2016阅读大赛样卷_20160526

2016“外研社杯”全国阅读大赛样PartIReadandKnowInPartI,youwillreadshorttextsofvariouskinds.Readtheinstructionscarefullyandanswerthequestions.(Timeallowed:22minutes)Questions1-3(Suggestedcompletiontime:5minutes)Directions:Readthefollowingquotes.Matchthequotesontheleftwiththepeopleontheright.Pleasenotetherearetwoextraoptionsyoudonotneedtouse.Questions4(Suggestedcompletiontime:2minutes)Directions:Readthetext,andanswerthequestionaccordingtothetext.Toensurethehighstandardsoffacilitiesweneedtobuildnewwards,laboratoriesandconsultingrooms.Inshort,weneedyourhelpnow.Completethecoupontodayandrestassuredthatyourdonationisgoingtothebestpossiblecause.4.Whereisthepieceoftexttakenfrom?A.anadvertisement B.aninstructionbookletC.astory D.anewspaperQuestions5(Suggestedcompletiontime:2minutes)Directions:Readthetext,andanswerthequestionaccordingtothetext.Fewcornersoftheworldremainuntaintedbyintrepidtourists,andtheirimpactisoftendevastating.Toofrequentlytheytrampleheedlesslyonfragileenvironments,displacingwildlifeandlocalpopulationsintheirinsatiablequestforunexploredlocations.5.Whatisthebesttitleforthistext?A.ThefutureoftourismB.TheroleoftourismC.ThepriceoftourismD.ThebenefitsoftourismQuestions6(Suggestedcompletiontime:2minutes)Directions:Readthetext,andanswerthequestionaccordingtothetext.Buyingandsellinganythingisyourfortenow.Ifyouvisitajumbleorcar-bootsaleorthelike,aromanticencounterismorethanprobable!Newslinkedtothefamilyisbrilliant!6.Whattypeoftextisthis?A.Apersonaladvertisement.B.Apersonalhoroscope.C.Afriend’sletterofadvice.D.Awrittenwarning.Questions7(Suggestedcompletiontime:2minutes)Directions:Readthetext,andanswerthequestionaccordingtothetext. Withourtravelagency,theholidayyoubookistheholidayyouget.Ifyouarriveandfindwe’vefailedtoliveuptoourpromises,letusknowwhattheproblemiswithinonedayofyourarrival.We’llspend24hoursdoingeverythingpossibletosorttheproblemout.Intheunlikelyeventthatwecan’tresolveyourproblemandmakeyouhappywithin24hours,we’llflyyouhomeandgiveyourmoneyback.7.Thetextcouldbestbedescribedas__________.A.acommitmentB.anappealC.awarningD.avowQuestions8(Suggestedcompletiontime:2minutes)Directions:Readthetext,andanswerthequestionaccordingtothetext. Thenewdigitalcamerasaregreatfunandveryeasytouse.Theyletyoureviewyourpicturesthemomentyoutakethem,soyoucanre-shootrightawayifyou’renotsatisfied.Butremember,adigitalcameraisjustacomputerXXXX.It’snotareplacementforyourordinarycamera.8.Whatisthemeaningofthemissingword(XXXX)inthetext?A.“somethingthatispoorquality”B.“anitemthatisnotessential,somethingextra”C.“somethingexpensivebutgoodvalueformoney”D.“afashionwhichalwaysremainspopular”Questions9(Suggestedcompletiontime:2minutes)Directions:Readthetext,andanswerthequestionaccordingtothetext.Shehadgonealone,butthechildrenweretogotothestationtomeether.Andlovingthestationastheydid,itwasonlynaturalthattheyshouldbethereagoodhourbeforetherewasanychanceofMother’strainarriving,evenifthetrainwerepunctual,whichwasmostunlikely.9.Whatcanyousayabouttheirmother’strain?A.Itwouldprobablybeearly.B.Itwouldprobablybeontime.C.Itwouldprobablybelate.D.Ithadbeencancelled.Question10(Suggestedcompletiontime:5minutes)Directions:Thebarchartshowsthenumberandproportionofundernourishedpeopleinthedevelopingregions,from1990¬1992to2014¬2016.Answerthequestionaccordingtotheinformationinthechart.Source:TheMillenniumDevelopmentGoals(MDG)Report201510.ChoosetheINCORRECTdescriptionaboutthechart.A. Currentestimatessuggestthatnearlyoneinnineindividualsdonothaveenoughtoeatbetween2014and2016.B. Projectionsindicatethatthe2015MDGtargetisnearlyreached,with12.9percentofundernourishedpopulation.C. Thesituationnoticeablyimprovedduringtheyears1995-1999,butwentdowninthefirstfiveyearsofthenewmillennium.D. Theproportionofundernourishedpeopleinthedevelopingregionshasfallenbyalmosthalfsince1990.PartIIReadandReasonInPartII,youwillreadshorttextsondifferentsubjects.Readtheinstructionscarefullyandanswerthequestionsbasedonlogicalinferenceandreasoning.(Timeallowed:38minutes)Question11-12(Suggestedcompletiontime:10minutes)Directions:Readthedefinitionsoftwotypesoflogicalfallacy.Answerthequestionsaccordingtothedefinitions.11.Whichofthefollowingprovidesatypicalexampleofpoisoningthewell?A.That’smystanceonfundingtheeducationsystem,andanyonewhodisagreeswithmehateschildren.B.Youaresoweird.Thatmeans—weareprettymuchsure—thatyourwholefamilyisweird,too.C.GodexistsbecausetheBiblesaysso.TheBibleisinspired.Therefore,weknowthatGodexists.D.Idon’tcarewhatyousay.Wedon’tneedanymorebookshelves.Aslongasthecarpetisclean,wearefine.12.Whichofthefollowingprovidesatypicalexampleofafalsedilemma?A.Smokingisharmfultohealth,soyouaresupposedtoquitsmoking.B.Ifthegovernmentdoesn’treducepublicspending,oureconomywillcollapse.C.Youmayaswellavoidovereating,orelseyoumightbeobeseinnotime.D.Youaretheworstoftheclassmates;therefore,whatyousayisincredible.Questions13(Suggestedcompletiontime:4minutes)Directions:Readthepassageaboutsyllogism.DecidewhetherthereasoningsareValidorInvalidbasedontheprinciplesofsyllogism.Syllogismisakindoflogicalargumentthatappliesdeductivereasoningtoarriveataconclusionbasedontwoormorepropositionsthatareassertedorassumedtobetrue.Itisperhapstoday’smostcommonlyacceptedformoflogicalreasoninginaptitudetests.Themostcommonlyusedtypeofsyllogismsiselucidatedinafrequentlyusedexample:Premise1:Allmenaremortal.Premise2:Socratesisaman.Conclusion:Socratesismortal.NowpracticesyllogismsforIQtests.Pleasenotethattheconclusionisbasedonlogicalreasoninganddoesn’tnecessarilyrepresentthe“truth”always.13.Valid();Invalid()Premise1:Allhumanactionisconditionedbycircumstances.Premise2:Allhumanactioninvolvesmorality.Conclusion:Allthatinvolvesmoralityisconditionedbycircumstances.Questions14(Suggestedcompletiontime:4minutes)Directions:Readthepassageaboutcontraposition.DecidewhetherthereasoningsareValidorInvalidbasedontheprinciplesofcontraposition.In logic, contraposition isalawthatsaysthata conditionalstatement is logicallyequivalent toits contrapositive.Thecontrapositiveofthestatementhasitsantecedentandconsequent inverted and flipped.Themostcommonlyusedtypeofcontrapositioniselucidatedinthefollowingexample:Premise1:Ifitisraining,thentherearecloudsinthesky.Premise2:Therearenocloudsinthesky.Conclusion:Itisnotraining.NowpracticecontrapositionforIQtests.Pleasenotethattheconclusionisbasedonlogicalreasoninganddoesn’tnecessarilyrepresentthe“truth”always.14.Valid();Invalid()Premise1:IfheisnotanAmerican,heisnotfromTexas.Premise2:HeisfromTexas.Conclusion:HeisanAmerican.Questions15-17(Suggestedcompletiontime:6minutes)Directions:Readthetextaboutasciencediscovery.Answerthequestionsaccordingtothetext.ManipulatingMemoryMemoryisnotoriouslymalleable.Ourrecollectionsfadeandtakeonnewmeanings;sometimeswerememberthingsthatneverevenhappened.But15.Recently,however,scientistshavestartedtograspandtinkerwithmemory’sphysicalbasis.Lastyear,inworkevocativeoffilmssuchas EternalSunshineoftheSpotlessMind andInception,researchersdiscoveredwaystomanipulatespecificmemoriesinmiceusingoptogenetics,apowerfultechniquethatcantriggernervecellsinanimals’brainsbyzappingthemwithbeamsoflaserlight.Inaseriesofexperiments,theyshowedthattheycoulddeleteexistingmemoriesand“incept”falseones.Thisyear,researcherswentevenfurther:switchingtheemotionalcontentofamemoryinmicefrombadtogoodandviceversa.Underthelaser,forexample,malemicethathadonceassociatedacertainroomwithbeingshockedweretrickedintoactingasthoughtheyhadoncemetfriendlyfemalemicethereinstead.Whetherthemiceintheseexperimentsactuallyexperiencedvividfalsememoriesorjustafuzzysenseofpleasureorfearisunclear.Norisitclearwhetherthefindingsapplytothetricksofmemorysofamiliartopeople.Long-soughttherapeuticadvances,suchastreatmentsforpost-traumaticstressdisorder,couldremainfaroff.Onethingiscertain,however:Onceconsideredbeyondscientificdissection,memoryisfinallystartingtoyielditssecrets.15.Whichofthefollowingbestfitsthenumberedspaceinthepassage?A. whatisreallyhappeninginourbrainasmemoriesareremodeledremainsmysteriousB. scientistsarecuriousaboutwhypeopleareoblivioustowhathavehappenedtothemC. advancedtechnologyhashelpedscientistsdiscovertheworkingsofourbrainD. somescientistsarguethatwhatweobserveabouthumanmemoryisnotwhatitreallyis16.Theword“incept”isclosestinmeaningto________.A.operate B.startC.detectD.occupy17.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassage?A. People’sfalsememoriesresultfromtheimpactofdifferentemotionprovokedbylaterexperienceonthesamespot.B. Thesuccessinresearchindicatesthatitwon’tbelongthatatherapyisworkedoutforpeopledisturbedbypainfulmemory.C. Byzappingthebraincellsofmicewithlight,researchersareabletocreate,erase,oraltertheirmemories,goodorbad.D. Manyfancyideasinsciencefictionsormoviesthatarebasedonthemactuallydrawgreatlyuponscientificachievement.Questions18-19(Suggestedcompletiontime:4minutes)Directions:Readthefollowingpassageaboutcholera.DecidewhetherthestatementsareTrueorFalseaccordingtothepassage.AchildreceivestheoralcholeravaccineShancholCholeraiscausedbyabacterialinfectionoftheintestine.Approximatelyonein20peopleinfectedwithcholerahasaseriouscase,withsymptomsincludingseverediarrhea,vomiting,andlegcramps.Thesesymptomsquicklycausedehydrationandshock,andcanresultindeathwithinhoursiftheinfectedpersondoesn’treceivetreatment.Choleraistypicallytransmittedbycontaminatedfoodorwater.Inareaswithpoortreatmentofsewageanddrinkingwater,thefecesofpeoplewithcholeracanenterthewatersupplyandspreadquickly,resultinginanepidemic.Thecholerabacteriummayalsoliveintheenvironmentinsomecoastalwaters,soshellfisheatenrawcanbeasourceofcholerainaffectedareas.18.Choleraisknowntobealife-threateningdiseasewhicheasilycausesdeathofmostofthepatients. True()False()19.Choleratypicallyoccursinareasneartheseaortheriverwherecontaminatedfoodisamajorsourceofthedisease.True()False()Questions20-21(Suggestedcompletiontime:5minutes)Directions:ReadtheabstractofaresearchpaperfromtheDeepMindwebsite.DecidewhetherthestatementsareTrueorFalseaccordingtotheabstract.TeachingMachinestoReadandComprehendAuthors:K.M.Hermann,T.Kočiský,E.Grefenstette,L.Espeholt,W.Kay,M.Suleyman,P.BlunsomPublished:NIPS2015Abstract:Teachingmachinestoreadnaturallanguagedocumentsremainsanelusivechallenge.Machinereadingsystemscanbetestedontheirabilitytoanswerquestionsposedonthecontentsofdocumentsthattheyhaveseen,butuntilnowlargescaletrainingandtestdatasetshavebeenmissingforthistypeofevaluation.Inthisworkwedefineanewmethodologythatresolvesthisbottleneckandprovideslargescalesupervisedreadingcomprehensiondata.Thisallowsustodevelopaclassofattentionbaseddeepneuralnetworksthatlearntoreadrealdocumentsandanswercomplexquestionswithminimalpriorknowledgeoflanguagestructure.20.Previousstudiesdidn’ttakeconstantefforttoevaluatethereadingabilityofartificialintelligencemachines,whichwaswhythepresentresearchwasconducted. True()False()21.Oneimplicationoftheresearchisthatamethodologythathelpsgatherandhandlebigdataisindispensibletoartificialintelligencerelatedstudies. True()False()Questions22-23(Suggestedcompletiontime:5minutes)Directions:Readthepassageaboutthe“Thinksmall”advertisingcampaign.Answerthequestionsaccordingtothepassage.ThinkSmallIfyou’reinterestedinmarketingandadvertising,Volkswagen’s“Thinksmall”campaignfortheBeetlewhenitwasfirstintroducedtoNorthAmericain1959loomslargeasoneofthegreatestadvertisingcampaignsofalltime.Itwasn’tjustarevolutioninautomotiveadvertising;itchangedtheentireindustry.UntiltheBeetlehitthemarket,automotivemarketingcopywasfullofbluster,andtheimageswereflightsoffancy,emphasizinglow,longlinesandafantasylifestyle.Theclean,simplephotographyonawhitebackgroundthatemphasizedtheBeetle’scompact,practicalformmayseemcommonplacethesedays,butitwasarevolutioninaworldwhereAmericansgrewupobsessedwithmusclecars,horsepower,andtiresmoke.Makingthecarsmall,whentheconventionwastomakeitfillthepage,wasalsonovel.Thesimplisticapproachtodesignandlayoutwastotallycontrarytotheadvertisingconventionsofthetime.__22__Thetextwasminimalistinbothlookandcontent,presentingthefactssimplyinsteadoftryingtoweavetalltalesandfantasies;andinsteadofbluster,itusheredinanintelligentsenseofhumorthatmadereadersfeelliketheywereinonthejoke.Themessagewasoneofsmartanti-luxury,andtookgentleaimatanindustryobsessedwithsuperficialityandstyling,ratherthanthesubstanceunderneaththecarbodies.Notonlydoes“Thinksmall”continuetoinspireVolkswagenadvertisingtothisday,itusheredinacreativerevolutionintheadvertisingbusinessandchangedtheworldofmarketingforever.“Thinksmall”showedthepowerofhumorandhonesty,anditsphotographicanddesignprinciplesbroughtaboutamajorshiftinthelookandfeelofmarketingaroundtheworld.22.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestfitsthenumberedspaceinthepassage?A. Whatdefinedtheadevenmorethanitsvisualstylewasthetoneofitscopy.B. Thisadstartsoffdoingtheexactoppositeofwhatyouwouldexpectinacarad.C. Thiswasanexerciseinminimalismandaveryaccuratereflectionontheproductitself.D. Thecarwasn’tdepictedasanintegralpieceofthedailylivesofamiddleclassfamily.23.Itcanbeinferredthattheadvertisingconventionsofthe1950swerereflectedinthefollowingexceptthat___________.A. theadsinthe1950stypicallyshowedproudownersandpassengersevokinggreatjoyaboutnewshinybigacquisitions.B. themarketingconceptthenfocusedonprovidingasmuchinformationaspossibletothereadersuchasthewayit’screated.C. themarketingschemesassociatedtheadvertisedproductwithanideaorawayoflivingfromaverageconsumers’perspective.D. themarketingpracticemayattachimportancetoasenseofhumorbroughtbytheuseofexaggeratedlanguage.PartIIIReadandQuestionInPartIII,youwillreadpassagesonthesamesubject.Youwillberequiredtoidentifythewriter’spositionandevaluatetheeffectivenessofthewriter’sarguments.(Timeallowed:30minutes)Questions24-35(Suggestedcompletiontime:30minutes)Directions:Readthreepassagesaboutfashion.Answerthequestionsaccordingtothepassages.PassageAIt’snotthateasytoanswerthequestion,“whatisfashion?”becauseitmeansdifferentthingstodifferentpeople.Fashionisanart.It’sareligion.It’sajob.It’sapeekintoapersonality.It’splayfulness.It’sanescapeoradisguise.Itisafeastfortheeyes.Butultimately,25.FrenchfashiondesignerCocoChaneloncesaid,“Fashionisnotsomethingthatexistsindressesonly.Fashionisinthesky,inthestreet,fashionhastodowithideas,thewaywelive,whatishappening.”It’strue.Fashionisn’tdefinedsolelybyourclothingchoices,butisalsoconveyedthroughthewaywecarryourselves,ourpersonalitiesandourviewsoftheworld.Atitsmostfundamental,fashionissimplytheprevailingstyleorcustom,asindressorbehavior.So,whoexactlyanswersthequestion“whatisfashion”?Whodecideswhat’sfashionableandwhatisn’t?What’sinorwhat’sout?FashionDesigners.Theiconicfashionhouses—Prada,Gucci,Chanel—arereferredtoashautecouture,Frenchfor“highsewing.”Thesedesignersleadthewayincreatingtrend-settingfashion.Whilesomeoftheirdesignsareoutrageousandcompletelyunrealisticwhenitcomestoeverydaywear,generallythethemeisadaptedintoversionssuitableforwearing.Media.Fashiontrendsareoftensparkedbycharactersonpopulartelevisionshowsandmoviesaswellasadoptedfrommagazinepages.“SexandtheCity,”“TheDevilWearsPrada,”theseshowsintroducedustonew,cutting-edgedesigns.WhileyoumightnotbecaughtdeadwearingaCarrieBradshaworiginal,youmighttakeideasinspiredfromherlookandpiecetogetheryourowncreation. Celebrities.Aprimeexampleofacelebrity-drivenfashiontrend?UGGs.UntilKateHudsonandJessicaSimpsonwerespottedwearingthemaroundL.A.severalyearsago,noonehadgivenanythoughttoUGGboots.Nowtheyareeverywhere.Musicians.Musicianshavealwaysbeenveryinfluentialwhenitcomestodictatingfashion.Rock‘n’rollisfashion.Elvisisaniconicexample.Inthe1950s,everyonewantedtodresslikeElvis.Whatabouttheheavymetalhairbandssopopularinthe1980s?AxlRosereinventedtheheadbandanawhilePoison,MotleyCrueandBonJovisetthepaceforbig,rockerhair.Justbecauseyoudon’tknowifaPradabagisfall2007orspring2008doesn’tmatter.Allthatmattersisthatyoulikeitandit’sanexpressionofyou.Thatisfashion.PassageBFashionismoreprevalentinmodernsocietythaninprimitivetribesorpeasantcommunities.Themodernsocietyisanopensocietywhereclassdistinctionsarenotsorigidasinprimitivesociety.Itsurbanandmobileclassstructureenablespeopletocultivateindividualtasteandadoptnewcourse.Themodernsocietyismoretolerantofdifferencesandthereforeplacesfewshacklesonthecycleoffashion.Ourstandardsofjudgmenthavealsochanged.Todaytheindividualisratedmorebyobservableexternalitiesthanbyhisancestry,hischaracterorhisgenuineaccomplishments.Theclothesamanwears,thelanguagehespeaks,themannersheshowshavemoreweightinascribingastatusthanhissimplicity,patriotismandintegrity.Ifhecankeephimselfuptodateinthemattersofhisdress,speechandmanners,hewillassurehimselfahighsocialesteem.Notonlythemobileandurbancharacterofmodernsocietybutitsaffluencealsospeaksforgreaterprevalenceoffashioninit.Mentodayarericherthantheirancestorsandhavemoreleisure.Theyhavethenecessarymeansandtimetoplaywithluxuriesandtothinkoffashion.Maclverwrites:Wedonotthinkoffashioninoveralls;thereismoreoffashioninthebodyofanautomobilethaninitschassis.Thereisnofashioninsteamshovels.Consequentlythehigherthestandardoflivingthemorematerialthereisforfashiontooperateupon.PassageCAssummerhasofficiallyfadedintothecolderweatherofautumn,IassumedthedaysofNikeshorts,comicallylargeT-shirtsandpoloswouldbeonlyamemoryofyesterday.Thishasnotbeenthecase. Fashion,inandofitself,isalreadyatypeofconformism.Inordertobeconsideredfashion,alook,agarmentorastylisticchoicemustbedeemedfashionable.Whogetstodecidethis—whatisfashionable? Whilecertainfashionheavyweightsplayaroleinthisdecision,theultimatedecisionislefttothepublic.AsIwassurfingtheWebrecentlyforinspirationforthiscolumn,IcameacrossthePradawebsite.WhatIdiscoveredliterallycausedmetogasp.Ofcourse,everyoneknowsPradaisanexpensivebrand—aluxury—butwhatIdiscoveredshockedme:akeychainpricedat$180.No,thiskeychainwasnotsolidgoldorencasedindiamonds.Itwassimplyakeychain:askullwiththeword“Prada”onasmallcharm.Howcanacompanycharge$180forakeychain? Theanswer:peoplearewillingtopayforit.PeopleknowthebrandandconformtotheideaofowningapieceofsuchanItalian“luxury.”Thisisnonsensical.Whydowechoosetowearminisculeshortsinfrigidweatherorspendnearly$200onacharm?Suchdecisionsareinfluencedbypeers,themediaandthepersonalresolutiontonotmakerational,individualisticchoices. Weclingtotheideaofacceptance.Inshort,weoftenchoosetoabidebythepressuresofsocialconventionality,andthisleadsustomakeridiculousselections—pairingUggbootswithshortsorwearingneonwithcamouflage—whichwewouldotherwisenotmake. Iamcertainlyshamefacedinmyoccasionalconformitytotheseludicrousfashionfolkways.IamguiltyofdonningCrocsinpublic.Yikes!Transient,oftenpreposteroustrendsreferredtoasfadsinspiresomeratherstrangeideas.Whocanrecallthepetrocksofthe‘70sorPopplesofthe‘80s? Suchpoptrendsarenotconfinedtobehavior;theybleedintothefashionworld,evidencedinoverlydistressedjeans,themostpainfulofneonshades,shoesthatresembleSwisscheeseandahostofotherfadsIdonothavethespacetomention. Irefusetogiveuphopeforsocietalcommonsense. Onedaywewillcomprehendthatshortsareforthesummerandridiculouslyexpensivekeychainsarefor“never.” Donotallowotherstodictateforyou.Bebold.Beanindividual.Donotbuythekeychain.24.Thephrase“mightnotbecaughtdead”inPassageAmostprobablymeans______.A. wouldrathernotdieanywayB. mightnotbecaughtredhandedC. wouldrefusecompletelytodosomethingD. mightbeuneasythoughdoingsomething25.WhichofthefollowingbestfitsthenumberedspaceinPassageA?A. fashionisanindividualstatementofexpressionforeachofusB. fashionfacilitatessocialchangebyprovidingatransitiona