黄淑清-热学答案

�������� ������P43� 1.1���� trR R RT 16.273)( = �� )K(1.291 35.90 28.96 16.273 =×=T 1.2���1�� �� ����� C)( 5 9 32F)( oo tt += ��� 40−=t �2� ��� ����� )15.273( 5 9 32 −+= Tt ��� 575=t �3�� ���� ����� 15.273−= Tt ����������� ��� ��� !�"#�$%& 1.3����'()*+, ��'-. K15.373 732038.0 K16.273 limK16.273)( 0 === → trP V V VT tr 1.4 ���1�/0123&4�56789�:; ��%<� �=�; >?�� @#1; >�A�B(C�DE?�& �2���)*+, �'- trP P P T tr 0 limK16.273 → = FGH �=I�(CJK�0"LMNOPQM�� 0→trP M��:; �§� )(4.31)kg(104.31)( 3 gPP RT V MM =×=′−=′− − µ 1.12��z CO2�¨©� v�JMª t«�‰Žm vt�¬Gw­ CO2�®¯@°M�B ,}� SvtV = �] CO2F±)*+,��? RT M PV µ = � RTMPSvt µ = ² )m/s(899.0== RT StP M v µ 1.13 ��zvŒ³�£U�›œ�´+>§€� M1‚M2‚M'1‚M'2�–)*+, š)�µ¶�¤¥��� 1 1 11 RT M VP µ = � 2222 RTMVP µ= � 1 1 1 RT M PV µ ′ = � 222 RTMPV µ ′ =  ¡£U>§�y � 2 2 1 1 2 22 1 11 RT PV RT PV RT VP RT VP µµµµ +=+ · )Pa(1098.2 4 1221 122211 ×= + + = TVTV TVPTVP P 1.14¸e�c 1.15��+¹«� H2J � T1‚T2M�¤¥��� 1RT M PV µ = � 2RTMMPV µ ∆− = º»S�� )kg/m(089.0 3 12 21 = − ⋅ ∆ = TT TT V MR µ ρ 1.16��?+,¤¥����[+,>§ RT PV M µ = z³ n¼�½¾¿S�À¼³+�>§� m�� RT PV M RT VP nnm µµ === 0 00 ��� )(637 00 0 �== TVP PVT n 1.17��5Á��Â+Ã�Â+©Ä� dt dV v = vdt RT P dVdM µρ −=−= )*+,�� RTMPV µ = ��� vdt V P dM V RT dP −== µ ⇒ dt V v P dP −= }€� ∫∫ −= tP P dt V v P dP 00 ��� )s(8.39(min)663.0ln 0 === P P v V t 1.18��+,�>§�y�5)*+,��� ¡)*+,�� 1 11 1 RT VP M µ = � 2 22 2 RT VP M µ = � RT PV MM µ =+ 21 RT PV RT VP RT VP µµµ =+ 2 22 1 11 ��� )K(9.708 2 22 1 11 = + = T VP T VP PV T 1.19¸e�c ������P110� 2.1~2.7��c 2.8�� kJ)(64.16)kJ)(20100(04.12.0 =−××=∆= TMCQ P kJ)(84.11)kJ)(20100(740.02.0 =−××=∆=∆ TMCU V kJ)(8.4=∆−= UQA 2.9�� )()()( 1122,1122,12, VPVPR C R VP R VP CTTCU mVmVmV −=−=−=∆ νν νν �1�(C�y )J(505)( 12 , =−=∆ VVP R C U mV �2�ÅÆyÇ� γγ 1122 VPVP = ⇒ Pa)(10825.7)( 4 2 1 12 ×== γ V V PP )J(177)( 1122 , −=−=∆ VPVP R C U mV R(yÇ5PÈÉƧ�@i±Ê�« Ë?ÈÆÌÍÎÏÅƙ��Ð@i±ÊÑ 5�Ы ÌÍ�4Ï�wH« ÒÓ�wH« ÔÕ& 2.10���1�ÅƗ˜� 4.1=γ )J(938])(1[ 1 1 2 1 1 =− − = −γ γ µ V V RT M A �2�ÖR —˜�×R,ØÙ )J(1435ln 1 2 11 == V V RT M A µ � 02 =A ² )J(143521 =+= AAA 2.11�� )J(125)( 12, =−=∆ TTCU mVν J)(84209125 −=−=+∆= AUQ Ú TCQ ∆= ² )J/K(84−= ∆ = T Q C 2.12�� )m(102.11 331 −×== vMV µ � 12 2 1 VV = �1�R ™�� 0=∆U )J(786ln 1 2 −== V V RT M A µ )J(786−=+∆= AUQ �2�Åƙ�� 4.1=γ 0=Q )J(906])(1[ 1 1 2 1 1 =− − −=−=∆ −γ γ µ V V RT M AU �3�R(™�� )J(1099.1)( 412, ×−=−= VVPR C Q mP )J(1042.1)( 412 , ×−=−=∆ VVP R C U mV )J(567−=∆−= UQA 2.13��Á�� J334=Q ��Û¤¥`�,} )m(102.11 331 −×== vMV µ �1�R ™�� 1 2ln V V RT M AQ µ == ��� )(m1015)exp( 3312 −×== MRT Q VV µ �2�R,™�� VPP R C Q mv )( 12 , −= ��� )(Pa1013.1 51 , 2 ×=+= PVC QR P mV �3�R(™�� )( 12, TTCQ mP −=ν � )J(239)( , , 12, ==−=∆ QC C TTCU mP mV mVν 2.14���1�R ™��Ü¥,} 10 1 2 V V = )kJ(193ln 2 1 −== P P RT M A µ �2�ÅÆ(Ý� )kJ(195])(1[ 1 ])(1[ 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 −=− − =− − = − − γ γ γ γ µ γ µ P P RT M V V RT M A �3�ÖÅÆJR(� Åƙ��Ü¥,}� γ 1 2 1 13 )(P P VV = R(™��Ü¥,}� 10 1 2 V V = )kJ(273)( 232121 −=−+=+= VVPAAAA 2.15¸e�5R,™��� )( 01 0,0 ,, PPR VC MR PV C M TC M Q mVmVmV −= ∆ =∆= µ µµ 5R(™��� )( 02 0,0 ,, VVR PC MR PV C M TC M Q mPmPmP −= ∆ =∆= µ µµ ��~z? )()( 02 0, 01 0, VV R PC PP R VC mPmV −=− · 002 001 , , )( )( PVV VPP C C mV mP − − ==γ 2.16��5b��™���� kVV VV PP P = − − = 12 12 ��ÆÞß/w'à AddUQd += á PdVdTCdTC mVm += , 5)*+,¤¥�� RTPV = ��� RdTVdPPdV =+ 4� kVP = ��� VdPkVdVPdV == :½ RdTPdVVdPPdV ==+ 2 · RdTdTCdTC mVm 2 1 , += )( 2 1 2 1 ,,, mVmPmVm CCRCC +=+= âi�5 kVP = �Y RTPV = ��� 2V R k T = 2.17��™��R ™��ãÞ±ÊRPäåD+(Þ±Ê�+,±Êæç )J(37.2 )( ln10 = + −= HS ShH HSPShPA 2.18���1�è'éÆê�ëM AmR,™��BmR(™��Ïì›l ��Ü"R TCQ mVA ∆= , � TCQ mPB ∆= , ² TCTCQQQ mPmVBA ∆+∆=+= ,, ² )K(67.6 ) 7 7 2 5 (,, = + = + =∆ R Q CC Q T mPmV )J(139, =∆= TCQ mVA � )J(195, =∆= TCQ mPB �2�vÅÆê�GM AmR(—˜™��+, �yÇ� )K(4.11 , ==∆ mPC Q T BI�+,mR(Åƙ��� 0=Q � 0=∆P � 0=∆V �� 0=A 5ÆÞß/w'à AUQ +∆= ��� 0=∆U � BmJ¤¥�y�¤¥`íŽ�& 2.19���1�îï+,ÅÆ(Ý� 0=Q � 0=+∆ AU 0, 1 0 0, 0 0,0, 2 1 ]1)[()1()( TC P P TC T T TCTTCUA mVmVmVmV νννν γ γ =−=−=−=∆=− − − �2� 00 1 0 2 3 )( TT P P T == − − γ γ �3�ðï+,5 P0‚V0‚T0yñ P‚V‚T�BI 08 27 PP = � VVV ′−= 02 �.IV ′m îï+,Ü¥,}�@îï+,�? 0 0 0 00 2 3 8 27 T VP T VP ′ = �� 09 4 VV =′ @ðï+,?� T VVP T VP )2(8 27 00 0 00 ′− = ·� 04 21 TT = �4���ÆÞß/w'à 00, 0,0,0,, 2 19 4 19 2 1 )1 4 21 ( 2 1 RTTC TCTCTCTCAUQ mV mVmVmVmV νν νννν == +−=+∆=+∆= 2.20���1� 208))(( 2 1 =−+= ABBAa VVPPA 80100 2 === ∫∫ B A B A V V V Vb V dV PdVA �2��� 1mol)*+,¤¥��� P RT V = �a�™�� P RT P 24124 −= � � 0241242 =+− RTPP �b�™�� 22 2 100 TR P P = � � 2 2 100 T R P = �3�ò mVmVABmVmV CRRRCTTCTCU ,,,, 80 ) 10020 ()( −=−=−=∆=∆ � mVaa CRAUQ , 80 208 −=+∆= mVbB CR AUQ , 80 80 −=+∆= �3���� dT Qd Cm = PdVdTCAddUQd mVaa +=+= ,)()( 5 dVdP 24−= � RdTVdPPdV =+ �[ VP RdT dV 24− = RdT V V dTCQd mVa 48124 24124 )( , − − += R V V C dT Qd C mV a am 48124 24124)( )( , − − +== #)�5 2 100 V P = ��[� 022 =+ PVdVdPV 5 RdTVdPPdV =+ �º»�[� P RdT PP RdT dV −= − = 2 ⇒ RdTPdV −= �� RdTdTCPdVdUQd mVb −=+= ,)( RCC mVbm −= ,)( 2.21����ÆÞß/w'à )J(208=−=−=∆ acbacbab AQUUU �1� )J(250=+∆= adbadb AUQ �2� )J(292−=+∆= bababa AUQ �Ðóiôõ�Ƨ� 292J& �3� )J(209=+∆= adadad AUQ )J(41=−= adadbdb QQQ 2.22���1� )J(690ln)( =+−=++= C A CCABACABCAB V V VPVVPAAAA �2� )J(7940)()( ,,1 =−=−== AABBmPABmPAB VPVPR C TTCQQ �3� %8.8 1 == Q Aη 2.23¸e� 1 1 1 )1( )1( 1 )( )( 111 2 1 2 1 , , 1 2 − − −= − − −= − − −=−=−= P P V V T T T T T T TTC TTC Q Q Q Q a b a a c a abmV acmP ab ca γγ ν ν η 2.24¸e� 23 14 23, 14, 23 41 1 2 1 )( )( 111 TT TT TTC TTC Q Q Q Q mP mP − − −= − − −=−=−= ν ν η 5P 4 1 4 1 V V T T = � 3 2 3 2 V V T T = �âi γγ 2211 VPVP = � γγ 4433 VPVP = �? γ γ γ γ 44 11 33 22 VP VP VP VP = �� 4 1 3 2 V V V V = 4ë 3 2 4 1 T T T T = γ γ γ γ γ γ ε η 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 4 23 14 11)(1)(111 − − − − −=−=−=−= − − −= P P P P P T T TT TT 2.25��5Á�� 332 cm100.2 ×=V � � )(cm9595)43(cm) 2 15 (100.2 332321 =×+×=∆⋅+= πLSVV ÅÆ(Ýn� 2 1 V V t =ε ö÷øùúÄ� %47)(111 1 1 2 1 =−=−= − − γ γε η V V r 2.26���1�z CL¤¥û§��T3,V2���? 1 23 1 11 −− = γγ VTVT ⇒ 211 1 2 1 3 )( TTTV V T <<= −γ AB�R(™���? 0)( 12, >−=∆ TTCU mVν 0)( 12, >−= TTCQ mPν 0)( 12 >−= TTRA BC™��R,™��? 0=A 0)( 23, <−=∆= TTCUQ mVν CA�Åƙ��? 0=Q 0)( 31, <−=∆=− TTCUA mVν �2�ò 2 2 1 1 V T V T = ⇒ 1 1 2 2 TV V T = )1( )(1 1 1 )1( ])([ 1 1 )( )( 111 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 12, 32, 1 2 V V V V T V V T V V V V TTC TTC Q Q Q Q mP mV AB BC − − −= − − −= − − −=−=−= − γγ γγν ν η 2.27���1�JwøùI:a�üÊ��øùýþ:���|} )J(314) 2 )( 2 ( = −− = ABDB VVPP A π �2�™� ABC�« yÇ� )J(600)(, =−=∆ AC mV VVP R C U @i±Ê )J(557)() 2 )( 2 ( 2 1 =−+ −− = ACA ACDB VVP VVPP A π ² )J(1157=+∆= AUQ 5b����Qabc��m�ÐJwøùI�� Æ�ÈÉ��Ƨ Q1& 2.28��z tM vŒ�‰Žm x�Jðî,}€� )(1 xlSV += � )(2 xlSV −= ðî› �´+(C€� 00 1 1 )()( Pxl l P V Sl P γγ + == 00 2 2 )()( Pxl l P V Sl P γγ − == vŒ:��¡Þ� kx l x SP l x l x SP xl l l x SP l xl l xl SP xl l xl l SPSPSPF −=−= −−−= − −−+= − − + = − − + =−= −− −− γ γγγγ γγγγ 0 2 )]1(1[])1()1[( ])()[(])()[( 00 0021 5ë�T�vŒ]±� ��·���� )s(065.0 2 22 0 === γ ππ SP ml k m T 2.29¸e�c ������P165� 3.1‹��1�� ›¼"���B2øù�aM�]��ÆÞß/k'à�V�& �2�� ›¼"���–R ™� 0=∆U �ϖÅƙ� 0≠−=∆ AU ����« m¤¥�%��>& �3�� ›¼"���5R ™� 1 2 2 1 V V P P = �Åƙ� γ)( 1 2 2 1 V V P P = �Pm γ)( 1 2 1 2 V V V V = �· 1=γ � mVmP CC ,, = �Ï 0=R �Gm�� �& �4�� ›¼"���5 γ)( 1 2 1 2 V V V V = ���m 1211 −− = γγ VV �[ 21 VV = � 21 PP = �� ›H'L�¡Jw‘& �5�� ›¼"���–Åƙ� 0=∆S �ϖR ™� 0≠∆S �����m¤¥� %��>& 3.2��Á�� )K(400)K(2731271 =+=T � J4181 =Q � J3342 =Q � 1 2 1 2 11 T T Q Q −=−=η )K(3201 1 2 2 == TQ Q T 3.3���1� )Pa(1005.5 5 2 11 2 ×== V VP P )m(1088.4)( 322 1 1 2 1 3 −− ×== V T T V γ )Pa(1045.1 5 3 2 1 22 3 ×== V T T VP P )m(1044.2 321 2 3 4 −×== V V V V )Pa(1089.2 5 4 33 4 ×== V VP P �2� )J(2107lnln 4 3 2 1 11 1 2 1121 =−=−= V V T T VP V V VPQQA �3� )J(7022ln 1 2 111 == V V VPQ �4� %301 1 2 =−= T T η 3.4����� 1 2 1 2 11 T T Q Q −=−=�η �?� )( 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 QAT T Q T T Q +== � 21 2 2 TT AT Q − = 5P›HøùI Q2"R��? 21 2 21 2 TT AT TT AT −′ ′ = − :½ )K(398)( 2212 =+−′= TTTA A T �2� %4.311 1 2 =−= T T η 3.5���[�DÊ !�"#øù 1 2 11 2 11 T T Q A Q Q −==−=�η � )kJ(47.1kJ18.4) 210273 40273 1()1( 1 1 2 =× + + −=−= Q T T A 3.6��$Y�DƧ� �"#%Øà 21 22 TT T A Q − ==ε � kJ)(52.12 21 2 2 =− = A TT T Q 3.7���1�5 A Q2=ε �� ε 2QA = � dt Qd dt Ad ε 1 = F dt Qd w'M��ε�DM� dt Ad �E&Ï 21 2 TT T − =��ε · )W(7.662 2 21 = − = dt Qd T TT dt Ad �2�#) AQ ε=2 �� dt Ad dt Qd ε=2 F dt Ad w'M��ε�DM� dt Qd 2 �E& · )W(600 21 22 = − = dt Ad TT T dt Qd 4ë )W(7.6662 =+= dt Ad dt Qd dt Qd 3.8�� 1111212112 )1( QQQAQQQAQAQQQQ εηεηε +=+=+=′+=+′+−=′+= )J(1023.6)1( 71 1 31 23 2 ×= − ⋅ − += Q T TT TT T 3.9���� A Q2=ε �� dt Ad dt Qd ε=2 z&%ñh�>§� m��:õƧ� 221 TmcmlTmcQ ++∆= dt dm TclTc dt Qd )( 221 ++∆= 5P dt Qd dt Qd =2 �:½ )hkg(9.22)( 3 1 )( 1221 21 2 221 −⋅=++∆ − ⋅=++∆= TclTc dt dA TT T TclTc dt dA dt md ε 3.10��JR ™�I 1 2ln V V RTAQ ν== ·�y )KJ(5.11ln1 1 1 22 1 2 112 −⋅=====−=∆ ∫∫ V V RTTQdQ TT dQ SSS 3.11��ÖS�Ð�U� � )()( 222111 ttcmttcm −=− )K(291)C(9.17 2211 222111 == + + = o cmcm tcmtcm t GmwH��'™���=(�y��z*wR(��'™��B)Ü¥@Z�� )KJ(41lnln 1 2 22 1 11 221112 2121 −⋅=+= +=+=∆+∆=∆ ∫∫∫∫ T T cm T T cm T dT cm T dT cm T dQ T dQ SSS T T T T T T T T 3.12��*Æ©Ä� dt dQ�� )hKJ(1008.1) 11 ( 115 2221 21 −− ⋅⋅×=−=+ − =+= dt dQ TTdtT dQ dtT dQ dt dS dt dS dt dS ‡�~+I�*Æ©Äm,��Z�� 18 hJ102 −⋅× 3.13���1��'�"#øùm5›-R þ�›-R�þ.ñ&�bc� �2�J T-S/�I�01ýþ`�|}� QQdTdSB S S === ∫∫ 2 1 2 1 �3� 1 2 121 122 2 1 3 4 1 2 1 )( )( 111 T T SST SST TdS TdS Q Q −= − − −=−=−= ∫ ∫η 3.14���1�5P™�m��'���=(�y�z*wR(�'™����Ð��� y� )KJ(184)( 1 ln 112 21 2 2 2 1 −⋅=−+=+=∆+∆=∆ ∫ TTmcTT T mc T Q T dTmc SSS T T �� � � � �2�#\z*wR(�'™��2K5) 273K¿¾I 323K.U¿¾Ü 373K� ��Ð���y� )KJ(96][ln )( 1 ln)( 1 ln 1 2 32 3 13 1 2 32 23 2 13 31 3 21 −⋅= − − − −= −−+−−=∆+∆=∆ T TT T TT T T mc TTmc TT T mcTTmc TT T mcSSS � ���� �3�3Ö2�Ð�iôÅÆ�B¼2K�Óƙ�m�'���ë�4 ç�5E �w�^Æ�6¼�K78�9:; ��2�Ð���<<=�y& 3.15���1�1-2-3�ÖR(×R, )KJ(76.5lnln lnlnlnln 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 , 1 2 , 2 3 , 1 2 , 3 2, 2 1, 3 2 2 1231213 −⋅=== −=+= +=+=−+−=− ∫∫∫∫ V V R T T R T T C T T C T T C T T C T dT C T dT C T dQ T dQ SSSSSS mVmPmVmP mVmP �2�1-3�R )KJ(76.5ln 1 1 23 1 3 1 3 113 −⋅=====− ∫∫∫ V V R V RdV T PdV T dQ SS �3�1-4-3�ÖÅÆ×R( )KJ(76.5lnln ln 1 )ln(lnln 1 1 2 1 3 4 1 , 1 4 1 , 4 1 , 4 3 , 3 4, 3 443431413 − − ⋅=== − ==== ==−=−+−=− ∫∫ V V R V V R P P C P P C T T C T T C T dT C T dQ SSSSSSSS mPmPmPmP mP γ γγ γ 3.16���1��=(�y�z*�> Æ��ÈõƧ�?w�'™�@Z�Ï�Ð@ ñwHøù���y����y� 2 2 1 1 T Q T Q S +−=∆ � )kJ(64.15)( 2 1 1 2 =+∆= TT Q SQ )kJ(26.521 =−= QQA �2� %2.25 1 == Q Aη �3��m�'øù���Ð�Æ�8u�m�'Åƙ��A��y�Q& �4�_Bm�'øù��ÆÃúÄ� %8.261 1 2 =−= T T η 3.17��c ������P251� 4.1 ���1�ÀH€CDEíFGu�H§� mv2 �J dt Mª«� dA |}DE�€C %� vdtdAn ⋅⋅ �Gu��H§� vdtdAnmvdI ⋅⋅⋅= 2 ·@íFGu�(C� )Pa(109.92 82 −×=⋅= ⋅ = nmv dtdA dI P �2�ÀH€CDEíFGu�H§� mvmvmvx 2 2 1 22 == �J dtMª«� dA|} DE�€C%� vdtdAndtvdAn x ⋅⋅=⋅⋅ 2 1 �Gu��H§� dtvdAmnvdtdAnmvdI 2 2 1 2 ⋅⋅=⋅⋅⋅= ·@íFGu�(C� )Pa(1095.4 82 −×=⋅= ⋅ = nmv dtdA dI P �3�ÀH€CDEíFGu�H§� )(2 vvm ′+ ��@íFGu�(C� )Pa(1056.3)(2 62 −×=⋅′+= nvvmP 4.2��5)*+,¤¥�� RTMPV µ = ���� R PV T µ = �� )J(1042.5 2 3 2 3 21−×=== R PV kkT µε 4.3��5)*+,¤¥�� NkTRT N N RT M PV A === µ �� )J(3 2 3 2 3 ==⋅== PVkTNNE ε 4.4��+,I� mn=ρ ��+,(C )Pa(5000 3 1 3 1 22 === vvmnP ρ 4.5��c 4.6���1� )sm(6.301 1−⋅== ∑ ∑ i ii N vN v )sm(7.312)( 12 12 2 −⋅== ∑ ∑ i ii N vN v �2� )J(106.2 2 1 2 3 212 −×=== vmkT�ε )K(6.125 3 2 == k T �ε �3�5 πµπ RT m kT v 88 == (�� �� )K(6.137)( 8 2 == v R T πµ ›H ��wxm4�›HJ.m€C©ÄKL€MMNé�O��Ï~z-P€ C©Ä�KL�·�"#& 4.7����QäRS©Ä€M'à dvvvdvv kT m N dN pv v p kT mv 23222 3 2 2 2 e 4 e) 2 (4 − −− ⋅== ππ π F 573KC300 == oT �ì m/s10=∆v M�@P m/s30001 =v � m/s218222 === µ RT vv p � � 78.0e e e 2 2 11 2 2 1 2 1 22 1 22 22 1 == ∆ ∆ = ∆ ∆ +− − − p vv p vv vv v v vv vv n n p pp p 4.8����QäRS©Ä€M'à dvvvdvv kT m N dN pv v p kT mv 23222 3 2 2 2 e 4 e) 2 (4 − −− ⋅== ππ π �1�F pvv = �ì pvv 100 2 =∆ M�� %66.1e 25 2 100 2 e 4 1213 ==×⋅= ∆ −−− ππ ppp vvv N N �2�F pvm kT vv 2 332 === �ì 2 100 2 vv =∆ M�� %85.1e 225 33 2 3 100 2 2 3 e 4 2 3 22 3 3 ==×××⋅= ∆ −−− ππ ppp vvv N N 4.9��5 m/s2002 == µ RT v p ��[ )K(81.4 2 2 == pvR T µ Ï m/s)(22628 === pvRTv ππµ m/s)(245 2 332 === pv RT v µ 4.10¸e���QäRS©Ä€M'à dvvfdvvvdvv kT m N dN pv v p kT mv )(e 4 e) 2 (4 23222 3 2 2 2 =⋅== − −− ππ π F pvv = M p ppp ve vvvf 14 e 4 )( 213 ⋅=⋅= −− ππ 4.11¸e���QäRS©Ä€M'à dvvv N dN pv v p 23 2 2 e 4 −−⋅= π F pvv = �ì v∆ dEM TkT m e vN ve vN vvvNN p pp 1 2 414 e 4 213 ∝⋅ ∆ =⋅ ∆ =∆⋅⋅=∆ −− πππ 4.12��/wHœ«+,�« � 11 2 kT i NU ⋅= /kHœ«+,�« � 22 2 kT i NU ⋅= ›HœKTU�5PmÅƙ��#MUH�Ð�iôV�±Ê���ÆÞß/w' à�UH�ÐJKT£U�« �y&� 2121 222 2 kT i NkT i NkT i NUUU ⋅+⋅=⋅=+= á )( 2 1 21 TTT += zKTU€C��Ë�©Ä� v�� k mv T 3 2 = �ì k mv T 3 2 1 1 = � k mv T 3 2 2 2 = · )( 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 vvv += 2 2 2 12 2 vvv += 4.13��5 nkTP = � kT P n = %4 1 11 2 12 1 21 1 21 1 = − = − = − = ∆ T TT T TT n nn n n 4.14�� ∫∫ ∞ −∞ == 0 22 3 0 2 e) 2 (4)( 11 vdv kT m dvvf vv kT mv π π v kT m kT m kT mv d kT m kT mv 14 2 ) 8 (2) 2 (2) 2 (e) 2 (2 2 1 2 1 0 2 22 1 2 ⋅= ⋅ ⋅ ==−= ∫ ∞ − π π π ππ 4.15���1�c �2�5WwÇ-P 1)()( 000 0 === ∫∫ ∞ Cvdvvfdvvf v � 0 1 v C = �3� 020 0 0 0 00 2 1 2 11 )()( 00 vv v dv v v dvvvfdvvvfv vv =⋅==== ∫∫∫ ∞ 4.16¸e� duufdvvf N dN )()( == duu v v dvvdvv kT m u p v v p kT mv p 222222 3 22 2 2 e 4 e 4 e) 2 (4 − − −− ⋅=⋅== πππ π 4.17��5)*+,¤¥�� RT M PV µ = ⇒ RT PV M µ = ��X¦“+ )kg(1012.7)()( 3211212 −×=−=−=−=∆ PP RT V PP RT V MMM µµ ×5R +(J. )Pa(1076.4e 400 ×==′ ′ − z RT g PP µ XY:X“+�,}� )l(106)m(10106 e )( e )( 33 0 21 0 21 0 =×= − = − = ′ ∆ =∆ −′ − ′ − z RT g z RT g P PPV RT P PP RT V RT P M V µµ µ µ µ 4.18�� )km(96.1)m(1957ln 0 === P P g RT z µ 4.19���� kT mgz nn − = e00 �Á�� en n 1 718.2 1 0 == �� 1= kT mgz wHZ[\]�>§� )kg(101.2 22−×== gz kT m ^€C�>§� ANµ �:½Z[>§�^€C>§æn� 541.4== µµ A A mN N m 4.20��7T£µ¶¤¥��� RT N N VP A N N 2 2 1 = � RTMVP Ar Ar 1Ar µ = � RTMPV 0 0 2 µ = 4mR ™��·7TUµ¶(C_` 121 22 )( VPVVP NN =+′ � )( 21Ar1Ar VVPVP +=′ � 221 )( PVVVP =+′  ¡+,�(C� )( 1 )( 1 2 Ar Ar 21 2 Ar Ar 21 2 2 PVRT M kTN VV PVRT M RT N N VV PP N A N ++ + = ++ + =′= ∑ µ µ 4.21��Fœ½ vXM�+,�� �� ) 2 1 2 ( 20 mvkT i N + FabXU�+,�� �� kTiN 2 5P+,�� c?yÇ�� kT i NmvkT i N 2 ) 2 1 2 ( 20 =+ �1�@PˆdC€C� 3=i � kTmvkT 2 3 2 1 2 3 2 0 =+ 5P 200 2 1 2 3 vmkT = � 2 2 1 2 3 vmkT ′= �· 22 0 2 vvv +=′ � 2202 vvv =−′ �2�@Pe�fdC€C� 5=i � kTmvkT 2 5 2 1 2 5 2 0 =+ 22 0 2 2 1 2 1 3 5 2 1 3 5 mvvmvm +×=′× ⇒ 220 2 3 5 3 5 vvv +=′ � 2202 5 3 vvv =−′ �3��#�d4m›1gh`+,« Ò§Nm 2 2 1 mvN ��� §–¶5�ˀ')� fdC€C�¶5�%DPˆdC€C�·fdC€CÀH¶5�€i� §EPˆd C€C�4ëfdC€C�폏 EPˆdC€C�Pm 2v �Ò§�E& 4.22��wH“€C5œj|k¿l|m�Þm �ny§� mghE p =∆ “€C�íËí � kT 2 3 =�ε � 61022.9 3 2 2 3 −×=== ∆ RT gh kT mghE p µ ε� 4.23�� )J(5.6232 2 5 22 NH === RTuu )J(25.3116 2 5 2 2 2 2 H H H H =⋅== RT M u M U µµ )J(59.222 2 5 2 2 2 2 N N N N =⋅== RT M u M U µµ 4.24��t `�+,€C��ae�€C Ko+�« � RTRTuMU O O O O 2 1 2 6 18 3 2 2 2 2 H H H H =⋅== µ H2�« � RTRTuMU 4 15 2 5 2 3 2 2 2 2 H H H H =⋅== µ ��« � RTRTRTUUU O 4 17 4 15 2 1 22 HH =+=+= )KgJ(9.5 4 17111 11 HH 22 −− ⋅⋅=⋅ + =⋅=⋅= R MMdT dU MdT dQ M c O V V 4.25�� VVmV mcNcC A, == µ �Ú RC mV 2 3 , = ² )kg(106.6 2 3 2 3 26 AA , −×==== VVV mV c k cN R cN C m ò )g/mol(7.39)kg/mol(107.39 3A =×== −mNµ � Ar�dC§� 39.7& 4.26��Ko+« RTuU OO 2 6 22 HH ⋅=⋅= νν €�� H2� O2�« €� RTuU 2 5 22 HH ⋅=⋅= νν RTuU 2 5 22 22 OO ⋅=⋅= νν � %25 4 1 2 6 2 6 2 5 22 5 OH OHOH OH 2 222 2 == ⋅ ⋅−⋅+⋅ = −+ = ∆ RT RTRTRT U UUU U U ν ννν 4.27��5(CJ. �εnP 3 2 = 5 §–¶5�ˀ')�€C�íË폏 kT 2 3 =�ε 4ë� kT V N kTnnP =⋅== 2 3 3 2 3 2 �ε � P NkT V = @ 1mol0+,� P kTN v A= �NAN"#�ѐ P‚T"#�� vxv �t�íË&5QäRS©�€Mà�–©�€§€M� x kT mv xx x dv kT m dvvf N dN x2 2 e 2 )( − == π v m kT dvv kT m dvvfvv xkT mv xxxxx x 4 1 2 e 2 )( 0 2 0 )( 2 ==== ∫∫ ∞ −∞+ ππ �� vn 4 1 =γ 4.29¸e�ˆ‰Mª«�ˆ‰|}Eu¨��+,€C%� vn 4 1 =γ ��ˆ‰Mª«� |}� S�Eu¨��€C>§� RT SP RT RT P S RT SvSmnSmM π µ πµ µ πµ ργ 2 8 4 18 4 1 4 1 ===== · µ πRT S M P 2 = 4.30¸e�zD+€C%I�� n0�œ�vU tM �ÁJœ«�€C%� N�€ C%I�� V N n = �GM�w™ dtMª�xyœ�€C%� Sdtvn04 1 ��œ�O� €C%� Sdtvn 4 1 �4ë )( 4 1 4 1 4 1 00 nnSdtvSdtvnSdtvndN −=−= Ï )(