八年级英语下人教版知识点全

八年级下册知识点Unit1.what’sthematter?一．重点短语归纳1.foot---feet 脚 <复>tooth---teeth 牙齿 <复>2.haveacold 感冒3.haveastomachache 胃疼4.haveasoreback背疼5.haveasorethroat喉咙疼6.haveafever发烧7.liedownand(havea)rest 躺下休息havearest 休息8.hotteawithhoney 加蜜的热茶9.seeadentist 看牙医seeadoctor看医生10.drinklotsofwater多喝水11.lotsof ,alotof,alotalotof=lotsof，可以修饰可数名词复数和不可数名词，一般用在肯定句中。：Therearelotsof（alotof）booksinourlibrary.Thereisalotofwateronthegroundalot,是一个副词词组，跟动词连用；示十分，很等意思； Thanksalot.12.haveatoothache牙疼13.That’sagoodidea好主意14.gotobed 去睡觉gotobedearly早上床睡觉15.feelwell感到好   feelill 感到不舒服Idon’tfeelwell=I’mnotfeelingwell我感觉不舒服.16.startdoing/todosth开始做某事TODO是一件事情完成了，开始做另外一件事情DOING是原来的那件事情做到一半，现在又开始做了，是同一件事情。17.twodaysago两天前18.getsomerest 多休息,休息一会儿19.Ithinkso我认为是这样20.bethirsty口渴   21.behungry 饥饿22.bestressedout紧张23.listentomusic听音乐24.healthylifestyle健康的生活方式25.traditionalChinesedoctors传统中医26.needtodosth 需要做某事Ihaveatoothache.Ineedtoseeadentist.  我牙痛, 我需要去看牙医.Weneedtokeepourclassroomclean. 我们需要保持教室的干净.27.abalanceofyinandyang阴阳平衡28.forexample例如29.toomuchyin太多的阴,阴气太盛toomuch+ 不可数名词   太多的… muchtoo+形/副   实在太… 极其，非常toomany+ 可数名词复数 太多的…30.begoodforsth./doingsth.对什么有益，对什么有好处bebadforsth./doingsth.对什么有害begoodto对…好begoodat=dowellin在……方面好，擅长be good(bad) for、be good at的相关用法　　1.begoodfor对......有益　　　Doingmorningexercisesisgoodforyourhealth.　　　做早操对你们的建康有益。　　2.begoodat擅长于......　　　LiPingisgoodatbasketball.　　　李平擅长于篮球。　　　=LiPingisgoodatplayingbasketball.　　　李平擅长于打篮球。　　begoodat=dowellin如：　　　I'mgoodatmath.=Idowellinmath.　　　我擅长于数学。　　3.begoodto对......好　　　Parentsarealwaysgoodtotheirchildren.父母亲总是对他们的孩子好。31.getgoodgrades取得好成绩   32.angry用法beangrywithsb生某人的气Iwas angry withhimforkeepingmewaiting.我对他很生气，因为他让我等了好久。beangryat/aboutsth 就某事生气33.Chinesemedicine 中药34.bepopularin+someplace在某地很流行 Chinesemedicineisnowpopularinmanywesterncountries. 现在中药在许多西方国家受欢迎。35.inwesterncountries在西方国家36.It’seasytodosth做某事是容易的。 It’simportanttodosth.做某事很重要。37.balanceddiet平衡饮食38.gettired 感到疲倦be/gettired 39.gooutatnight在晚上出去Whenyouaretired,youshouldn’tgooutatnight. 疲倦时，晚上你不该外出40.stayhealthy 保持健康=keephealthy=keepingoodhealth41.atthemoment此时，此刻=nowI’mnotfeelingverywellatthemoment42.enjoysth.=likesth.(名词)喜欢某物,enjoydoingsth.喜欢做某事=likedongsthenjoyoneself(myself,yourself,herself,himself,themselves,ourselves,itself反身代词)玩得高兴，过得愉快=haveagoodtime=haveawonderfultime=havefun43.conversationpractice会话练习44.hostfamily 寄宿家庭45.havealotofheadaches经常疼痛I’mtiredandIhavealotofheadaches. 我很疲劳，而且经常头痛。46.afew+ 可数名词复数  少许…alittle+ 不可数名词/形/副    一点…47.Heshouldn’teatanything=Heshouldeatnothing. 他不应当吃任何东西.48.givesbsomeadvice给某人建议giveadvice提出建议advice是不可数名词   apieceofadvice一则建议takeone’sadvice采纳或听从某人的建议Hegavemesomegood advice.他向我提了一些很好的意见。49.sleep8hoursanight每晚睡眠八小时50.takemedicine吃药服药Ihavetotakemedicinethreetimesadayformycold.因为感冒，我不得不一天吃三次药。二固定结构It’s+形+forsb.+todosth.做某事对某人来说是…的。It’simportanttodosth.做某事很重要。It’simportantformetoeatabalanceddiet. 平衡饮食对我来说是很重要的.It’seasytodosth做某事是容易的。It’seasyforustofindouttheanswer.  找出对我们来说是容易的三．重点句子1.What’sthematter?What’sthematerwithyou?你怎么啦？ =What’sthetroublewithyou?=What’swrongwithyou? Ihaveacold/haveasoreback/haveastomachache2.That’stoobad.Youshould/shouldn’t …     那太糟糕了. 你应该/不该…Youshouldliedownandrest/drinkhotteawithhoney/seeadentist/seeadoctor.Heshouldn’teatanything=Heshouldeatnothing. 他不应当吃任何东西.3.I’mnotfellingwell.这里well表示身体状况，不能用good代替Idon’tfeelwell=I’mnotfeelingwell我感觉不舒服.4.Whendiditstart?Abouttwodaysago.什么时候开始的？大约两天前5.Ihopeyoufellbettersoon.我希望你很快好起来这里better是well的比较级6.TraditionalChinesedoctorsbelieveweneedabalanceofyinandyangtobehealthy.传统中医认为我们需要阴阳调和以保持身体健康。这里tobehealthy是动词不定式短语，作目的状语7.Youshouldeathotyangfoods,likebeef. 你应该吃一些像牛肉之类的阳性食物。8.EatingDangshenandHuangqiherbs is alsogoodforthis.   吃党参和黄芪等草本植物也对这有好处。9.Peoplewhoaretoostressedoutandangrymayhavetoomuchyang. 太紧张易怒的人或许吃了太多的阳性食物。toomuch后跟不可数名词，而toomany后跟可数名词复数10.It’seasytohaveahealthylifestyle,andit’simportanttoeatabalanceddiet.有一个健康的生活方式很容易，饮食平衡是很重要的。→It’seasytodosth.做某事容易/It’simportanttodosth.做某事重要11.Youshouldrestforafewnights. 你应该休息几个晚上12.Istudylateeverynight,sometimesuntil2am,butIdon’tthinkI’mimproving.我每天晚上学到很晚，有时到凌晨2点钟，但我认为我没有提高。13believein信任某人，强调品质，believesb.相信某人的话Ibelievehim,butIcan’tbelieveinhim.他的话是真的，但是我不信任他这个人。14.Ihaveatoothache.Ineedtoseeadentist.→need意思为“需要”，作实义动词时，后跟动词不定式，否定式为don’t/doesn’t/didn’tneed(todosth.)；作情态动词时，只能用于否定句或疑问句中，否定式为needn’t(dosth.)，除有过去式外，没有其它的形态变化四．知识结构1.情态动词should的用法should是情态动词，它的基本用法是必须和其他动词一起构成谓语。情态动词没有人称和数的变化，意为"应该......"。should（应当，应该）用于所有人称，表示劝告或建议。eg.Youshouldwaitalittlemore.你应该再多等一会儿。---Ihaveaverybadcold.我感冒很厉害。---Youshouldliedownandhavearest.你应该躺下，多喝水。2maybe与may be　　1.maybe是副词，译为“也许、可能”，相当于“perhaps”。如：　　　Maybehecananswerthequestion.　　　也许他能回答那个问题。　　　HemaybeisfromtheUSA,too.　　　他可能也来自美国。　　2.maybe中的may为情态动词，译为“可能是......”。如：　　　HemaybefromtheUSA,too.　　　他可能也来自美国。　　　ShemaybeourEnglishteacher.　　　她可能是我们的英语老师3too many,too much与much too　　1.toomany意为“太多”，用于修饰可数名词的复数。如：　　　Therearetoomanystudentsinourclass.　　我们班上有太多的学生。　　2.toomuch意为“太多”，用于修饰不可数名词。如：　　　Wehavetoomuchworktodo.　　　我们有太多的工作要做。　　3.muchtoo表示“太”，用来修饰形容词或副词。如：　　　Theboxismuchtooheavy,soIcan'tcarryit.　　　箱子太重了，所以我搬不动它。4few、afew、little、alittle的区别和联系：1.few/afew用来修饰可数名词，few表示否定意义，没有，几乎没有；afew表示有肯定意思，有几个。例如：Hehasfewfriendshere,hefeelslonely.他这里没朋友，他感觉寂寞。Thereareafeweggsinthebasket.篮子里有几个鸡蛋。2.little/alittle用来修饰不可数名词，little表示否定意思，没有，几乎没有。alittle表示肯定意思，有一点儿。例如：Thereislittleinkinmybottle,canyougivemealittleink?我的瓶子里没有墨水了，你能给我点儿墨水吗？5not…until 直到…(否定句)才，动词为短暂性或瞬间性动词 Shedidn’tleaveuntilwecame.Hewentshoppingafterhegotup. =Hedidn’tgoshoppinguntil/beforehegotup. ……until/till  直到···（肯定句）动词为延续性动词Westayedheretill/until12o’clock.Unit2I'llhelpcleanthecityparks.一．知识点：短语动词小结常见短语动词结构有下面几种：1.动词+副词如：giveup放弃turnoff关掉stayup熬夜这种结构有时相当于及物动词，如果其宾语是代词，就必须放在动词和副词之间，如果是名词，则既可插在动词和副词之间，也可放在短语动词后。2.动词+介词如：listenof听lookat看belongto属于这种结构相当于及物动词，后面跟宾语。3.动词+副词+介词如：comeupwith提出，想出runoutof用完，耗尽4.动词+名词(介词)如：takepartin参加catchholdof抓住1.cheer(sb.)up使(某人)高兴、振作如：cheermeup使我高兴cleanup打扫clean-upn.打扫2.homelessadj.无家可归的ahomelessboy一个无家可归的男孩homen.家4.sickadj.生病的作表语、定语illadj.生病的作表语，不能作定语5.volunteertodov.志愿效劳、主动贡献volunteern.志愿者6.comeupwith提出想出===thinkup想出catchupwith赶上追上7.putoffdoing推迟做某事puton穿上(指过程)putup张贴8.writedown写下记下9.callup打电话makeatelephonecall打电话10.setup成立建立Thenewhospitalwassetupin2000.这座医院是在2000年成立的。11.each每个各自的强调第一个人或事物的个别情况常与of连用every每个每一个的一切的则有“全体”的意思不能与of连用12.put…touse把…投入使用，利用Theyputthenewmachinetouse.他们把新机器投入使用13.helpsb.(to)do帮助某人做某事helphim(to)studyhelpsb.withsth.帮助某人做某事helphimwithEnglishhelpdo帮助做某事helpstudy14.plantodo计划做某事plan+从句IplantogotoBeijing.===Iplan(that)IwillgotoBeijing.我计划去北京。15.spend…doing花费…做…IspentadayvisitingBeijing.我花了一天的时间去参观北京。spend…onsth.花费…在…Ispent3yearsonEnglish.16.notonly…but(also)…不但…而且…用来连接两个并列的成分(1)引导以notonly…but(also)…开头的句子往往引起部分倒装。因此⑴NotonlydoIfeelgoodbut(also)….是倒装句。也是说得要把前面的句子中的助动词或者是情态动词放在主语的前面。如：①NotonlycanIdoitbut(also)Icandobest.我不仅能做到而且做得最好。⑵Notonly…but(also)…接两主语时，谓语动词随后面的主语人称和数的变化也就是就近原则如：①NotonlyLilybut(also)youlikecat.不仅莉莉而且你也喜欢猫。②Notonlyyoubut(also)Lilylikescat.不仅你而且莉莉喜欢猫。常见的就近原则的结构有：①Neither…nor…即不…也不…(两者都不)NeitheryounorIlikehim.我和你都不喜欢他。②Either…or…不是…就是…(两者中的一个)EitherLilyoryouareastudent.③Notonly…but(also)…④Therebe17.join参加(指参加团体、组织)如：jointheParty入党takepartin参加(指参加活动)如：takepartinsportsmeeting参加运动会18.runout与runoutof①runout(becomeusedup).其主语往往为物。如时间，食物，金钱，油等，本身就含有被动意义。Hismoneysoonranout.他的钱很快就花光了。Mypatiencehascompletelyrunout.我没有一点耐心了。Ourtimeisrunningout.我们剩下的时间不多了。②runoutof主语为人，表示主动含义。Heisalwaysrunningoutofmoneybeforepayday.他总是在发工资的日子还没有到就把钱花完了。两者在一定条件下可以互换如：Thepetrolisrunningout.汽油快用完了=Wearerunningoutofpetrol.我们快把汽油用完了。Ourtimeisrunningout.我们剩下的时间不多了。=Wearerunningoutoftime19.takeafter(在外貌、性格等方面)与(父母等)相像besimilarto与..相像takeafter相像lookafter照顾takecareof照顾20.workoutv.+adj.①结局，结果为Thestrategiesthathecameupwithworkedoutfine.他提出的这个策略效果很好。②算出，制订出，消耗完（精力等）Heneverseemstobeworkedout.他好像永远不会疲乏似的。Heworkedoutaplan.他制订了一个计划。Ihaveworkedoutourtotalexpenses.我已经算出了我们总的费用。21.hangout闲荡闲逛Iliketohangoutatmallwithmyfriends.我喜欢和我的朋友一起去购物中心闲荡。22.beabletodo能会beunabletodo不能不会23.thankyoufordoing谢谢做某事如：thankyouforhelpingme谢谢做帮助我24.forsure确实如此，毫无疑问Youdon’thavemoney.That’sforsure.你没有钱，这是毫无疑问的。25.fill…with…使…充满…用…填充…Shefilledthebowlwithwater.她用水填满碗。26.likeprep.像…27.helpsb.out帮助…做事，解决难题(摆脱困境)Ican’tworkoutthismathproblem.Pleasehelpmeout.我不能算出这道数学问题，请你帮我解决。28.trainn.火车trainv.训练trainsb.todo.训练某人做某事Shetrainsherdogtofetchthings.她训练她的狗去取东西。29.atonce==rightaway立刻马上如：Doitatonce.马上去做。I’llgothereatonce/rightaway.我马上去那里。30.oneday有一天(指将来/过去)someday有一天(指将来)如：OnedayIwenttoBeijing.有一天我去了北京。SomedayI’llgotoBeijing.有一天我将去北京。31.speciallyadv.特意地专门地特别地specialadj.特别的32.donationn.捐赠物donatev.捐赠赠送33.partofspeech词性词类34.disabledadj.肢体有残疾的disablev.不能35.handout分发handoutbananasgiveout分发giveoutsthtosb.分….给某人giveupdoing放弃…giveupsmoking放弃吸烟giveaway赠送捐赠giveawaysth.to….giveawaymoneytokidsgivesb.sth.给某人某东西givememoney给我钱givesth.tosb.给某人某东西givemoneytome给我线36.volunteer①可数名词“志愿者”②adj.自愿的 vi.volunteertodosthTheyaretheChinesePeople’sVolunteers.他们是中国人民志愿军。Ivolunteertohelpyou.我自愿帮助你。 37.nolonger=not…anylonger指时间上不再延续。nomore=not…anymore指动作上不再延续。二．短语1.cleanup清扫2.giveout分发，发放3.cheerup=make…happier使...高兴，使...振作4.afterschoolstudyprogram课外学习班5.comeupwith=thinkup提出，想出6.putoff推迟7.writedown写下，记下8.putup张贴9.handout分发，发放10.callup打电话11.serup=establish建立12.behometosb是某人的家园13.volunteerone’stimetodosth自愿花时间干...14.put…touse…把...投入使用15.elementaryschool小学16.plantodosth计划干...打算干17.coachafootballteamforkids训练少年足球队18.startaChineseHistoryclub开办一个中国史俱乐部19.runoutof用完，耗尽20.takeafter在性格或长相方面与父母相象21.fixup修理22.giveaway捐赠23.besimilarto与...相似24.askfor索要25.acall-incenterforparents家长热线26.hangout闲荡27.putupsignsaskingforsingingjobs张贴寻求唱歌工作的广告28.runoutofmoneyforsinginglessons学唱歌的钱用完了29.disabledpeople残疾人30.forsure确实如此，毫无疑问31.fill…with...用...填充...befullof装满了...32.help...out帮助...做事，解决难题（摆脱困境）33.aspeciallytraineddog一只经过特殊训练的狗34.trainsbtodosth训练某人干...35.fetchmybook把我的拿来36.partofspeech词性三．句子1．Wecan’tputoffmakingaplan.Clean-upDayisonlytwoweeksfromnow.我们不能推迟制订计划，清洁日离现在只有两周了。2．Sheputsthislovetogoodusebyworkingintheafter-schoolcarecentreatherlocalelementaryschool.她在当地的一所小学的课后辅导中心工作，使这个爱好得到较好的利用3．NotonlydoIfeelgoodabouthelpingotherpeople,butIgettospendtimedoingwhatIlovetodo.帮助别人不但自己感到快乐，而且我开始花时间做自己喜欢做的事了。4．Thethreestudentsplantosetupastudentvolunteerprojectatheirschool.这三个学生计划在他们校开展一个学生志愿者项目。5.Healsoputupsomesignaskingforoldbikes.他还贴了一些需求旧自行车的告。6.Thestrategiesthathecameupwithworkedoutfine.几米想出的这个办法很效。7．Hedidaradiointerview.他接受了电台的采访。8．Weneedtocomeupwithaplan.我们需要指定一个计划。9．Youcouldhelpcleanupthecityparks.你可以帮助打扫城市公园。10．Henowhassixteenbikestofixupandgiveawaytochildrenwhodon’thavebikes.他现在有16辆要修理的自行车，并准备把这些修好的自行车赠送给那些没有自行车的孩子。Unit3Couldyoupleasecleanyourroom?一．重要词组及短语1.Couldyoupleasedosth.?你能……吗？/请你干……好吗？2.dothechores做杂务3.dothedishes洗餐具4.sweepthefloor清扫地板5.takeoutthetrash倒垃圾6.makeone'sbed铺床7.foldone'sclothes叠衣服8.cleanthelivingroom清扫客厅9.stayoutlate晚归10.comeover过来11.haveatest考试12.getaride搭车13.useone'scomputer使用某人的电脑14.hatesth./hatetodosth./hatedoingsth.讨厌某事/做某事liketodo(doing)sth.15.dothelaundry=dosomewashing=washclothes洗衣服16.makebreakfast/makedinner=dosomecooking做饭17.washthecar刷车18.workon从事，忙于workat学习、致力于、在……上下工夫19.borrowsomemoney借一些钱borrowsth.fromsb.向某人借某物(借入)lendsb.sth.=lendsth.tosb.借给某人某物(借出)Youcanborrowsomemoneyfromyourbrother.你可以向你哥哥借些钱。Canyoulendmeyourbike?你能借给我你的自行车吗？20.invitesb.todosth.邀请某人做某事Theyinvitedmetojointheirclub.他们邀请我参加俱乐部。invitesbtoaplaceinviteyoutomyparty21.gotothestore去商店22.agreesb.todosth.同意某人做某事agreewithsb.同意某人的意见disagreesb.todosth.不同意某人做某事disagreewithsb.不同意某人的意见23.takecareof=lookafter照顾、照看、照料takegoodcareof=lookafter…well把……照管得好26.takesb.forawalk带某人去散步27.playwithsb.和某人玩28.forgettodosth.忘记去做某事(未做)forgetdoingsth.忘记做过某事(做过)（1）do,make短语归类dothedishes洗餐具domyhomework做我的家庭作业dochores做家务，处理琐事dothelaundry洗衣dotheshopping购物dosomereading读书makeyourbed铺床makebreakfast做早餐makedinner做晚饭maketea泡茶，沏茶makeacupofcoffee冲一杯咖啡（2）关于to的短语总结：havetodosth.不得不，必须做某事needtodosth.需要做某事hatetodosth.讨厌做某事liketodosth.喜欢做某事wanttodosth.想做某事lovetodosth.热爱做某事forgettodosth.忘记做某事starttodosth.开始做某事begintodosth.开始做某事asksbtodosth.请某人做某事二．重点句型1.Couldyoupleasecleanyourroom?Yes,sure./Sorry,Ican't.Ihavetodomyhomeworkfirst.2.CouldIpleaseusethecar?Sure./Certainly./Ofcourse./No,youcan't.Ihavetogoout.在表示请求帮助或请求允许的疑问句中，常用could代替can，以表示礼貌，委婉或不确定的语气，而can则不具备这些语气。这种情况下不能把could看作can的过去式。以上两句中用could是为了表示礼貌的请求。表示请求帮助或请求允许时，除了can,could之外，还可以用may，句子的表达方式也各有不同，可以用不同的方式来表示同一个概念。例：Could/Can/MayIuseyourcarforaday?作允答可以各种各样：如同意可以说Yes，或Sure或Certainly，还可说Yes,(do)please.或Ofcourse.(youmay/can).或That'sOK/allright.  如果不同意，可以说I'msorryyoucan't.或I'mreallysorry,butIhavetouseittoday.要避免说No,youcan't.这样显得很不礼貌。否定回答通常用委婉语气。Unit4Whydon’tyoutalktoyourparents?一.重要词汇和句型1.get(1)买getsth.forsb.==getsb.sth.为某人买某物Canyougetsomefruitformewhenyougoshopping?==Canyougetmesomefruitwhenyougoshopping?(2)得到,到达Wheredidyougetthebook?Whendidyougettheletter?Hegothomelatelastnight.(3)使,让get+宾语+宾补使某人\某物怎么样Pleasegetyoucoatclean.Getyourmouthclosed.getsb.todosth.使某人\某物做某事IgothimtocallJimyesterday.(4)(逐渐)变得…Theweathergetswarmeranddaysgetlonger.Whydidtheteachergetangry?2.howabout\whatabout后跟名词\代词\动词ing形式。(1)向对方提出建议或请求Howaboutgoingoutforawalk?Howaboutsomethingtoeat?(2)向对方征求意见或看法HowabouttheTVplay?Howaboutbuyingthehousenow?(3)询问天气或身体情况HowabouttheweatherinHainanIsland?Howaboutyourparents?Aretheylivingwithyou?(4)谈话中承接上下文I’mfortyyearsold.Howaboutyou?I’mfromBeijing.Howaboutyou?3.receive收到Thegirlwashappytoreceivemanygiftsonherbirthday.receivealetterfrom==getaletterfrom==heardfrom收到某人的信IreceivedaletterfrommyparentslastSunday.==IgotaletterfrommyparentslastSunday.==IheardfrommyparentslastSunday.accept接受Hecouldn’tacceptoursuggestionsbutourgifts.Shewasverygladtoreceivetheinvitation.Hedidn’treceiveagoodeducationatuniversity.Ireceivedaninvitationtotheparty,butIrefusedtoacceptit.4.a6--year–oldchild一个六岁的孩子6--year–old是由“数词+名词+形容词”构成的复合形容词,作前置定语,修饰后面的名词child.数词+名词+形容词构成的复合形容词，中间的名词要用单数形式：afive-year-oldgirl一个五岁的女孩asix-foot-deephole一个六英尺深的洞atwo-meter-longruler一把两米长的尺子a100-meterrace一场百米赛跑aten-story-highbuilding一栋十层高的楼房atwo-inch-thickdictionary一本两英寸厚的词典5.too…to…太……而不能……too后跟形容词或副词原形,to后跟动词原形,构成不定式.句子的主语与动词不定的主语不一时,可以在动词不定式前加逻辑主语forsb.Heistooyoungtojointhearmy(军队).Themathsproblemistoodifficultformetoworkout.表示否定意义的never\not和too…to…连用时表达肯定一样.Oneisnevertoooldtolearn.too…to…可以与enoughto和so…that…转换.与enoughto转换时,enough前的形容词,副词必须是too后面形容词,副词的反义词,并使用其否定句式.Sheistooyoungtodothework.==sheisn’toldenoughtodothework.与so…that…转换时,that后面的从句要用否定形式.Tomistootiredtowalkanyfarther.==Tomissotiredthathecan’twalkanyfarther.6.cost1)动词,花费\价值(多少钱)Howmuchdiditcost?Ididn’tbuyitbecauseitcosttoomuch.Themealcostusabout100yuan.(2)名词,成本,费用,价钱.atallcosts不惜任何代价;atthecostof以……为代价.Livingcostsarehigherincitiesthanthatinthecountry.Wemuststopitatallcosts.Aftertheearthquake,thesoldierstriedtoreachtheareaatthecostoftheirlives.7.pay,spend,cost,take的区别pay花费(多少钱),主语是人.Sb.paysomemoneyforsth.Ipaid5000yuanforthecomputerlastweek.Spend花费(多少钱或时间),主语是人.Sb.spendsomemoneyonsth.Sb.spendsometime(in)doingsth.Ispent5000yuanonthecomputerlastweek.Shespent2hours(in)doingherhomework.cost花费(多少钱),主语是物.Sth.costsb.somemoney.Thisjacketcosthim200dollars.take花费(时间),Ittakessb.sometimetodosth.花费某人多少时间做某事Howlongdoesittakesb.todosth?花费某人多少时间做某事?IttookLiuHong2hourstodoherhomework.Ittakesme10minutestowalktoschoolfromhome.Itwilltakethem6monthstobuildthebuilding.Howlongdoesittakehimtoplantthetrees?8.sleep,sleeping,sleepy,asleep,fallasleep,beasleepsleep动词,睡觉,强调动作.Iamverytired.Iwanttosleep.Hesleptfor12hoursyesterday.sleeping,Sleep的现在分词,表示“正在睡觉”Don’tmakesomuchnoise.Thebabyissleeping.Theywokeupthesleepinggirlandaskedherwhereherparentswere.sleepy想睡觉的,困倦的.Iamalittlesleepy.I’dliketogotobed.asleep睡着了的.TheteacherfoundTomasleepinclassandkepthimbehindafterschool.WouldyoumindturningdowntheTV?Thebabyisasleep.fallasleep强调从没有睡着到睡着的过程,不能接一段时间Icouldn’tfallasleepuntilitwasverylatelastnight.Helistenedtomusicandfellasleep.beasleep表示睡着后的状态,“睡着了”,可以接一段时间.Hewasasleepforthreehours.9.choose动词,“选择,挑选”,过去式chose,过去分词chosenchoosetodosth.选择做某事can’tChoosebut只得……pickandchoose挑挑拣拣Therearemanybookstochoosefrom.Wechoosemikeasourleader(领导).Willyouhelpmechooseadictionary?Everyonecan’tchoosebutobey(服从).It’sherhabit(习惯)topickandchoosewhileshopping.10.      present(1)礼物,礼品==giftWhynotgivehimacardasapresent?whatcanIgethimforabirthdaypresent?(2)目前,现在I’msorryheisoutatpresent.Youhavetoforgetthepastandstartlivinginthepresent.11.open(1)动词,打开,开业,开张,展现It’snotrighttoopenotherpeople’sletters.Wouldyoumindopeningthewindow?Thedooropenstothesouth.Thisfactoryopenedin1998.(2)形容词,beopen开着的,开放的Inhisdreamtheflowersareallopen.Mostshopsareclosedbutseveralarestillopen.Onweekendstheswimmingpoolisopentothepublic.close动词,关闭,关上,合上Pleaseclosethedoortokeepthecoldout.closed形容词,beclosed关着的,关闭的whenwegottotheshopitwasclosed.12.giveaway赠送,分发giveawaysthtosbAuntWanggaveawaythecandies(糖果)tothekids.Johngaveawayhisnotebooktome.其它短语giveup放弃giveback归还giveoff放出,发出(气味)givesthtosb==givesb.sth.把某物给某人13.ratherthan而不是……后面跟名词,代词,从句Thecolorseemsgreenratherthanblue.Ifyouranratherthanwalked,youwouldhavearrivedearlier.Wedependonyouratherthanonhim.Youshouldhelpthemratherthantheyshouldhelpyou.prefertodosthratherthandosth.宁愿……,也不……Shepreferredtostayathomeratherthangowithus.Hepreferredtolistentomusicratherthanplaygames.Wouldratherdosththandosth.宁愿……,也不……Hewouldratherplaythanwork.Iwouldrathertaketheslowesttrainthangotherebyair.14.instead(1)位于句首,表示“反而,相反”Ididn’tgotothecinemalastnight.instead,IwatchedafootballmatchonTV.Theboydidn’tsingtothemusic.Instead,hesanghisownway.(2)位于句尾,表示“作为代替,而是”Mrsmithwasill,somrgreenwastakinghisclassinstead.Idon’tlikethisone,pleasegivemethatinstead.insteadof后跟名词,代词,动名词,介词短语.表示“代替,而不是”Ihavecomeinsteadofmybrother.Heisill.Wewalkeddownthestairsinsteadoftakingtheelevator(电梯).Hestudiesintheeveninginsteadofduringtheday.15.enter(1)参加==takepartin\joinMorethanonethousandsportsmenentered\tookpartinthegames.Mybrotherhopestoenter\jointhearmynextyear.(2)进入==comeinto\gointoSheentered\cameintotheroomwiththesewords.Didyouseesomeoneenter\gointothehouse?16.encourage动词,鼓励,激励encouragesb.todosth.鼓励某人做某事Parentsshouldencouragechildrentodothingsbythemselves.OurEnglishteacherencouragesustokeepadairyinEnglish.17.progress名词,“进步,进展”makeprogress“取得进步,取