英国历史英文版

nullThe History of English LanguageThe History of English Languagenull1、Ancient English 2、Middle English 3、Modern English 1、Ancient English1、Ancient English over 1500 years Around the fifth century A.D., tribes of people known as the Angels, Saxons, and Jutes traveled west from Germany and Denmark across the North Sea. They settled in Britain, and by the late seventh century, they were speaking an early form of the English. null2、Middle English2、Middle English 1100-1500AD In 1066, the Normans conquered England. French became the language of the wealthy and powerful, and English was spoken mostly by poorer people. In the late 14th century, English became the first language again. By this time, many words used in English came from French or Latin, French brought many words connecting with government.Latin was the language of church and learning, and gave to English words. Literature began to be written again in English. One of the most famous works is Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales. The development of Modern English The development of Modern English Modern English developed from the Middle English dialect of the East Midlands and was influenced by the English used in London in 1476. English changed a great deal from this time until the end of the 18th century. During the Renaissance, many words were introduced from Greek and Latin to express new ideas. They included physics, species, architecture, encyclopedia and hypothesis. Elizabethan period : drama, Shakespeare’s plays null A Brief History of the UKElizabeth I England in 878 GREAT BTITAINGREAT BTITAINGeographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England. Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland . two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland Three political divisions : England, Scotland and Wales nullabWhat?StonehengeStonehengeOne of the wonders of the world, which is believed to have been built from 4000 BC to 2000 BC. Now as a world heritage site, Stonehenge and all its surroundings remain powerful witnesses to the once great civilizations of the Stone and Bronze Ages.Map showing the location of StonehengeShakespeare's Globe Theatre Shakespeare's Globe Theatre A theatre in London associated with William Shakespeare. It was built in 1599 by Shakespeare's playing company, the Lord Chamberlain's Men(宫廷大臣剧团), and was destroyed by fire on June 29, 1613. A second Globe Theatre was rebuilt on the same site by June 1614 and closed in 1642.Exterior of the modern reproduction of the Globe Interior of the modern reconstructionnullA BRIEF HISTORY OF THE UKnullPre-Celtic Period, Celtic Age and Roman Invasion (1500BC － 410AD)The first Celtic tribes, the Gaels, came to the British Isles between 800 and 700 BC. Two centuries later, the Brythons or ancient Britons came, from whom the country was called Britain. British-recorded history begins with the Roman invasion in 43AD. Since then, England and Wales had been a part of the Roman Empire for nearly 400 years. null Pushing into Scotland, The Romans built a gigantic wall, Hadrian's Wall, to control the frontier. The Romans also brought the new religion, Christianity, to Britain. The location of Hadrian's Wall Hadrian's WallnullWhen the Roman Empire came under the repeated attacks from the Picts and Scots （皮克特人和苏格兰人）and the invasion of the Germanic Saxon tribes, the Roman army pulled out of Britain in 410 AD, leading to the swift breakdown of Roman civilization. It is said that in the 5th century AD, King Arthur united Britain, and drove the Saxons out of the country with his magical sword Excalibur. King Arthur nullInvaders of three Teutonic tribes(日耳曼族) came to Britain in the mid-5th century. –firstly the Jutes in the mid-5th century –the Saxons from the end of 5th century to the beginning of the 6th century –the Angles who came in the second half of the 6th century, and who were to give their name to the English people. Anglo-Saxon Britain, Viking raids and Norman invasion (410 － 1066)nullThis period can be characterised as a transition from a tribal to feudal society. The Anglo-Saxons brought their own Teutonic religion to Britain. The names Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday respectively derive from their gods. — Tiu—god of war — Woden—king of heaven — Thor—god of storms — Freya—goddess of peace Christianity almost disappeared until 597, when Pope Gregory I of Roman came to England and began to convert the heathen（异教徒） English to Christianity.Pope Gregory INorman Rule (1066 － 1381)Norman Rule (1066 － 1381)Under William the Conqueror, the feudal system was completely established. — He confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. — He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. — Relations with the Continents were opened. — Norman French culture, language, manners, and architecture were introduced. — The church was kept completely under the control of the king. — The Norman culture flowered on the English soil. — Monasteries formed the new cultural centers.Priory ChurchMonastic Community nullEconomic, administrative and legal reforms from Henry II, the first king of the House of Plantagenet（金雀花王朝）: —abolishing the annual land tax —strengthening the king’s Court and extending its judicial work —reforming certain abuses in Church government by restricting the power of the archbishopHenry II nullnullDuring Henry III’s reign, the system of Parliament was formed, but Parliament only met by royal invitation, and its role was to offer advice not to make decisions. There were still no elections, no parties, and the most important part of the parliament was the House of Lords instead of the House of Commons. Parliament The English parliament in front of the King Peasant Uprising (1381)Peasant Uprising (1381)This plague, together with the cruel policies of the ruling and government over the peasants, led to the uprising in 1381 led by Wat Tyler and Jack Straw. Although it was brutally suppressed, it had far-reaching significance in English history, paving the way for the development of capitalism in Britain.Wat Tyler's death The Civil Wars The Civil Wars Reasons —James Stuart believed in the "Divine Right" to rule as he pleased. This brought him into conflict with the English Parliament. Results —By 1645 Cromwell won the decisive Battle of Naseby. Charles was captured and put on trial for treason in 1649. Cromwell dissolved parliament and started England's only period of dictatorship. —Cromwell's failure to put in place a workable alternative to the monarchy resulted in the Restoration, the return of Charles II from his exile in France. James I of England Oliver Cromwell Charles ICharles IIRise and Fall of the British Empire (1688 － 1945) Rise and Fall of the British Empire (1688 － 1945) With its advantageous geographical location, convenient sea and river transportation, Britain got large quantities of capital from overseas trade and colonies from the 18th century, which is the foundation of industrialization. Britain was the first country to industrialize in the world. Before the 18th century, most industries were done at home using very simple hand-operated machines. Now new techniques and water-powered machines resulted in organization of industries on a large scale. Industrial Revolution (1780 － 1830)The 1698 Savery Engine Spinning JennyColonial Expansion (Late 18th －Early 19th Century) Colonial Expansion (Late 18th －Early 19th Century) English colonial expansion began with the colonization of Newfoundland in 1583. In the early 18th century, settlements were made in North America. Encouraged by the large quantities of wealth brought by the Industrial Revolution, the discoveries of new frontiers by men like Captain Cook, and especially by the rising tide of emigration, the British colonialists stepped up their expansion in the late 18th century and early 19th century.Joseph Smallwood signing the document bringing Newfoundland into Confederation. James Cook's 1775 chart of Newfoundland nullIn the late 18th century Britain acquired vast, unpopulated territories in Canada, Australia and New Zealand, and in the early and middle of 19th century, it colonized large areas in Asia such as India and China. By 1900, Britain had built up a big empire “on which the sun never set”, which included 25% of the world’s population and area.British Empire in coloredBritish colonies in north America nullAt the beginning of the 20th century, France, Germany and America were becoming powerful competitors for world market. The First World War was fought from 1914 to 1918 primarily between two European power blocs: the “Central Powers”—Germany and Austria-Hungary which were later joined by Turkey and Bulgaria, and the “Allies”—Britain, France and Russia, which were later joined by Japan, Italy and the USA. The war lasted for four years, ended by the Treaty of Versailles, imposed on Germany, formalizing the Allied victory.Britain and the Two World WarsParticipants in World War I The Central Powers and their colonies in orange, the Allies and their colonies in green, and neutral countries in gray. nullThe great losses of manpower and the disruption of economy during the first world war led Britain into serious social and financial problems. By 1931, Britain was entering the Great Depression which was to give rise to the Second World War. Chamberlain declared war on Germany on September 3, 1939. Winston Churchill, the Prime Minister, led his country to final victory in 1945. Chamberlain Winston Churchill nullDue to the two wars, Britain lost one-quarter of her national wealth and entered upon a period of economic and financial difficulties, and her colonies won their independence one after another, which led to the collapse of the British Empire,.Animated map showing growth and decline of the British empire nullUK TODAYUK TODAYnullnull