Premarital_sex-婚前性行为

PremaritalsexPremaritalsexissexualactivitypracticedbypeoplebeforetheyaremarried.Historically,premaritalsexwasconsideredamoralissuewhichwastabooinmanyculturesandconsideredasinbyanumberofreligions,butsinceaboutthe1960s,ithasbecomemorewidelyaccepted,especiallyinWesterncountries.A2014Pewstudyonglobalmoralityfoundthatpremaritalsexwasconsideredparticularlyunacceptablein"predominantlyMuslimnations",suchasMalaysia,Indonesia,Jordan,PakistanandEgypt,eachhavingover90%disapproval,whilepeopleinWesternEuropeancountrieswerethemostaccepting,withSpain,GermanyandFranceexpressinglessthan10%disapproval.[1]WithinChristianity,theRomanCatholicChurchcallspremaritalsexasinthatmustbeforgiventhroughconfession.DefinitionPrevalenceGenderdifferencesEthnicitydifferencesSafesexpracticesCulturalviewsBritainUnitedStatesSeealsoReferencesUntilthe1950s,[2]"premaritalsex"referredtosexualrelationsbetweentwopeoplepriortomarryingeachother.[3]Duringthatperiod,itwasthenorminWesternsocietiesformenandwomentomarrybytheageof21or22,andtherewasnoconsiderationsthatonewhohadsexwouldnotmarry.Thetermwasusedinsteadoffornication,whichhadnegativeconnotations,[2]andwascloselyrelatedtotheconceptandapprovalofvirginity,whichissexualabstinenceuntilmarriage.Themeaninghassinceshiftedtorefertoanysexualrelationsapersonhaspriortomarriageandremovingtheemphasisontherelationshipofthepeopleinvolved.[3]Thedefinitionhasadegreeofambiguity.Itisnotclearwhethersexbetweenindividualslegallyforbiddenfrommarrying,orthesexualrelationsofoneuninterestedinmarryingwouldbeconsideredpremarital.[2]Alternativetermsforpremaritalsexhavebeensuggested,includingnon-maritalsex(whichoverlapswithadultery),youthfulsex,adolescentsex,andyoung-adultsex.Thesetermsalsosufferfromadegreeofambiguity,asthedefinitionofhavingsexdiffersfrompersontoperson.[2]Insomecultures,forexampleinmanymodernWesterncultures,manypeopledonotholdvalueinsexualabstinencebeforemarriage.Brothelscene;BrunswickMonogrammist,1537;Gemäldegalerie,BerlinContentsDefinitionPrevalenceHistorically,atleastasignificantportionofpeoplehaveengagedinpremaritalsex,althoughthenumberwillingtoadmittohavingdonesowasnotalwayshigh.InastudyconductedintheUnitedStates,61percentofmenand12percentofwomenbornpriorto1910admittedtohavingpremaritalsex;thegenderdisparitymayhavebeencausedbyculturaldoublestandardsregardingtheadmissionofsexualactivityorbymenfrequentingprostitutes.[2]Startinginthe1920s,andespeciallyafterWorldWarII,premaritalsexbecamemorecommon;thiswasespeciallyprevalentamongwomen.Bytheendofthe20thcentury,between75and80percentofAmericanshadvaginalintercoursebeforetheageof19.Thishasbeenattributedtonumerouscauses,includingtheincreasingmedianageatmarriageandthewidespreadavailabilityofefficientcontraceptives.[2]Accordingtoa2001UNICEFsurvey,in10outof12developednationswithavailabledata,morethantwo-thirdsofyoungpeoplehavehadsexualintercoursewhilestillintheirteens.InDenmark,Finland,Germany,Iceland,Norway,theUnitedKingdomandtheUnitedStates,theproportionisover80%.InAustralia,theUnitedKingdomandtheUnitedStates,approximately25%of15-year-oldsand50%of17-year-oldshavesex.[4]Ina2005KaiserFamilyFoundationstudyofUSteenagers,29%ofteensreportedfeelingpressuretohavesex,33%ofsexuallyactiveteensreported"beinginarelationshipwheretheyfeltthingsweremovingtoofastsexually",and24%had"donesomethingsexualtheydidn’treallywanttodo".[5]Severalpollshaveindicatedpeerpressureasafactorinencouragingbothgirlsandboystohavesex.[6][7]AmajorityofAmericanshavehadpremaritalsex,accordingtoa2007articleinPublicHealthReports.Thisfactistrueforcurrentyoungadultsandalsoyoungadultsinthelate1950sandearly1960s.DatafromtheNationalSurveyofFamilyGrowthindicatethatin2002,77%ofAmericanshadsexbyage20,andofthatpercent,75%hadpremaritalsex.Incomparison,ofwomenwhoturned15between1964and1993,approximately91%hadpremaritalsexbyage30.Ofwomenwhoturned15between1954and1963,82%ofthemhadhadpremaritalsexbyage30.[8]Additionally,whencomparingtheGeneralSocialSurveyof1988-1996totheoneof2004-2012,researchersfoundthatparticipantsof2004-2012didnotreportmoresexualpartnerssincetheageof18,normorefrequentsexorsexpartnersduringthepastyearthanthoserespondentsofthe1988-1996survey.Furthermore,thereappearstobenosubstantialchangeinsexualbehaviorcontrastingtheearliereratothecurrentone.However,oneofthedifferencesincludedsexuallyactiverespondentsofthecurrenteraweremorelikelytoreporthavingsexwithacasualdateorfriendthanreportinghavingsexwithaspouseorregularpartner.[9]From1943to1999,attitudestowardpremaritalsexchangedsuchthatyoungwomen’sapprovalincreasedfrom12%to73%andfrom40%to79%amongyoungmen.People’sfeelingsofsexualguiltalsodecreasedduringthisperiod.Nowadays,lessthan25%ofpeoplebelievepremaritalsexis“alwaysoralmostalways”wrong.[10]WithintheUnitedStates,acohortstudyofyoungadultsinuniversityfoundmenself-reportmorepermissiveattitudesaboutcasualsexthanwomen.[11]Anotherstudyfounduniversitystudentscanbegroupedbytheiridealrelationships—thosewhoexpressadesireforsexexclusivelyinacommittedpartnershiphavefewerhookupsandfriendswithbenefitspartnersthanthosecategorisedasdesiring"flexible"relationshipsandrecreationalsex.[12]One2006studythatanalysedtheToledoAdolescentRelationshipsStudyfoundthatmoreboysreporthavingnon-datingsexualpartnersthangirls.Ofthissample,athirdofboysonlyhavehadsexwiththeirromanticpartner,anotherthirdofboyswhohavehadsexwithapartnertheyarenotdatingwithinthepastyeararebelievedtowishforthegirltobetheirgirlfriend.[13]Manyyoungadultsaremorelikelytoengageinsexwithromanticpartnersthanwithcasualacquaintancesorfriendswithbenefits.[14]One2011studysurveyedyoungadultsabouttheiremotionalreactionsaftersexualencounters,findingthatmenreportedmorepositiveandfewernegativeemotionalreactions,andbothmenandwomenreportedthattheexperiencewaslargelymorepositivethannegative.[15]Womenreportedthatcondomusewasassociatedwithfewerpositiveandmorenegativeemotionalreactions,andformencondomusewasassociatedwithfewernegativeemotionalreactions.[15]A23-yearstudyinaHumanSexualityclassinvestigatedgenderdifferencesinmenandwomen’sreactionstotheirfirstsexualexperience.Intheearlieryearsofthestudy,menreportedmorepleasureandgreateranxietythanwomen,whilewomenreportedmorefeelingsofguiltthanmen.Cohortstudiescarriedoutover23yearsfoundthatinlateryears,womenexpressedgreaterpleasureandlessguilt.Thedifferencesbetweenemotionalreactionsamongmenandwomendecreasedslightlyduringthe23years.[16]SuchdecreasesindifferencestofirstsexualGenderdifferencesintercoursemaybearesultoftheincreasingnormalityofpremaritalsexinAmerica.Aninternationalonlinesexsurveycomparedresponsesofresidentsof37countriesagainstWorldEconomicForumfiguresforgenderequalityinthosecountries,findingthatcountrieswithhighgenderequalityhadrespondentsreportmorecasualsex,agreaternumberofsexpartners,youngeragesforfirstsex,andgreatertoleranceofpremaritalsex.[17]DifferentethnicandculturalgroupsinAmericahavevariedreligiosityandsexualattitudes.ResearchersconductedastudywithcollegeparticipantsandtheyfoundAsianshadmoreconservativesexualattitudescomparedtoHispanicsandEuro-Americans.HispanicsreportedsexualattitudessimilartothatofEuro-Americans.Asian,Hispanic,andEuro-Americanwomenwithhighlevelsofspiritualitywerefoundtohaveacorrelationbetweenconservativesexualattitudesandperceivedreligiosity.ReligiosityandreligiousfundamentalismpredictedconservativesexualattitudesmoststronglyinEuro-AmericansandAsians.[18]IntheIndiancityofMumbai(Bombay),researchshowedthatamongcollege-agestudents,3%offemalesaffirmedhavingpremaritalsexand26%ofcollege-agedmenaffirmedhavingpremaritalsex.[19]PopulationCouncil,aninternationalNGO,releasedaworkingreportshowingsimilarstatisticsnationallyinIndia,withfewerthantenpercentofyoungfemalesreportinghavinghadpremaritalsex,comparedwith15%to30%ofyoungmales.[20]InPakistan,11%ofmenwerereportedashavingparticipatedinpre-maritalsex,althoughagreaterpercentage,29%reportedhavingparticipatedinnon-maritalsex.[21]Peoplewhohavepremaritalsexarerecommendedbyhealthprofessionalstotakeprecautionstoprotectthemselvesagainstsexuallytransmittedinfections(STIs)suchasHIV/AIDS.[22]Thereisalsoariskofanunplannedpregnancyinheterosexualrelationships.[23]Aroundtheworld,sexeducationprogramsareruntoteachschoolstudentsaboutreproductivehealth,safersexpractices,sexualabstinenceandbirthcontrol.Sexualactivityamongunmarriedpeoplewhodonothaveaccesstoinformationaboutreproductivehealthandbirthcontrolcanincreasetherateofteenagepregnanciesandcontractionofsexuallytransmittedinfections.Theratesofteenagepregnancyvaryandrangefrom143per1000girlsinsomesub-SaharanAfricancountriesto2.9per1000inSouthKorea.TheratefortheUnitedStatesis52.1per1000,thehighestinthedevelopedworld–andaboutfourtimestheEuropeanUnionaverage.[4][24]Theteenagepregnancyratesbetweencountriesmusttakeintoaccountthelevelofgeneralsexeducationavailableandaccesstocontraceptiveoptions.Theculturalacceptabilityofpremaritalsexvariesbetweenindividuals,culturesandtimeperiods.Westerncultureshavetraditionallybeendisapprovingofit,onoccasionsforbiddingit.Inothercultures,suchastheMuriapeopleofMadhyaPradesh,sexualitypriortomarriageisacceptedandattimesexpected.[2]Individualviewswithinagivensocietycanvarygreatly,withexpectationsrangingfromtotalabstinencetofrequentcasualsex.Theseviewsaredependentontheholders'valuesystem,asformedbyhisorherparents,religion,friends,[2]EthnicitydifferencesSafesexpracticesCulturalviewsPercentageofbirthstounmarriedwomen,selectedcountries,1980and2007.[25]experiences,andinmanycasesthemedia.[2]UnmarriedcohabitationandbirthsoutsidemarriagehaveincreasedinmanyWesterncountriesduringthepastfewdecades.SexbeforethepublicmarriageceremonywasnormalintheAnglicanChurchuntiltheHardwickeMarriageActof1753,whichforthefirsttimerequiredallmarriagesinEnglandandWalesoccurintheirparishchurch.(ThelawalsoappliedtoCatholics,butJewsandQuakerswereexempt.)Beforeitsenactmentcoupleslivedandslepttogetheraftertheirbetrothalor"thespousals",consideredalegalmarriage.Untilthemid-1700sitwasnormalandacceptableforthebridetobepregnantatthenuptials,thelaterpublicceremonyforthemarriage.TheMarriageActcombinedthespousalsandnuptials,andbythestartofthe19thcenturysocialconventionprescribedthatbridesbevirginsatmarriage.Illegitimacybecamemoresociallydiscouraged,withfirstpregnanciesoutsidemarriagedecliningfrom40%to20%duringtheVictorianera.Atthestartofthe21stCentury,thefigurewasbackupto40%.[26]InBritain,birthsoutsidemarriagewereupto47.6%by2012.[27]In2014,only13%ofthepopulationfoundpremaritalsexunacceptable.[1]Duringthecolonialperiod,premaritalsexwaspubliclyfrowneduponbutprivatelycondonedtoanextent.Unmarriedteenagerswereoftenallowedtospendthenightinbedtogether,thoughsomemeasuressuchasbundlingweresometimesattemptedtopreventsexualintercourse.Eventhoughpremaritalsexwassomewhatcondoned,havingachildoutsidewedlockwasnot.Ifapregnancyresultedfrompremaritalsex,theyoungcouplewereexpectedtomarry.Marriageandbirthrecordsfromthelate1700srevealthatbetween30and40percentofNewEnglandbrideswerepregnantbeforemarriage.[28]Thegrowingpopularityoftheautomobile,andcorrespondingchangesindatingpractices,causedpremaritalsextobecomemoreprevalent.AlfredKinseyfoundthatAmericanwomenwhobecamesexuallymatureduringthe1920sweremuchlesslikelytobevirginsatmarriagethanthosewhobecamematurebeforeWorldWarI.Amajorityofwomenduringthe1920sundertheageof30werenonethelessvirginsatmarriage,however,andhalfofthosewhowerenotonlyhadsexwiththeirfiancés.[29]A1938surveyofAmericancollegestudentsfoundthat52%ofmenand24%ofwomenhadhadsex.37%ofwomenwerevirginsbutbelievedsexoutsidemarriagewasacceptable.[30]Priortothemiddleofthe20thcentury,sexualitywasgenerallyconstrained.Sexualinteractionsbetweenpeoplewithoutplanstomarrywasconsideredunacceptable,withbetrothalslightlylesseningthestigma.However,premaritalsexwasstillfrownedupon.[2]Beginninginthe1950s,aspremaritalsexbecamemorecommon,thestigmaattachedtoitlessenedformanypeople.In1969,70%ofAmericansdisapprovedofpremaritalsex,butby1973thisnumberhaddroppedto50%.[31]By2000,roughlyathirdofcouplesintheUnitedStateshadlivedtogetherpriortomarriage.However,premaritalsexwasstillconsideredunacceptableby30%ofthepopulationina2014study,while29%founditacceptableand36%considereditnotamoralissue.[2][1]TrialmarriageFreeloveIllegitimacyReligionandsexualityShotgunweddingSingleparentVirginComplexBritainUnitedStatesSeealsoNotes1."GlobalViewsonMorality-PremaritalSex"(http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/04/15/global-morality/table/premarital-sex/).PewResearchGlobalAttitudesProject.15Apr2014.2.SexandSociety663-666.3.Regnerusetal.4.UNICEF.(2001)."ALeagueTableofTeenageBirthsinRichNations"(http://www.unicef-icdc.org/publications/pdf/repcard3e.pdf)(PDF).(888KB).RetrievedJuly7,2006.5."U.S.TeenSexualActivity"(http://enrichmentjournal.ag.org/200604/200604_4USTeenSexActi.pdf)(PDF).(147KB)KaiserFamilyFoundation,January2005.Retrieved23Jan20076.TheNationalCampaigntoPreventTeenPregnancy.(1997).WhatthePollingDataTellUs:ASummaryofPastSurveysonTeenPregnancy(http://www.teenpregnancy.org/resources/data/polling97.asp).RetrievedJuly13,2006.Archived(https://web.archive.org/web/20080513150144/http://www.teenpregnancy.org/resources/data/polling97.asp)May13,2008,attheWaybackMachine.7.Allen,Colin.(May22,2003)."PeerPressureandTeenSex(https://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/200305/peer-pressure-and-teen-sex)."PsychologyToday.'.'RetrievedJuly14,2006.8.L.B.Finer."TrendsinPremaritalSexintheUnitedStates,1954–2003".PublicHealthReport.9.M.A.Monto;A.G.Carey."Anewstandardofsexualbehavior?Areclaimsassociatedwiththe"hookupculture"supportedbygeneralsocialsurveydata?".TheJournalofSexResearch.10.B.E.Wells;J.M.Twenge."Changesinyoungpeople'ssexualbehaviorandattitudes,1943-1999:Across-temporalmeta-analysis".ReviewofGeneralPsychology.11.SprecherS,TregerS,SakalukJK(2013)."Premaritalsexualstandardsandsociosexuality:gender,ethnicity,andcohortdifferences"(https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-013-0145-6).ArchSexBehav.42(8):1395–405.doi:10.1007/s10508-013-0145-6(https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10508-013-0145-6).PMID23842785(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23842785).12.OlmsteadSB,BillenRM,ConradKA,PasleyK,FinchamFD(2013)."Sex,commitment,andcasualsexrelationshipsamongcollegemen:amixed-methodsanalysis".ArchSexBehav.42(4):561–71.doi:10.1007/s10508-012-0047-z(https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10508-012-0047-z).PMID23297148(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23297148).13.SchmoldtA,BentheHF,HaberlandG(2006)."TheRelationshipContextsof"Nonrelationship"Sex"(http://jar.sagepub.com/content/21/5/459.short).JournalofAdolescentResearch.21(5):459–483.doi:10.1177/0743558406291692(https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0743558406291692).14.FurmanW,ShafferL(2011)."Romanticpartners,friends,friendswithbenefits,andcasualacquaintancesassexualpartners"(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3163778).JSexRes.48(6):554–64.doi:10.1080/00224499.2010.535623(https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00224499.2010.535623).PMC3163778(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3163778).PMID21128155(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21128155).15.OwenJ,FinchamFD(2011)."Youngadults'emotionalreactionsafterhookingupencounters".ArchSexBehav.40(2):321–30.doi:10.1007/s10508-010-9652-x(https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10508-010-9652-x).PMID20809375(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20809375).16.SprecherS(2014)."Evidenceofchangeinmen'sversuswomen'semotionalreactionstofirstsexualintercourse:a23-yearstudyinahumansexualitycourseatamidwesternuniversity".JSexRes.51(4):466–72.doi:10.1080/00224499.2013.867923(https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00224499.2013.867923).PMID24611882(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24611882).17.BaumeisterRF,MendozaJP(2011)."Culturalvariationsinthesexualmarketplace:genderequalitycorrelateswithmoresexualactivity".JSocPsychol.151(3):350–60.doi:10.1080/00224545.2010.481686(https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00224545.2010.481686).PMID21675186(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21675186).18.AhroldTK,MestonCM(2010)."EthnicdifferencesinsexualattitudesofU.S.collegestudents:gender,acculturation,andreligiosityfactors"(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4426857).ArchSexBehav.39(1):190–202.doi:10.1007/s10508-008-9406-1(https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10508-008-9406-1).PMC4426857(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4426857).PMID18839302(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18839302).19.Joseph,Suad;Naǧmābādī,Afsāna(2003).EncyclopediaofWomen&IslamicCultures:Family,Body,SexualityAndHealth.BrillPublishers.p.387.ISBN9789004128194.ReferencesBibliography"Condoms".PlannedParenthood.Retrieved19August2011.JohnDean&DavidDelvin."Analsex".Netdoctor.co.uk.RetrievedApril29,2010.J.JosephSpeidel;CynthiaC.Harper&WayneC.Shields(September2008)."ThePotentialofLong-actingReversibleContraceptiontoDecreaseUnintendedPregnancy".Contraception.78(3):197–200.doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2008.06.001.PMID18692608."PremaritalSex".SexandSociety.3.NewYork:MarshallCavendish.2010.pp.63–666.ISBN978-0-7614-7908-6.Regnerus,Mark;Uecker,Jeremy(2011).PremaritalSexinAmerica:HowYoungAmericansMeet,Mate,andThinkaboutMarrying.Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress.ISBN978-0-19-974328-5."SexualIntercourse".health.discovery.com.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2008-08-22.Retrieved19August2011."SexuallyTransmittedDiseases".CenterforDiseaseControl.Retrieved19August2011.Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Premarital_sex&oldid=817678711"Thispagewaslasteditedon29December2017,at22:35.TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution-ShareAlikeLicense;additionaltermsmayapply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.Wikipedia®isaregisteredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anon-profitorganization.20.Himanshi,Dhawan;Kurup,Saira(24October2006)."Pre-maritalsex:Girlsliketokeepmum"(http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Pre-marital-sex-Girls-like-to-keep-mum/articleshow/2236263.cms).TheTimesofIndia.Retrieved7September2017.21.Mir,AliM.;AbdulWajid,StephenPearson;MumraizKhanandIrfanMasood(2013)."Exploringurbanmalenon-maritalsexualbehavioursinPakistan".ReproductiveHealth.10(1).doi:10.1186/1742-4755-10-22(https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1742-4755-10-22).ISSN1742-4755(https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1742-4755).22.CenterforDiseaseControl.23.Speidel,Harper,andShields;2008.24.TreffersPE(November2003)."Teenagepregnancy,aworldwideproblem".NedTijdschrGeneeskd(inDutchandFlemish).147(47):2320–5.PMID14669537(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14669537).25."ChangingPatternsofNonmaritalChildbearingintheUnitedStates"(https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db18.htm).CDC/NationalCenterforHealthStatistics.May13,2009.RetrievedSeptember24,2011.26."Theno-sex'myth'"(http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/2296151.stm).BBCNews.2002-10-03.RetrievedMay24,2012.27.Eurostat-Tables,GraphsandMapsInterface(TGM)table(http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&plugin=1&language=en&pcode=tps00018)28.CourtshipandSexualFreedominEighteenth-CenturyAmerica(http://maghis.oxfordjournals.org/content/18/4/9.extract)29.Ling,Peter(November1989)."SexandtheAutomobileintheJazzAge"(http://www.historytoday.com/peter-ling/sex-and-automobile-jazz-age).HistoryToday.39(11).30.""YouthandSex":1,300boysandgirlsanswerquestions"(https://books.google.com/books?id=LU8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA66).Life.1938-06-06.p.66.RetrievedDecember9,2011.31.AleshaDoan(2007).OppositionandIntimidation:TheAbortionWarsandStrategiesofPoliticalHarassment.UniversityofMichiganPress.pp.58–59.ISBN9780472069750.