英语专业八级考试_-_英语语言学

null语言学专八真题语言学专八真题20132013Which of the following italicized parts is an inflectional morpheme? A. Unlock B. Government C. Goes D. Off-stage ：C ___is a language phenomenon in which words sound like what they refer to. A. Collocation B. Onomatopoeia C. Denotation D. Assimilation 答案：BnullThe sentence “Close your book and listen to me carefully!” performs a(n)___function. A. Interrogative B. Informative C. Performative D. Directive 答案：D2012201238. In English if a word begins with a [l] or a [r], then the next sound must be a vowel. This is a (n) ____ A. assimilation rule.   B. sequential rule.    C. deletion rule.   D. grammar rule. 答案：B 39. Which of the following is an example of clipping?  A.APEC.   B.Motel.    C.Xerox.    D.Disco. 答案：Dnull40. The type of language which is selected as appropriate to a particular type of situation is called__   A. register.   B. dialect.    C. slang.    D. variety. 答案：A2011201138. _______ is defined as the study of the relationship between language and mind. A. Semantics B. Pragmatics C. Cognitive linguistics D. Sociolinguistics 参考答案： C 39. A vowel is different from a consonant in English because of ________. A. absence of obstruction B. presence of obstruction C. manner of articulation D. place of articulation 参考答案： A null40. The definition "the act of using or promoting the use of several languages, either by an individual speaker or by a community of speakers" refers to _________. A. Pidgin B. Creole C. Multilingualism D. Bilingualism 答案： C Multilingualism多语现象、多语制 Pidgin皮钦语 （以欧洲语言为基础结合了殖民地地区语言的混合语言变体）See P121 Creole 克里奥语（目前在牙买加使用的英语就是一种以英语为基础的creole）20102010 ________ refers to the learning and development of a language. A. Language acquisition B. Language comprehension C. Language production D. Language instruction 答案：A null39. The word “ Motel” comes from “motor + hotel”. This is an example of ________ in morphology. A. backformation B. conversion C. blending D. Acronym 答案：C null40. Language is a tool of communication. The symbol “ Highway Closed” on a highway serves A. an expressive function. B. an informative function. C. a performative function. D. a persuasive function. 答案：B null2009 38. The study of the mental processes of language comprehension and production is 　　A. corpus linguistics. 语料库语言学 　　B. sociolinguistics. 　　C. theoretical linguistics. 理论语言学 　　D. psycholinguistics. 心理语言学 答案：D　　null　39. A special language variety that mixes languages and is used by speakers of different languages for purposes of trading is called 　　A. dialect.  　　B. idiolect.  　　C. pidgin.  　　D. register. 答案：Cnull　40. When a speaker expresses his intention of speaking, such as asking someone to open the window, he is performing 　　A. an illocutionary act.  　　B. a perlocutionary act. 　　C. a locutionary act.  　　D. none of the above. 答案：A 2008英语专业8级38. Which of the following is NOT a design feature of human language? A. Arbitrariness. B. Displacement. C. Duality. D. Diachronicity. 答案：D 历时性 2008英语专业8级考点：语言的定义性特征design feature Arbitrariness Duality Creativity (Productivity) Displacement Cultural transmission null39. What type of sentence is “Mark likes fiction, but Tim is interested in poetry.”? A. simple sentence. B. coordinate sentence. C. complex sentence. D. None of the above 答案： B 考点：句法—句子的类型 简单句 并列句 复杂句 null40. The phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form is called A. hyponymy. B. synonymy. C. polysemy. D. homonymy. 答案： D 考点：语义—词汇的意义关系 Homonymy同音、同形异义night/knight Hyponymy上下义关系 Polysemy多义现象 Synonymy同义现象 2007英语专业8级2007英语专业8级null38. _______ refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules of word formation. A. Phonology B. Morphology C. Semantics D. Sociolinguistics 答案： B考点：语言学各分支 Phonetics—语音学 sound Phonology—音位学sound patterns Morphology—形态学word Syntax—句法学sentence Semantics—语义学meaning Pragmatics—语用学meaning in use/context null39. The distinctive features of a speech variety may be all the following EXCEPT A. Lexical B. syntactic C. Phonological D. Psycholinguistic 答案： D考点：语言学中的重要概念speech variety （P111） null40. The word tail once referred to “the tail of a horse”, but now it is used to mean “the tail of any animal.” This is an example of A. widening of meaning B. narrowing of meaning C. meaning shift D. loss of meaning 考点：语义关系—词汇的意义变化、语言的历史性发展 语音，词汇，意义均发生变化 扩展、缩小、改变 答案： A 2006年英语专业八级2006年英语专业八级38.What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is the notion of A.Reference B.meaning C.Antonymy D.context考点：语义学和语用学的区别 Semantics—语义学，词典意义，语言成分本身的内在含义 Pragmatics—语用学，使用中的含义。语言成分在特定语 的特定含义 答案： D null 39.The words"kid,child,offspring" are examples of A.dialectal synonyms B.stylistic synonyms C.emotive synonyms D.collocational synonyms考点：语义学—词汇的意义关系—同义现象 答案：B null40.The distinction between parole and langue was made by A.Halliday B.Chomsky C.Bloomfield D.Saussure 考点：重要人物及其贡献 Bloomfield—S-R（Behaviorism） (IC analysis) Chomsky--competence & performance转换生成（TG） Halliday—An Introduction to Functional Grammar 功能语法导论 Saussure—现代语言学之父 langue & parole John Austin—speech act theory John Searle—further development（indirect speech act） Paul Grice—CP (Cooperative Principle) 2005年英语专业8级2005年英语专业8级38. Syntax is the study of A. language functions. B. sentence structures. C. textual organization. D. word formation. 答案：B 考点：句法学研究对象 2004200438. English consonants can be classified  into stops,  fricatives, nasals, etc. in terms of_( ) [A] manner of articulation  [B] openness of mouth [C] place of articulation  [D] voicing  答案：A null39.____studies the sound systems in a certain langugae. A. Phonetics B. Phonology C. Semantics D. Pragmatics 答案： B null39. Which of the following is NOT a distinctive feature of human language? A. Arbitrariness. 　　 B. Productivity. C. Cultural transmission. D. Finiteness. 答案：D 有限性 考点：语言的定义性特征 nullA linguistic situation in which two standard  languages are used either by an individual or by a group of speakers is called___. [A] situational dialect   [B] slang   [C] linguistic taboo  [D] bilingualism 答案：Dnull40. The speech act theory was first put forward by 　　A. John Searle. 　　B. John Austin. 　　C. Noam Chomsky. 　　D. M.A.K. Halliday. 答案： BnullI 语言学导论 II 语言学主要分支学科 III 语言学的流派和理论 I 语言学导论 I 语言学导论 1. design feature of language （语言的定义特征） 2. Language Families (世界语言分类) 3. important distinctions in linguistics (语言学研究中几对重要的概念) 4. scope of linguistics (语言学的研究范围) null1. design feature of language（语言的定义特征) defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication 1. design feature of language 语言定义特征 1. design feature of language 语言定义特征 1)Arbitrariness（任意性） 2)Duality(二层性) 3)Creativity/Productivity(创造性) 4)Displacement（移位性） 5)Cultural Transmission(文化传递性) null1）Arbitrariness(任意性): 定义：the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. 举例： , book, livre 喜欢，like，aimer null2）Duality（二层性）: 定义：the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level. 举例： Sounds > syllables > words > phrases > clauses > sentences> texts/discourses null3） Creativity/Productivity（创造性）: 定义：Language can be used to create new meanings because of its duality 举例1：/k/ ,/a:/, /p/---- carp or park 举例2：England, defeated, France England defeated France. France defeated England. null4）Displacement（替代性）: 定义：Human languages enable their users to symbolize something which are not present at the moment of communication. null5） Cultural Transmission（文化传递性）: 定义：language is passed on from generation to generation through teaching and learning rather than instinct. 反例：印度狼孩 3. Design feature 定义特征3. Design feature 定义特征1)Arbitrariness（任意性） 2)Duality(二层性) 3)Creativity/Productivity(创造性) 4)Displacement（移位性） 5)Cultural Transmission(文化传递性) 如何记忆: 五性，创意遗传 null4. Important Distinctions in Linguistics (语言学研究中几对重要的概念) 1) descriptive & prescriptive 2) synchronic & diachronic 3) langue & parole 4) competence & performance null1) Descriptive （描述性） vs. Prescriptive （规定性） Descriptive: describing how things are. prescriptive: prescribing how things ought to beImportant Distinctions in LinguisticsImportant Distinctions in Linguistics举例： Don't say X. People don't say X. The first is a prescriptive command, while the second is a descriptive statement.null2). Synchronic（共时性） vs. Diachronic （历时性） synchronic: takes a fixed instant as its point of observation. diachronic: the study of a language through the course of its history. null举例： 研究1800年的英语发音 Synchronic studies (共时性研究) 研究1800-1900的法语语法变化 Diachronic studies (历时研究)2. 世界语言分类2. 世界语言分类2. 世界语言分类2. 世界语言分类null Important Distinctions in Linguistics Important Distinctions in Linguistics 3). langue（语言） & parole （言语） Theorist：Saussure（索绪尔）, father of modern linguistics langue: abstract linguistic system parole: actual realization of langueImportant Distinctions in LinguisticsImportant Distinctions in Linguistics举例： 汉语系统 langue 每个中国人在不同具体场景中说出的具体话语 paroleImportant Distinctions in LinguisticsImportant Distinctions in Linguistics4) Competence（语言能力） and performance （语言运用） theorist: Chomsky(乔姆斯基) competence: user's knowledge of rules about the linguistic system. performance: the actual realization of this knowledge in concrete situations.null5. Scope of Linguistics (语言学的研究范围) 1）按研究内容来分 2）按研究导向来分语言学分类-按研究内容分语言学分类-按研究内容分语言学分类-按研究内容分语言学分类-按研究内容分null语言学分类-按研究导向分语言学分类-按研究导向分语言学分类-按研究内容分语言学分类-按研究内容分语言学分类-按研究内容分语言学分类-按研究内容分null考点: 1.语音学(phonetics)和音系学(phonology)的定义和区别 2.语音学重要概念: 清音和浊音 3.音系学重要概念: 音子，音位, 超音段特征 nullPhonetics studies all speech sounds in human languages: how they are produced, transmitted and how they are received. Phonology: aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. 区别: meaning(是否研究和表达意义有关的语音） null举例: too 和 tea 中的 /t/ 发too中的/t/时, 舌位更靠近口腔前部 发tea中的/t/时，舌位更靠近口腔后部 语音学要研究这种/t/发音的不同之处, 音系学不研究 nullPhonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived. 语音学分类语音学分类articulatory phonetics(发音语音学): speaker’s production acoustic phonetics（声学语音学）: transmission’s medium auditory phonetics(听觉语音学): receiver’s reception null如何记忆phonetics和phonolgy的区别: 联想: mathematics, physics, mechanics phonetics 语言学，-ics科学性更强 geology, sociology, astrology phonology 音系学，-ology人文性更强 How speech sounds are made How speech sounds are made Speech organsnullPosition of the vocal folds(声带): voicing(浊音) and voiceless (清音)Position of the vocal folds(声带): voicing(浊音) and voiceless (清音)nullVoiceless(清音)：vocal cords are drawn wide apart, letting the air stream go through without causing obstruction 清音举例：[p,s,t] Voicing/Voiced（浊音）：vocal cords held together, letting the air stream vibrates 浊音: [b,z,d]nullThe distinction between vowels and consonants lies in the obstruction of airstream. As there is no obstruction of air in the production of vowels, the description of the consonants and vowels cannot be done along the same lines.null音系学定义：study of how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. 音系学重要概念: phone音子， phoneme音位 (音系研究的基本单位) supra-segmental features超音段特征nullPhone(音子)：a phonetic unit; the speech sounds we hear and produce during communication are all phones 举例: too 和 tea 中的 /t/ 发too中的/t/时, 舌位更靠近口腔前部 发tea中的/t/时，舌位更靠近口腔后部 所以too 和 tea 中的 /t/两个不同的音子 null Phoneme(音位): phonological and abstract unit, a unit of distinctive value; the smallest unit of sound in a language which can distinguish two words. 举例： tea 和 sea, /t/和/s/是两个不同的音位morpheme nullWhat is the point of departure of phonology? A. phone B. sound C. voice D. phoneme nullWhat is the point of departure of phonology? A. phone B. sound C. voice D. phoneme(音位) nullWhat is the point of departure of phonetics? A. phone B. sound C. voice D. phoneme nullWhat is the point of departure of phonetics? A. phone B. sound C. voice D. phoneme Suprasegmental features (超音段特征)Suprasegmental features (超音段特征)Suprasegmental features: phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments . The principal suprasegmentals are: nullSupra-segmental features (超音段特征)： stress （重音） 举例: perfect (adj) 和 perfect (v) tone (声调)/pitch (音高): 定义: sound feature which are caused by the differing rate of vibration of the vocal folds. 举例: mā妈, má麻, mă马， mà骂 比较：英语单词，如me nullintonation （语调）：pitch, stress, and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation. 举例: Morphology 形态学 Morphology 形态学1. 学科定义 2. 语素的定义和分类 3. 词的分类（classification of words）形态学研究的基本单位 形态学研究的基本单位 1. morpheme(语素）. The most basic element of meaning in language，an element that cannot be further divided into smaller units without altering its meaning. 举例： ball football ballsnull Types of Morphemes Types of MorphemesFree morphemes vs. Bound morphemes（自由语素和黏着语素）: Free morphemes: those that may constitute words by themselves, eg boy, girl, table, nation. Bound morphemes: those that cannot occur alone, eg -s, -ed, dis-, un-.Types of Bound Morpheme Types of Bound Morpheme Inflectional morpheme (屈折语素)=inflectional affix(屈折词缀)：change the grammatical meaning (number, aspect, case, tense) Derivational morpheme（派生语素）=inflectional affix (派生词缀）: change the lexical meaning nulldis+like+s derivational free inflectional morpheme nulllight+en+ed free derivational inflectional morpheme nullDerivational morpheme(改变词义): 改变词义：dis-, un-, multi-, micro- 改变词性：en-, -full, -ment Inflectional morpheme（改变语法含义）: 改变名称的性，数，格：-ess, -s, 改变动词的时, 态，体: -ing, -ed, 改变形容词的级：-er, -est 词的分类-按构词法分词的分类-按构词法分null如何区分派生词（derivational word）和 合成词(compound word) : 拆开后看各个组成的语素能否都单独成词，如果可以，就是合成词，如果不能就是派生词。 Businessman: business + man Playboy: play + boy Mouthful: mouth + ful Lighten: light + en词的分类-按词义分词的分类-按词义分词的分类-按开放性分词的分类-按开放性分词的分类-按在句子重要性分词的分类-按在句子重要性分null Syntax 句法 Syntax 句法考点 1. 定义 2. 句法范畴 3. 句子类型 null1. Syntax定义：: studies internal structure of sentence and rules of sentence-formation nullCategory(范畴): a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as sentence, a noun phrase or a verb (起相同作用的一类语言单位) Syntactical category(句法范畴): a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in sentence-formation. （在句子构成中起相同作用的一类语言单位）Syntactical category(句法范畴)Syntactical category(句法范畴)Word-----------lexical category Phrase---------phrasal category Clause---------clausal category Sentence Lexical Category 词法范畴 =Parts of Speech 词类Lexical Category 词法范畴 =Parts of Speech 词类nullnull phrase specifier head complement a car five meters away Sentence Types(句子类型)*Sentence Types(句子类型) simple Sentence complex non-simple compoundnull4. 句子分类： Simple sentence 简单句 Coordinate sentence 并列句 Complex sentence 复杂句 nullsimple sentence 简单句 定义：also called independent clause, contains a subject and a verb, and it expresses a complete thought. null练习： Jim and Mike play football every afternoon. (simple sentence) Mary goes to the library and studies every day. (coordinate sentence) nullcoordinate sentence并列句: contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinator(并列连词) such as and, or, but etc. Coordinators are often preceded by a comma. 例句: I tried to speak Spanish, and my friend tried to speak English.  Lily went to play football, but Maria went shopping. nullYou have to do it one way or the other. Simple sentence The workers were cheerful, or at least they appeared to be cheerful. Coordinate sentencenullcomplex sentence 定义：A complex sentence has an independent clause joined with one or more dependent clauses by one or more subordinators(从属连词) such as if, when, because, althoug. nullAs he is growing old, he seldom goes out. He is growing old, whereas he becomes healthier. 如何区分并列和复杂句---看连词表示的关系 并列，选择和转折关系---并列句 时间，条件，原因和让步关系---复杂句 SemanticsSemantics考点： 1. 定义：study of meaning 2. 两种基本意义：reference指称和sense涵义 3. 五种词语语义关系nullLudwig Wittgenstein: ‘The meaning of a word is its use in the language’. Meaning is studied by making detailed analyses of the way words and sentences are used in specific contexts. Reference（指称）: how language refers to the real physical world (语言指代外部物质世界) Sense（涵义）: inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is abstract and the meaning dictionary compilers are interested in. (语言形式的内在意义) null concept symbolizes refers to symbol referent (word) stands for (object) Synonymy 同义Synonymy 同义Synonymy 同义: sameness or similarity of meaning. Words that are close in meaning are called synonyms. 同义分类举例同义分类举例dialectical synonym地域同义词： 举例: fall and autumn, flat and apartment stylistic synonym风格同义词： 举例: cop and police, kid and offspring collocational synonym搭配同义词： 举例: accuse of, charge with, rebuke for Semantically different synonym语义稍有不同的同义词: 举例: surprise and astound, blame and rebukeAntonymy 反义Antonymy 反义Antonymy 反义: oppositeness of meaning. Words that are opposite in meaning are called antonyms. Antonymy 反义关系分类： gradable antonymy 等级反义 complementary antonymy互补反义 converse antonymy反向反义 Gradable antonymy等级反义Gradable antonymy等级反义young --------middle-aged--------------- old big --------middle-sized--------------- small good-------------average-----------------bad Complementary antonymy互补反义 Complementary antonymy互补反义alive : dead male : female present : absent innocent : guiltyodd : even pass : fail boy : girl hit : miss Converse antonymy反向反义 Converse antonymy反向反义 buy : sell lend : borrow give : receive parent : child husband : wifeteacher : student above : below before : after host : guest employer : employee Hyponymy 上下义关系 Hyponymy 上下义关系Hyponymy上下义: refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. Superordinate/hypernym上义词: the more general term Hyponym下义词: the more specific term null举例: hypernym上义词: animal Hyponym下义词: bird, fish, tiger, cat 如何记忆: hyper---向上 hype 炒作 hypo---向下 hypothesis 假设 Animal bird fish insect animal human animal tiger lion elephant ... Animal bird fish insect animal human animal tiger lion elephant ...Polysemy 一词多义Polysemy 一词多义Polysemy: the same one word has more than one meaning. Such a word is called polysemic word. 举例: Fish: 1. 鱼 2. 鱼肉 3. 水生动物 4. 捕鱼 5. 寻找nullHomonymy同音/同形异义词 : words having different meanings have the same form, different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. Identical in sound: homophones 同音词 Identical in spelling: homograph 同形词 Identical in both: complete homonyms 同音同形词nullhomophones 同音词： 举例: knight and night, piece and peace homograph 同形词 举例: tear (v) and tear (n), lead (v) and lead (n) complete homonyms 同音同形词: fast (adj) and fast (n) null如何区分同音同形和一词多义现象: beauty, fish, ball, scale beauty: 美丽；美女 fish: 鱼；鱼肉；水生动物；捕鱼；寻找 ball: 球；舞会 scale: 规模；鱼鳞 看其多个意义之间是否有关联，如果有就是一词多义，没有就是同音同形词 Pragmatics 语用学 Pragmatics 语用学 考点: 定义和与语义学的区别：study of meaning in context or in use 言语行为理论（两位理论家和三种行为） 会话原则 2. Speech Act Theory2. Speech Act TheoryJohn Austin (1911-1960) How to Do Things with Words (1962) Main Idea: things can be done with words nullConstatives(叙事句) vs. performatives（施为句） Constatives（叙事句）: utterances which roughly serves to state a fact, report that something is the case, or describe what something is, eg: I go to the park every Sunday.