监测小细胞肺癌放、化疗后的治疗效果。治疗有效时NSE浓度逐渐降低至正常水平，复发时NSE升高，用NSE升高来监测复发要比临床确定复发早4~12周。?可用于监测神经母细胞瘤的病情变化，评价疗效和预报复发。?神经内分泌细胞肿瘤，如嗜铬细胞瘤、胰岛细胞瘤、甲状腺髓样癌、黑色素瘤、视网膜母细胞瘤等的血清NSE也可增高。 十一:生长激素(HGH) 正常参考值:7.5μg/L。 临床意义:?垂体腺瘤、肾、肺等器官肿瘤均会引起HGH含量在人体内升高。?饥饿、营养不良、低血糖、应激、运动等情况下HGH分泌增加。?肢端肥大症、巨人症等HGH明显升高，可用于诊断和疗效观察。?应用某些药物如雌激素、胰岛素、精氨酸等，常可使HGH分泌增加。?慢性肝炎、肝患者可出现高HGH血症，可能与垂体前叶HGH分泌率增高、肝细胞对HGH降解减少有关。?垂体性侏儒、垂体前叶功能减退症、肥胖症等，HGH分泌减少。 十二:血清铁蛋白(SPE) 正常参考值:男 23.9~336.2 ng/ml 女 11.0~306.8 ng/ml 临床意义:?对肿瘤的辅助性诊断有意义。各种恶性肿瘤，如白血病、淋巴瘤、胰腺、肺或肝脏的实体瘤及乳腺癌复发转移时，SF含量明显升高。SF与AFPrAt present, we have formed a "three-three" Park. …… Industrial Park, according to ... ... The instructions of comrade, focus on development needs in the next decade, based on the original, and then extended the 6 square kilometers. Of the Park, to further improve the roads, power supply, communications, water supply and drainage and sewage pipe network and other infrastructure, to achieve full coverage of infrastructure and interconnection with the facilities and raise capacity. Each park to determine 1 leading industries, in particular stone Materials, cans, gloves, through guided, force and other measures to promote the "road company" Park, industrial agglomeration. Currently, to focus on building better ... ... Industrial Park, ... ... Wood Park as the starting area of the industrial park, planners need to take out plan, start construction as soon as possible, undertake in a timely manner ... ... Transfer of the wood industry. This opportunity slip by, so the timing must be tight. Second is to optimize government service. Low efficiency of government services, departments do not coordinate the views of businesses large, poor business environment, it is ... ... Short Board, decide to change. We will continue to deepen reform of the administrative examination and approval system, good digestion, implement the Government canceled, adjustment and devolution of administrative examination and approval matters, strengthen the existing supervision in matters of administrative power, has made it clear to cancel, are not allowed to keep or disguised approval. To do list list of administrative powers and responsibilities 联检有助于肝脏癌变的早期发现:当AFP低含量而SF异常升高时，要警惕患肿瘤的可能。?各种炎症感染、肝硬化、肝坏死及其他肝病，急性心梗早期、反复输血等，SF含量会增加。?对缺铁性贫血的诊断有意义:当SF也是诊断隐性缺铁贫血的可靠指标。?SF与CEA联检，可提高对肺癌的诊断阳性率。 十三:人绒毛膜促性腺激素(hCG) 正常参考值:血清男性,5 mlU/ml，非妊娠妇女,7mlU/ml，妊娠妇女女孕6~8周530~180 000 mlU/ml;孕9~12周10 000~320 000 mlU/ml;孕6~9个月1 000~190 000 mlU/ml。 临床意义:?是诊断早孕，监测先兆流产、异位妊娠的良好指标。?早期绒毛膜上皮细胞癌、葡萄胎时，血中hCG明显高于早孕的水平。经过化疗或刮宫治疗后，如果hCG下降不明显，提示治疗效果不佳。治疗后hCG下降，以后又见升高，提示复发。?畸胎瘤、睾丸非精原细胞瘤、胚胎性肿瘤可见hCG升高。 十四:β2 微球蛋白(β2M) 正常参考值:血清24mg/L，尿,160μg/L。 临床意义:?恶性肿瘤如肝癌、肺癌、胃癌、结肠癌、直肠癌、多发性骨髓、非霍奇金淋巴瘤、慢性淋巴细胞型白血病等，都有血清β2M明显升高，尿中β2M也可增高。可作为恶性肿瘤病情发展的监测指标。?肾脏疾病如急慢性肾盂肾炎、肾小管炎症、先天性肾小管酸中毒、肾小管药物性损害、肾小管重金属中毒性损害等，尿中β2M升高。?肾移植排斥反应时，尿中β2M升高。?免疫性疾病如系统性红斑狼疮、干燥综合征、类风湿性关节炎、艾滋病等，血清中β2M升高。 十五:胰胚胎抗原(pancreaticon-cofetalantigen, POA) 正常参考值:正常人群血清中RIA法测定小于7 ku/L。 rAt present, we have formed a "three-three" Park. …… Industrial Park, according to ... ... The instructions of comrade, focus on development needs in the next decade, based on the original, and then extended the 6 square kilometers. Of the Park, to further improve the roads, power supply, communications, water supply and drainage and sewage pipe network and other infrastructure, to achieve full coverage of infrastructure and interconnection with the facilities and raise capacity. Each park to determine 1 leading industries, in particular stone Materials, cans, gloves, through guided, force and other measures to promote the "road company" Park, industrial agglomeration. Currently, to focus on building better ... ... Industrial Park, ... ... Wood Park as the starting area of the industrial park, planners need to take out plan, start construction as soon as possible, undertake in a timely manner ... ... Transfer of the wood industry. This opportunity slip by, so the timing must be tight. Second is to optimize government service. Low efficiency of government services, departments do not coordinate the views of businesses large, poor business environment, it is ... ... Short Board, decide to change. We will continue to deepen reform of the administrative examination and approval system, good digestion, implement the Government canceled, adjustment and devolution of administrative examination and approval matters, strengthen the existing supervision in matters of administrative power, has made it clear to cancel, are not allowed to keep or disguised approval. To do list list of administrative powers and responsibilities 临床意义:胰胚胎抗原是1974年Banwo等人自胎儿胰腺抽提出的抗原，1979年被国际癌症生物学和医学会正式命名。POA是一种糖蛋白，分子量为40ku，在血清中以分子量900 ku复合形式存在，但可降解为40 ku。胰腺癌的POA的阳性率为95%，其血清含量大于20ku/L，当肝癌、大肠癌、胃癌等恶性肿瘤时也会使POA升高，但阳性率较低。 综上所述，虽然各种标志物有其各自的临床意义，但需要通过综合分析才能得出正确诊断意见。一般肺癌查CEA、NSE、TPA、SCC;肝癌查CEA、AFP;乳腺癌查CEA、CA15-3、TPA;胃癌查CEA、CA19-9;前列腺癌查PSA、PAP(前列腺酸性磷酸酶);结肠直肠癌查CEA、CA19-9、CA50;胰腺癌查CEA、CA19-9、CA50;卵巢癌查CA125;睾丸肿瘤查AFP、Hcg;宫颈癌查SCC;膀胱癌查TPA;骨髓瘤查β2M。患者千万不可在没有病理细胞学诊断依据时，见到某项指标轻度增高就疑心患了癌症，造成不必要的心理负担。 rAt present, we have formed a "three-three" Park. …… Industrial Park, according to ... ... The instructions of comrade, focus on development needs in the next decade, based on the original, and then extended the 6 square kilometers. Of the Park, to further improve the roads, power supply, communications, water supply and drainage and sewage pipe network and other infrastructure, to achieve full coverage of infrastructure and interconnection with the facilities and raise capacity. Each park to determine 1 leading industries, in particular stone Materials, cans, gloves, through guided, force and other measures to promote the "road company" Park, industrial agglomeration. Currently, to focus on building better ... ... Industrial Park, ... ... Wood Park as the starting area of the industrial park, planners need to take out plan, start construction as soon as possible, undertake in a timely manner ... ... Transfer of the wood industry. This opportunity slip by, so the timing must be tight. Second is to optimize government service. Low efficiency of government services, departments do not coordinate the views of businesses large, poor business environment, it is ... ... Short Board, decide to change. We will continue to deepen reform of the administrative examination and approval system, good digestion, implement the Government canceled, adjustment and devolution of administrative examination and approval matters, strengthen the existing supervision in matters of administrative power, has made it clear to cancel, are not allowed to keep or disguised approval. To do list list of administrative powers and responsibilities