Equilibria in the Quaternary System KCl-NaCl-CaCl2-H2O

Published: March 11, 2011 r 2011 American Chemical Society 1793 dx.doi.org/10.1021/je100743h | J. Chem. Eng. Data 2011, 56, 1793–1797 ARTICLE pubs.acs.org/jced Equilibria in the Quaternary System KCl�NaCl�CaCl2�H2O at 283.15 K Cui Peng, Zhancheng Guo,* and Fuli Zhang Key Laboratory of Ecological and Recycle Metallurgy, Ministry of Education, University of Science and Technology, Beijing, 100083, China ABSTRACT: The solubilities and physicochemical properties in the quaternary system KCl�NaCl�CaCl2�H2O at 283.15 K have been measured with the isothermal method. The dry-salt phase diagram, water-phase diagram, and physicochemical properties vs composition in the system were plotted according to the measured data. The system contained only the forms of single salts, and no double salts or solid solution were found. On the basis of the extended Harvie�Weare (HW) model and the temperature coefficients of the single-salt parameters obtained from the calorimetric data, the Pitzer parameters for KCl, NaCl, and CaCl2 and the mixed ion-interaction parameters at 283.15 K were obtained. In addition, the average equilibrium constants of the solids at the same temperature were obtained using a method derived from the activity coefficient model of the electrolyte solution theory. Using the average equilibrium constants of the solids at equilibrium, the solubility predictions for the quaternary system are presented. A comparison between the calculated and experimental results suggests that the predicted solubility data obtained with the extended HW model agree well with the experimental data. ’ INTRODUCTION Sintering dust arrested by electrostatic precipitators in the sinter plant of integrated iron and steel companies has been found enriched with potassium chloride up to 30 % to 50 % (by weight).1,2 Water leaching was proposed to extract the potassium chloride from the sintering dust, and the leaching solution can be considered as a quaternary system KCl�NaCl�CaCl2�H2O after sulfide precipitation for removing the slight amount of dissolved heavy metal impurities. As an alternative method to obtain a potassium chloride product, evaporation-cooling crystallization needs solubility data of the quaternary system KCl�NaCl�CaCl2�H2O at tempera- tures over a wide range. However, there are only some solubility data of this quaternary system and its ternary subsystems KCl�NaCl�H2O, KCl�CaCl2�H2O, andNaCl�CaCl2�H2O between (291.15 and 368.15) K,3�7 although the metastable equilibria of the quaternary system at 288.15 K have been experimentally measured and also calculated with the Pitzer and extended Harvie�Weare (HW) models.8,9 Equilibria of the quaternary system KCl�NaCl�CaCl2�H2O at 283.15 K were investigated in this paper. Both the measured solubility data and the predicted solubilities based on the extended HW model are presented. ’EXPERIMENTAL SECTION The experiments were carried out as equilibrium investiga- tions. Samples were prepared by mixing the individual salts and water in suitable proportions in closed plastic bottles. The bottles were shaken in an air-bath, which was electrically heated and carefully insulated. The air of the bath was vigorously stirred by means of fans. The temperature was constant to within 0.1 �C. After three or four days, the sample was passed through a glass filter with pore size of 0.22 μm, without taking the bottle containing the sample or the filter out of the thermostat. Small amounts of the solution and the solid phase were immediately weighed for analysis. One of the components was added to the pure filtered solution, and the experiments were repeated as before. The compositions of both the solid phase and the liquid phase were determined by chemical methods. The concentration of Kþ and Naþ was determined using a flame photometer FP640 after being diluted step by step until the concentration was at or near the middle of the standard curve. The Kþ concentration in some samples was also analyzed by gravimetric methods using sodium tetraphenyl borate and compared with that obtained by FP640. The relative error was about ( 5 %. The concentration of Cl� was determined using an ion chromatograph (792 basic IC made by Metrohm). The average deviation was less than ( 1 %. The Ca2þ concentration was determined by titration with ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), and the uncertainty was within ( 0.3 %. The concentration of Naþ was also evaluated by ion balance and compared with the value measured by FP640, and the average deviation was within 5 %. The pH value of the liquid phase was measured with a PHS-3C precision pH meter. The densities (F) were measured with a density bottle with a precision of ( 0.0002 g 3 cm �3. ’RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The experimental results for the solubilities and the relevant physicochemical properties of the stable equilibria of the quaternary system KCl�NaCl�CaCl2�H2O at 283.15 K are presented in Tables 1 and 2. The solubilities of salts in the Received: July 14, 2010 Accepted: February 25, 2011 Administrator 高亮 Administrator 高亮 Administrator 高亮 Administrator 高亮 Administrator 高亮 Administrator 高亮 Administrator 高亮 如何保证0.3%？ Administrator 高亮 Administrator 高亮 Administrator 高亮 静电除尘器 Administrator 高亮 Administrator 高亮 Administrator 高亮 Administrator 高亮 Administrator 高亮 Administrator 高亮 1794 dx.doi.org/10.1021/je100743h |J. Chem. Eng. Data 2011, 56, 1793–1797 Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data ARTICLE equilibria are expressed as a weight percentage. The experimental phase diagram of the system at 283.15 K was plotted, as shown in Figure 1. The phase diagram consists of one invariant point E, three crystallized regions of single salts KCl, NaCl, and CaCl2 3 6H2O, and three invariant solubility isotherm curves that correspond to E1E, E2E, and E3E. This phase diagram is similar to the metastable equilibria phase diagram of the same quatern- ary system at 288.15 K.8 The water diagram of the system at 283.15 K is shown in Figure 2, which presents the projection of the invariant curves (J€anecke diagram) of this quaternary system at 283.15 K. According to the data in Table 2, the relationships between the physicochemical properties of the solution (pH and density) and the weight percentage of CaCl2 are illustrated in Figure 3. As obtained in the literature,8,9 the pH and density of the equilibrium solution change smoothly between E1 and E with the increase of calcium chloride concentration. The pH of the solution begins to sharply decrease when the calcium chloride concentration increases after point E. The density of the solution gets a maximal value at point E. The obtained special features of point E together suggest the accuracy of the solubility measurement. ’SOLUBILITY PREDICTIONS Calculation of Single Salt Parameters. In this work, solubi- lity prediction of the quaternary system at 283.15 K was done on the basis of expressions about osmotic coefficients of the solution and mean activity coefficients of electrolytes in the solution proposed by Pitzer.10,11 The electrolyte parameters, including the Pitzer single salt parameters β(0), β(1), and C(Ψ) and mixed salt parameters θ andΨ, in those expressions were initially given by Pitzer and Kim in 1974 and subsequently supplemented by Harvie and Wear (HW) in 1984.12�14 However, these para- meters for both single salt and mixed-ion interactions are all Table 1. Quaternary System KCl�NaCl�CaCl2�H2O at 283.15 K weight percent, solution J€anecke index, Jb (g/100 g of S) no. KCl NaCl CaCl2, KCl CaCl2 H2O solid phase 1E1 8.71 ( 0.43 21.66 ( 1.08 0 28.68( 1.43 0 229.2( 11.4 KCl þ NaCl 2 8.05( 0.40 18.79 ( 0.93 2.77( 0.01 27.19( 1.35 9.35( 0.02 237.7( 11.8 KCl þ NaCl 3 7.89( 0.39 17.65( 0.88 4.26( 0.01 26.48( 1.32 14.30( 0.04 235.5( 11.7 KCl þ NaCl 4 7.33( 0.36 14.27( 0.71 8.30( 0.02 24.52( 1.22 27.76( 0.08 234.4( 11.7 KCl þ NaCl 5 6.91( 0.34 12.33( 0.61 10.45( 0.03 23.27( 1.16 35.20( 0.10 236.8 ( 11.8 KCl þ NaCl 6 6.35( 0.32 10.51( 0.52 13.95( 0.04 20.61( 1.03 45.28 ( 0.13 224.5( 11.2 KCl þ NaCl 7 4.84( 0.24 6.21 ( 0.31 20.98( 0.06 15.11( 0.75 65.50( 0.19 212.2( 10.6 KCl þ NaCl 8 3.97( 0.19 4.27( 0.21 25.27( 0.07 11.85( 0.59 75.41( 0.22 198.4( 9.9 KCl þ NaCl 9 3.18( 0.16 2.50( 0.12 28.86( 0.08 9.21( 0.46 83.56( 0.25 189.5( 9.4 KCl þ NaCl 10 2.25( 0.11 0.84( 0.04 34.66( 0.10 5.96( 0.29 91.81( 0.27 164.9 ( 8.2 KCl þ NaCl 11E 1.954( 0.097 0.697( 0.034 36.99( 0.11 4.93( 0.24 93.31( 0.27 152.2( 7.6 KCl þ NaCl þ C6a 12 1.316( 0.065 0.700( 0.035 39.11( 0.11 3.20( 0.16 95.10( 0.28 143.1( 7.1 NaCl þ C6 13 0.760( 0.038 0.645( 0.032 38.73( 0.11 1.89( 0.09 96.50( 0.29 149.1 ( 7.4 NaCl þ C6 14 0.737( 0.036 0.674( 0.033 38.31( 0.11 1.86( 0.09 96.45( 0.29 151.7( 7.5 NaCl þ C6 15E2 0 0.533( 0.026 35.19 ( 0.10 0 98.51( 0.29 179.9( 8.9 NaCl þ C6 16 0.337( 0.016 0.626( 0.031 39.45( 0.12 0.83( 0.04 97.62( 0.29 147.4( 7.3 NaCl þ C6 17 2.125( 0.106 0.468( 0.023 38.62( 0.12 5.16( 0.25 93.71( 0.28 142.6( 7.1 KCl þ C6 18E3 2.051( 0.102 0 38.47 ( 0.11 5.06( 0.25 94.94( 0.28 146.7( 7.3 KCl þ C6 19 2.131( 0.106 0.314 ( 0.015 38.44( 0.11 5.21( 0.26 94.02( 0.28 144.5( 7.2 KCl þ C6 20 2.110( 0.105 0.344( 0.017 39.17( 0.12 5.07( 0.25 94.10( 0.28 140.2( 7.0 KCl þ C6 aC6, CaCl2 3 6H2O. Table 2. pH and Density Data of the Liquid Phase in the Quaternary System KCl�NaCl�CaCl2�H2O at 283.15 K no. pH F/(g 3 cm �3) 1,E1 6.68 1.2341 2 6.56 1.2385 3 6.58 1.2426 4 6.42 1.2525 5 6.25 1.2592 6 6.17 1.2732 7 5.90 1.2896 8 5.70 1.3132 9 5.61 1.3312 10 NDa 1.3900 11E 5.05 1.4289 12 4.65 1.3775 13 4.56 1.3901 14 4.56 ND 15E2 ND 1.3878 16 4.62 1.3815 17 4.61 1.4163 18E3 ND 1.4243 19 ND 1.4162 20 ND ND aND = not detected. Administrator 高亮 Administrator 高亮 耶涅克指数，可以用来绘制干盐图 Administrator 高亮 Administrator 高亮 Administrator 高亮 渗透系数 Administrator 高亮 电解质溶液的平均活度系数 1795 dx.doi.org/10.1021/je100743h |J. Chem. Eng. Data 2011, 56, 1793–1797 Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data ARTICLE obtained from standard conditions at 298 K. So it is necessary to get the values of the parameters for the quaternary system KCl�NaCl�CaCl2�H2O at 283.15 K first. These parameters are not only affected by the structure of the electrolytes and interaction of mixed ions but also influenced by temperature of the system. It is reported that the single parameters β(0), β(1), and C(Ψ) at any temperature T can be calculated by the following equations when there is no remarkable temperature deviation from 298 K.15�18 βð0ÞT ¼ βð0Þ298 þ Z T 298 ∂βð0Þ ∂T dT ð1Þ βð1ÞT ¼ βð1Þ298 þ Z T 298 ∂βð1Þ ∂T dT ð2Þ CðjÞT ¼ CðjÞ298 þ Z T 298 ∂CðjÞ ∂T dT ð3Þ where βT (0), βT (1), and CT (j) are Pitzer single parameters at temperature T; β298 (0) , β298 (1) , and C298 (j) are Pitzer single parameters at 298 K; and (∂β)(0)/(∂T), (∂β)(1)/(∂T), and (∂C)(j)/(∂T), listed in Table 3, are the partial derivatives of the single parameters with respect to temperature T. So the Pitzer single parameters of KCl, NaCl, and CaCl2 at 283.15 K were thus obtained, as shown in Table 4. Calculation of Mixed-Ion Interaction Parameters. The mixed-ion interaction parameters given by Pitzer and HW were also obtained at 298 K. In this paper, the Pitzer mixed ion- interaction parameters θK,Na, θK,Ca, θNa,Ca ΨK,Na,Cl, ΨK,Ca,Cl, and ΨNa,Ca,Cl are calculated on the basis of solubility data of binary systems of KCl�NaCl�H2O, KCl�CaCl2�H2O, and NaCl�CaCl2�H2O at 283.15 K with resort to multiple linear regression by the least-squares method. The results are listed in Table 5, and a comparison between the parameters fitted in this paper and those parameters reported at (298.15 and 288.15) K are also shown. At the same time, the equilibrium constants of the three salts, KCl, NaCl, and CaCl2 3 6H2O, are obtained as presented in Table 6. On the basis of the Pitzer equations and extendedHWmodel and those fitted parameters of both single salt and mixed-ion interaction and the equilibrium constants, solubilities of the quaternary system KCl�NaCl�CaCl2�H2O at 283.15 K are calculated. Comparison between the experimental phase dia- gram and those calculated is shown in Figure 4. The results in Figure 4 show that the predicted solubilities of the quatern- ary system agree well with the experimental ones, indicating that the parameters and the equilibrium constants are fitted reliably. ’CONCLUSIONS The equilibrium of the quaternary system KCl�NaCl� CaCl2�H2O at 283.15 K was determined experimentally with the isothermal method. The density and pH of the equilibrium solution were also measured. On the basis of the experimental data, the dry-salt phase diagram of the system includes one three-salt cosaturated point, three equilibrium solubility iso- thermal curves, and three crystallization zones of KCl, NaCl, and CaCl2 3 6H2O. No double salts or solid solution were found. On the basis of the Pitzer equations and extended HW model, single salt parameters and mixed-ion interaction parameters were fitted using multiple linear regression using the least-squares method according to the solubility data of the three binary systems (KCl�NaCl�H2O, KCl�CaCl2�H2O, and NaCl�CaCl2�H2O) at 283.15 K. Solubility predictions of the quaternary system KCl�NaCl�CaCl2�H2O at 283.15 K have been made using the average equilibrium constants of the solids. The results demonstrate that the Pitzer parame- trizations based on the temperature coefficients and the average equilibrium constants of the solids as a judgment of the quaternary system equilibrium are reliable. The calcu- lated solubilities with the extended HW model through the average equilibrium constants agree well with the experi- mental data. Figure 1. Phase diagram of the quaternary system KCl�NaCl�CaCl2�H2O at 283.15 K. Figure 2. Water-phase diagram of the system KCl�NaCl�CaCl2� H2O at 283.15 K. Administrator 高亮 Administrator 高亮 Administrator 高亮 Administrator 高亮 1796 dx.doi.org/10.1021/je100743h |J. Chem. Eng. Data 2011, 56, 1793–1797 Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data ARTICLE ’AUTHOR INFORMATION Corresponding Author *Tel.: þ86 010 82375042. Fax: þ86 010 82375042. E-mail: zcguo@metall.ustb.edu.cn. Funding Sources The authors would like to thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 50974018) andMinistry of Education (No. 108007) for the financial support. ’REFERENCES (1) Peng, C.; Zhang, F. L.; Guo, Z. C. Separation and Recovery of Potassium Chloride from Sintering Dust of Ironmaking Works. ISIJ Int. 2009, 49 (5), 735–742. (2) Peng, C.; Guo, Z. C.; Zhang, F. L. Discovery of Potassium Chloride in the Sintering Dust by Chemical and Physical Characteriza- tion. ISIJ Int. 2008, 48 (10), 1398–1403. (3) William, F. L. Solubilities Inorganic andMetal-organic Compounds; a Compilation of Solubility Data from the Periodical Literature; American Chemical Society: WA, 1965. (4) Assarsson, G. O. Equlibria in Aqueous System Containing Kþ, Naþ, Ca2þ, Mg2þ and Cl�. II: The Quaternary System CaCl2-KCl- NaCl-H2O. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1950, 72, 1437–1441. (5) Assarsson, G. O. Equlibria in Aqueous System Containing Kþ, Naþ, Ca2þ, Mg2þ and Cl�. I: The Ternary System CaCl2-KCl-H2O. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1950, 72, 1433–1436. Figure 3. Relationship between physicochemical properties and weight percent of CaCl2 in the equilibrium quaternary system: (a) pH and (b) density. Table 3. Temperature Coefficients of Pitzer Single Electro- lyte Ion-Interaction Parameters species (∂β)(0)/(∂T) 3 10 4 (∂β)(1)/(∂T) 3 10 4 (∂C)(j)/(∂T) 3 10 5 KCl 5.794 10.71 �5.095 NaCl 7.159 7.005 �10.54 CaCl2 �1.725 39.0 - Table 4. Pitzer Single Electrolyte Ion-Interaction Parameters at 283.15 K species β(0) β(1) C(j) KCl 0.037919 0.207345 0.000324 NaCl 0.066482 0.241322 0.002641 CaCl2 0.328378 1.32562 �0.00174 Table 5. Pitzer Mixed Ion-Interaction Parameters of the Quaternary System T (K) θK,Na θK,Ca θNa,Ca ref. 283.15 �4.33 3 10�3 7.025 3 10�3 5.460 3 10�2 this work 288.15 �4.661 3 10�2 6.865 3 10�2 5.000 3 10�2 3 298.15 �1.200 3 10�2 3.200 3 10�2 7.000 3 10�2 4 T (K) ΨK,Na,Cl ΨK,Ca,Cl ΨNa,Ca,Cl ref. 283.15 �2.241 3 10�3 �2.025 3 10�2 �2.628 3 10�4 this work 288.15 �3.668 3 10�3 �1.271 3 10�3 �1.271 3 10�3 3 298.15 �1.800 3 10�3 �2.500 3 10�2 1.400 3 10�2 4 Table 6. Average Equilibrium Constants of Salts of the Quaternary System at 283.15 K species KCl NaCl CaCl2 3 6H2O Kaver. 6.260 2.626E1 2.879E3 Figure 4. Comparison of experimental and calculated solubilities for the equilibrium phase diagram of the quaternary system at 283.15 K: b, experimental; O, calculated; C6, CaCl2 3 6H2O. 1797 dx.doi.org/10.1021/je100743h |J. Chem. Eng. Data 2011, 56, 1793–1797 Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data ARTICLE (6) Mayer, T. A.; Prutton, C. F.; Lightfoot, C. W. Equilibria in Saturated Salt Solutions: V. The Quinary CaCl2-MgCl2-KCl-NaCl-H2O at 35�. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1949, 71, 1236–1237. (7) Lightfoot, W. J.; Prutton, C. F. Equilibria in Saturated Solutions. I. The Ternary System CaCl2-MgCl2-H2O, CaCl2-KCl-H2O, and MgCl2-KCl-H2O at 35�. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1946, 68 (6), 1001–1002. (8) Deng, T. L.; Li, D. C. Solid-Liquid Metastable Equilibria in the Quaternary System (NaCl-KCl-CaCl2-H2O) at 288.15K. Fluid Phase Equilib. 2008, 269, 98–103. (9) Deng, T. L.; Li, D. C.; Wang, S. Q. Metastable Equilibria in the Aqueous Ternary System (KCl-CaCl2-H2O) at (288.15 and 308.15) K. J. Chem. Eng. Data 2008, 53, 1007–1011. (10) Pitzer, K. S. Thermodynamics of Electrolytes. I. Theoretical Basis and General Equations. J. Phys. Chem. 1973, 77 (2), 268–277. (11) Pitzer, K. S.; Mayorga, G. Thermodynamics of Electrolytes. II. Activity and Osmotic Coefficients for Strong Electrolytes with One or Both Ions Univalent. J. Phys. Chem. 1973, 77 (19), 2300–2308. (12) Pitzer, K. S.; Kim, J. J. Thermodynamics of Electrolytes. IV. Activity and Osmotic Coefficients for Mixed Electrolytes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1974, 96 (18), 5701–5707. (13) Harvie, C. E.; Weare, J. H. The Prediction of Mineral Solubi- lities in Natural Waters: The Na-K-Ca-H-Cl-SO4-OH-HCO3-CO3- H2O System to High Ionic Strengths at 25 �C. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1984, 48, 723–751. (14) Silvester, L. F.; Pitzer, K. S. Thermodynamics of Electrolytes. X. Enthalpy and the Effect of Temperature on the Activity Coefficients. J. Solution Chem. 1978, 7 (5), 327–337. (15) Pitzer, K. S. Thermodynamics; McGraw-Hill Inc.: New York, 1995. (16) Niu, Z .D.; Cheng, F. Q. Phase Diagram ofWater-salt System and Its Applications; Tianjin University Press: Tianjin, 2002. (17) Robinson, R. A.; Stokes, R. H. Electrolyte Solutions; Butter- worths: London, 1965. (18) Marion, G. M.; Farren, R. E. Mineral Solubilities in the Na-K- Mg-Ca-Cl-SO4-H2O System: A Re-evaluation of the Sulfate Chemistry in the Spencer-Moller-Weare model. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1999, 63 (9), 1305–1318.