小学英语语法及练习

英语语法 第1章 名词 1. 名词的数 2. 名词的格 第2章 代词 1. 人称代词 2. 物主代词 第3章 冠词 与 数词 1. 冠词 2. 数词 第4章 一般现在时态 第5章 现在进行时态 第6章 句型 1． 陈述句 2． 疑问句 3． 祈使句 4． There be 句型与have\ has 第7章 总结考试 第一章 名词 （Noun） 名词的概念 在生活中，我们会接触到各种各样的人和事物，用来示这些人或事物名称的词就是名词。 一、名词的数 名词的数指名词的单数和复数形式。可数名词表示“一个”时用单数，“两个以上”时用复数；不可数名词表示量时，通常用“数词+单位+of+物质名词”的形式，如 a piece of bread (一片面包)， 变为复数时，只须将单位名词变为复数， 如：two pieces of bread(两片面包)。 *名词复数的构成法则 1. 一般情况下在词尾加 s. 词尾读音 shop --- shops (商店) 在清辅音后读 [ s ] bag --- bags (书包) 在浊辅音后读 [ z ] window --- windows (窗户) 在元音后读 [ z ] 2. 以 s, x, sh, ch 结尾的单词在词尾加es。 class --- classes (班级) 词尾读音[ iz ] box --- boxes (盒子) match --- matches (比赛) brush --- brushes (刷子) 3. 以“辅音字母 +y” 结尾的词， 变y为 i 加es. story --- stories (故事) 词尾读音[ iz ] 4. 以“元音字母 +y” 结尾的词，在词尾直接加 s key --- keys 词尾读音[ z ] monkey --- monkeys 5.以 “o” 结尾的名词， 复数一般在词尾加“s”, 但个别加 “es” tomato --- tomatoes (西红柿) 词尾读音[ z ] potato --- potatoes (土豆) zoo --- zoos (动物园) photo --- photos (照片) *（以 “o”结尾，复数加 “es”）口诀： 黑人(Negro)英雄(hero)，左手拿着西红柿(tomato)，右手拿着破土豆(potato)， 头顶一个大芒果（mango）。 6. 以 f或 fe 结尾的词，多数变f或 fe 为 ves. leaf --- leaves (树叶) 词尾读音[ vz ] knife --- knives ( 小刀) *（以f或fe结尾的单词，需把f或fe 变ves的单词）口诀： 妻子（wife）持刀（knife）去宰狼（wolf），小偷（thief）吓得发了慌，躲在架下（shelf）保己命，半(half)片树叶（leaf）遮目光。 *（以f或fe结尾的单词，直接加 “s”的单词）口诀： 长颈鹿(giraffe)站在屋檐(roof)下，左手拿着手绢(handkerchief)，右手拿着高尔夫球(golf)。 例： roof --- roofs ( 屋顶) 7. 不规则名词复数的变化 man --- men (男人) tooth ---teeth (牙齿) child --- children (儿童) mouse --- mice(老鼠) foot --- feet (脚) woman --- women (女人) 8. 名词单复数形式一样 sheep --- sheep (绵羊) deer --- deer （鹿） English --- English（英国人） Chinese --- Chinese （中国人） *（不规则名词变复数）口诀： 男人，女人a变e； 鹅，足，牙齿oo变ee； 其实老鼠也好记ous变ic； 孩子加上ren，鱼鹿绵羊不用记。 二、名词所有格的构成法 1. 主要是在词尾加’ s 构成。如: This is Tom’s desk . 这是汤姆的书桌。 That is Mike’s book. 那是迈克的书。 2. 如果原名词已经有复数词尾s ,则仅加一个’ . 如: the teachers’ reading room 教师阅览室 the pupils’ pencil-boxes 学生们的文具盒 3. 如果原词是复数形式，但不是以s 结尾， 变为所有格形式需在后面加上’ s 。如： the children’s palace 少年宫 men’s room 男厕所 *名词所有格口诀： 名词所有格，s前面加一撇’，复数s放在尾，后加一撇就完结，两人共有算一个，后面只加一个撇。 名词练习题 一、 写出下列名词的复数形式 1.computer ____________ 2.apple ____________ 3.city ______________ 4.house _____________ 5.sheep _____________ 6.watch ______________ 7.tomato _____________8.child _____________ 9.tooth ________ 10.foot ______________ 11.wife _____________12.potato ____________ 13.play _____________ 14.day ____________ 15.glass ______________ 16.radio ______________ 17.zoo ______________ 18. life ______________ 19. story _____________ 20.leaf _____________ 21. baby _____________ 22.dress _____________ 23.butterfly _____________24. deer _____________ 25.class _____________ 26.brush _____________ 27.key _____________ 28. English ____________29.mouse ____________30. man _____________ 二、汉译英 1．Tom的足球 _________________ 2. 老师们的自行车_________________ 3．学生们的课桌 _________________ 4.哥哥的文具盒_________________ 5．姑姑的卡片 _________________ 6.猴子们的香蕉_________________ 7．蚂蚁们的早餐 _________________ 8.妈妈的包_________________ 9．姐姐的连衣裙_________________ 10女孩们的苹果_________________ 三、把下列句子翻译成英文 1．这些 是Peter 的篮球吗？ ________________________________________ 2．这个是老师的钢笔吗？ ___________________________________________ 3．有一些书在Sam的课桌上。________________________________________ 4．有一些孩子们在教室里。___________________________________________ 四、改错 （圈出错处，在横线上改正过来） 1.There are some butterflys on the table. ________________________ 2.This is Alice dress. ______________________ 3.I like tomato very much. __________________ 五、将下列句子变成复数形式。 1．This dog is brown. ___________________________________________________ 2. There is a book and a pen on the table. ___________________________________________________ 3.That woman is a teacher. ___________________________________________________ 能力测试卷 （名词） 一、 将下列名词变成复数形式。 1.plane tree lesson month apple shirt 2. box bus brush watch class fox 3.knife life leaf Wife thief 4.day boy monkey baby country story 5.photo radio piano tomato hero 6. child tooth man Sheep English Chinese 二、判断正误，并改正错句，正确的打“ √ ” 1．The house is my brother. ________________________ 2. He has visited many country. ______________________ 3. They are Englishs. ______________________________ 4. This is Tom red bike. ____________________________ 三、选择填空 1．There are two ______ in the room. A. Chineses B. Englishman 2.The old man will have ___________ out. A. two tooths B. two teeth 3. ____________ are sold in this bookstore. A. Children’s books B. Children books 4. Some friends of _________ will come here. A. John’s B. John 5. Can you give me ______________? A. some papers B. a piece of paper 6.There are ______________ on the floor. A. some box B. some boxes 四、将下列句子变成复数形式。 1．This sheep is white. ___________________________________________________ 2. There is a desk and a chair in the room. ___________________________________________________ 3.That man is a doctor. ___________________________________________________ 第二章 代词 一、人称代词 1．人称代词即表示“你、我、他、你们、我们、他们”等的词，它的人称、数和格的变化见下表： 数 人称 主格 宾格 单数 第一人称 I me 第二人称 you you 第三人称 he she it him her it 复数 第一人称 We us 第二人称 you you 第三人称 they them 主格与宾格： 人称代词有主格和宾格两种形式。主格主要用来做句子的主语；宾格主要用作宾语。 人称代词主格用在句首作主语。She is sitting in a bus.她正坐在公共汽车上。 人称代词宾格在动词后作宾语。This pen is bad.I can’t write with it.这支钢笔不好，我没法用它写字。 2.人称代词的排列顺序 人称代词并列使用时，通常以下列顺序出现，请熟悉并记忆。 1） 单数代词：you and I; you and he ; he and I ; you ,he and I 2） 复数代词：we and they ; we and you ; you and they; we, you and they 3） 第三人称单数代词：he and she *人称代词排序口诀：人称代词并列观，注意顺序礼貌见； 单数人称二、三、一，复数人称一、二、三； 麻烦事情“我”站前，其他人称没意见； 两性并用为三单，男先女后是习惯。 二、物主代词 物主代词是表示所有关系的代词，分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。 人称 类别 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 单数 复数 单数 复数 单数 复数 形容词性 my our your your his,her,its their 名词性 mine our yours yours his,hers,its theirs 名词性物主代词 = 形容词性物主代词 + 名词 例，Whose coat is this? 这是谁的上衣? It’s hers. 是她的。 hers= her coat *关于物主代词的口诀： 物主代词很重要，译成汉语都有“的”，后面必须加上物，否则就要犯错误， my your his her its our their 不放过。 形容词性是基础，除了我的 “mine”外，其他词尾“s”性 形物代能力差，出门常把名词加；名物代能力强，常来独去又独往。 三、反身代词 反身代词也叫“自身代词”，表示“**自己”。 数 人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 单数 myself yourself himself, herself 复数 ourselves yourselves themselves I can do it by myself. 我自己能做这件事。 *反身代词的构成规律记忆口诀： 反身代词有规律，第三人称宾格加，其余开头用物主，复数-ves替-f 四、指示代词 This (这个)------- these (这些) 指近处的事物 That (那个)------- these (那些) 指远处的事物 例，This is a book. 这是本书。 These are some books. 这些是书。 That is a car. 那是辆小汽车。 Those are some cars. 那些是小汽车。 代词练习题 一、 根据题意，用所给词的适当形式填空。 1. Mary is a friend of ______________. ( I ) 2. This is ________ ( she ) ruler. ________ ( I ) is in the bag. 3. Her brother is too young to look after _________ ( he ) 4. This is _________ ( I ) book. This book is _________ ( I ). 5. These pens are _________ ( we ). 二、填写下列。 人称代词 我 我们 你，你们 他 她 它 他们 主 格 宾 格 形容词性物主代词 名词性物主代词 反身代词 三、改写下列句子 Eg, This is my book. ------ The book is mine. 1. That is her ruler. _________________________________ 2. These are their footballs. __________________________________ 3. This is my backpack . ____________________________________ 4. Those are your boxes. ____________________________________ 四、把下列句子改写成复数。 1. This is a butterfly. ____________________________________________ 2. That is a bus. ________________________________________________ 3. It is a mouse. ________________________________________________ 五、改错。 1.This is mine lamp. ___________________________________________ 2.These are ours books.____________________________________________ 3. That are their teacher. ___________________________________________ 4.The house is my brother. ________________________ 5. He has visited many country. ______________________ 6. They are Chineses. ______________________________ 7. This is Tom red bike. ____________________________ 能力测试卷 （代词） 一、 帮下面的好朋友团圆 （连线） I 她 its 我们 her 他（她，它）们 we 我 they 你的 their 他（她，它）们 your 她的 she 它的 二、填空 1．She’s a teacher . This is _________ bag. 2. He’s a driver. This is ___________ taxi. 3. I am a boy . __________ name is Peter. 4. --What’s __________ name? -- My name is Tony. 5. It’s my puppy. ______ name is Mimi. 三、选择 ( ) 1.Your book is not so old as _________. A. him B. he C. his D. she ( ) 2. _____ book is it ? It’s ________. A. Whose…her B. Whose… hers C. Who…hers D. Whom… her ( ) 3. He is a friend of ________. A. our B. us C. my D. mine 四、改错 1. I, you and he are all teachers. ______________________________________________________ 2. This is mine teddy bear. ______________________________________________________ 3. These are ours bags. ______________________________________________________ 4. These is their teachers. ______________________________________________________ 第三章 数词和冠词 一、数词 表示数目和顺序的词叫数词。数词又分基数词和序数词，基数词表示数量，序数词表示顺序。 1． 最基本的基数词如下表所示： 1~10 11~19 20~100 1 one 11 eleven 2 two 12 twelve 20 twenty 3 three 13 thirteen 30 thirty 4 four 14 fourteen 40 forty 5 five 15 fifteen 50 fifty 6 six 16 sixteen 60 sixty 7 seven 17 seventeen 70 seventy 8 eight 18 eighteen 80 eighty 9 nine 19 nineteen 90 ninety 10 ten 100 one hundred *基数词的写法 ：21~99的两位数，十位与个位之间用连字符“-”。 例：21 twenty - one 32 thirty - two 99 ninety – nine 百位数：个位数基数词形式加“hundred”，表示几百，在几十几与百位间加上and。 例：101 a hundred and one. 320 three hundred and twenty 648six hundred and forty-eight 2．序数词的构成 1）一般来说，是由相应的基数词加词尾th构成。例， four+ th--- fourth six + th --- sixth seven + th --- seventh ten + th --- tenth 2）下面这些基数词在变为序数词时，有特殊的变化。例， one --- first two --- second three --- third five--- fifth eight --- eighth nine --- ninth twelve --- twelfth 3）十位整数序数词的构成方法是将基数词的词y 变成i，然后在加eth.例， twenty --- twentieth thirty --- thirtieth forty --- fortieth ninety --- ninetieth 4） 两位或两位以上的基数词变为序数词时，仅将个位数变成序数词。例， twenty –one ------ twenty- first thirty-five ------thirty-fifth a hundred and fifty-three ------- a hundred and fifty- third *基数词变序数词的口诀： 基变序，有规律；词尾加上th（fourth, sixth） 一、二、三，单独记；结尾字母t, d, d；（first，second，third） 八去t,九去e,（eighth，ninth）；ve要用f替；（fifth，twelfth） 整十基数变序数，ty将y变成i ; th 前面有个e； 要是遇到几十几，前用基来后用序。 二、冠词 冠词分不定冠词和定冠词两种。 a或an是不定冠词，the是定冠词。a用在辅音音素之前，如 a desk, a tree ; an 用在元音因素之前，如 an apple, an hour, an English book. 1. 不定冠词（a,an）指人或事物的某一种类，表示“一个”，但不强调数量。 She is a teacher. That’s an orange. 2. 定冠词 the，是特指某（些）人、某（些）物，或指说话人与听话人彼此知道的人或物，或者是在上文提到过的人和事。 This is a bus. The bus is big. 3. 不用冠词的情况： 1） 专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词前一般不用冠词。如， Chinese, English, Jim等。 2） 名词前已经有this, that, my, your等词时，就不再用冠词了。如，that mouse (那只老鼠) 3) 一些固定词组前不用定冠词。如， at home 在家 go to school 去上学 *定冠词the的用法记忆口诀： 特指、重提和唯一，岛屿、海峡和海湾； 海洋、党派、最高级，沙漠、河流与群山； 方位、顺序和乐器，年代、团体与机关； 船名、建筑和组织，会议、条约与报刊； 姓氏复数、国全名，记住定冠the加在前。 *零冠词用法口诀： 月份、星期、节假洲，呼语、头衔职务前； 三餐、球类、惯用语，学科、棋类名词前。 冠词和数词专项练习 一、在空白处填上适当的冠词，不需要的填“/”。 1) at ____home 2) go to_____ bed 3) go to _____school 4) catch ______ bad cold 5) have _____ good time 6) ______red apple 7)_____ English book 8) ______ spoon 9)_____ orange 10) ______melon 11) _______ eraser 二、选择填空 1.There is _____ “m” in the word “primary” A. an B.a C.the D./ 2.This is ____ orange bike . A.a B.an C.the D/ 3.It always takes us half _____ hour to have ____ long walk after supper . A.a,a B,a ,the C.an , a D.an , the 4.English is ____ useful language in ____ world . A.an , the B.a , the C.the , / D./ , the 5.We are going to _____ cinema this evening . A.the B./ C/a D.an 6.He’s standing on _____ other side of _____ river . A.a , a B.the , the C.the , a D.a , the 7._____ potato is a vegetable , not ____ fruit . A.The , an B.The , a C.A, the D.An, / 8.He was _____ first to come . A.The B.a C.the D./ 9.Do you see ____ book on _____ table ? A.the , a B.a, an C.an , an D.a , the 10.Where’s _____ desk ? It’s in ____ middle of the room . A./ , / B./ , a C.a , / D.the , the 11.He is _____ friend of mine . A.an B./ C.the D.a 12.There is ____ university near the farm . A.a B.an C.the D./ 13.He died in ____ autumn of 1989 . A./ B.the C.a D.an 14.I have ____ book . I t’ s _____ interesting one . I like reading ____ books very much . A.a, an ,/ B.a , / , the C.an , an , the D./ , an , / 15.Today is _____ Children’s Day . A.a B.an C.the D/ 16.This is _____ bag . That is ____ eraser . A.a, a B.a , an C.an , a D. an , an 四、用代词填空: 1._____ , _____ and ____ are all good friends . A.We , you , they B.You , they , we C.We , they , you D.They , you , we 2.____ classroom is big , but ____ is much bigger than _____ . A.We , they , us B.Our , their , our C.Our , theirs , ours D.Our , theirs , we 3.She lost ____ pen . Will you lend her ____ ? A.her , yours B.his , your C.hers , you D.their , yourself 4. “What are you doing ?” “I am looking at _____ in the mirror ?” A.me B.myself C.itself D.himself 5.____ , ____ and _____ all enjoy music . A.She , you , I B.I , she , you C.You , she , I D.I , you , she 能力测试卷（冠词和数词） 一、 写出相邻的数词 1. twenty 2. five 3. twelve 4. fifty-eight 5. ninety 6. seventy 7. thirty-eight 8. one hundred 9. one thousand 10. one 二、选择正确 1.There are days in a year. A. three hundreds sixty-five B. three hundreds and sixty-five C. three hundred and sixty-five D. three hundred and sixty five 2.There are students in this school. A. eight hundreds and forty-six B. eight hundred and forty six C. eight hundred and forty-six D. eight hundred forty-six 3.My brother is in . A. Three Class, One Grade B. Class Three, Grade One C. Grade One, Class Three D. class three, grade one 4.He was doing some washing . A. at eight yesterday morning B. yesterday morning eight C. yesterday morning at eight D. by eight yesterday morning 5.There are months in a year. December is the month of the year. A. twelve; twelve B. twelve; twelfth C. twelfth; twelve D. twelve; twelveth 6.Sunday is the day of the week. A. seventh B. first C. second D. third 7.Autumn is season in a year. A. the fourth B. the third C. a third D. third 8.Tom was to get to school and I was . A. first; ninthB. the first; the ninth C. a first; a ninth D. the second; the ninth 9.What’s the date today? It’s . A. Friday B. time to go C. cloudy D. June 4th 10.Monday is the second day, and . A. Tuesday is the fourth B. Thursday is the fifth C. the second is Tuesday D. the second is Thursday 第四章 一般现在时态 一、一般现在时的定义 一般现在时是表示现在经常反复发生的动作，存在的状态或习惯性的动作的时态。 二、一般现在时的结构 一般现在时用行为动词的原形，但第三人称单数作主语时，动词的词尾要加-s 或- es。现在以连系动词be 和行为动词read为例，对一般现在时的肯定句、否定句、疑问句及其简略答语的构成以表格形式加以说明： 动词 肯定句 否定句 be I am … I am not … You/We/They are … You/We/They are not … He/She/It is ... He/She/It is not … read I/We/You/They read… I/We/You/They/ do not read … He/She/It reads … He/She/It does not read … 动词 疑问句 简略答语（肯定） 简略答语（否定） be Am I …? Yes , you are. No, you are not. Are you …? Yes, I am/we are. No, I am/we are not. Are we …? Yes, we/you are. No, we/ you are not. Are they …? Yes, they are. No, they are not. Is he…? Yes, he is. No, he is not. Is she …? Yes, she is. No, she is not. Is it …? Yes, it is. No, it is not. read Do I / we / they read …? Yes, you / we / they do. No, you / we / they do not. Does he / she / it read … ? Yes, he / she / it does. No, he / she / it does not. 连系动词be 的各种形式常与代词或not缩写成一个词。助动词do，does 一般只有与not 缩写。联系动词be缩写形式如下 肯定 缩写 否定 缩写 I am I’m I am not I’m not You are You’re You are not You’re not /You aren’t He is He’s He is not He’s not /He isn’t She is She’s She is not She’s not /She isn’t It is It’s It is not It’s not / It isn’t We are We’re We are not We’re not / We aren’t They are They’re They are not They’re not / They aren’t 动词do not 的缩写形式为don’t，does not 的缩写形式为doesn’t。 2、 动词加-s 或-es （动词第三人称单数） 当主语是第三人称单数时，谓语动词需加-s 或-es 1． 一般在词尾加 –s 例：work—works leave --- leaves swim --- swims 2． 以字母s，x，ch，sh 或o结尾的词加-es 例：pass--- passes fix ---fixes teach --- teaches do--- does 3． 以辅音字母加y结尾的词，先变y为i再加-es 例：study --- studies carry --- carries fly --- flies cry --- cries 3、 一般现在时的用法 1． 表示经常或习惯性的动作。常与often（经常）, always（总是）, sometimes（有时）, every day（每天）, on Sundays/Mondays 等表示频度的时间状语连用。 一般现在时的时间状语有：today, often, sometimes, always, usually, every day ( week, month, year,…) , this year, once a week ( month, year,…) 一周（月，年）一次 例句：I get up at 6 o’clock every day. He often goes to school by bike. 2． 表示客观事实，普遍真理。 例句：Two and two are four.二加二等于四。 The earth moves around the sun.地球绕着太阳转。 一般现在时态专项练习 1、 写出下列动词的第三人称单数形式 post eat stop jump go like visit pass rise read ride have give write swim study watch fly teach do 2、 单项选择 ( )1._____ you have a book ? A Do B. Are C. Is D. Have ( )2.Does Li Lei like to watch TV? ______________. A. Yes, he like. B. No, he doesn’t. C. Yes, he’d like. D. No, he likes. ( )3.She doesn’t ______ her homework in the afternoon. A. doing B. to do C. does D. do ( )4.How ____ Mr. Smith ______ to England? A. do, go B. is , go C. does, go D. does , goes ( )5. _____ she ______ home at six every day? A. Is , leave B. Does , leave C. Is , leaves D. Does , left 3、 用下列动词的适当形式填空 1.I ______ ( get ) up at 6 o’clock every day. 2.My father ______ (have) a lovely dog. 3.He ______ (go ) to school on foot. 4.She ______ (do ) not like watching TV. 5.They ______ (play) football every Sunday afternoon. 4、 按要求完成下列各题 1.Tomorrow is Saturday.(变成一般疑问句) _________ ________ Saturday ? 2.Does he play basketball every weekend? (肯定回答) Yes, ______ _______. 3.She looks like her sister.(变一般疑问句) _____ she ______ like her sister ? 4.Peter and Sam look the same.(一般疑问句) ______ they _____ the same ? 5.Do they always go to the movie (电影院) on Sundays ? (否定回答) No, _______ _______. 五、英汉互译 1. Tom经常放学后（after school）踢足球。 __________________________________ 2. 我喜欢唱歌。 __________________________________ 3. He often goes to school on foot. __________________________________ 4. Children like to play this game. __________________________________ 5. 今天是星期日。 __________________________________ 能力测试卷 （一般现在时） 1、 写出下列动词的第三人称单数形式 go have swim study rise stop do ride cry go write fly play read come buy give watch work carry 2、 用动词的适当形式填空 1. He _______ (go) to school on foot.