CPA会计英语讲义

中华会计英语 Ⅰ.背景介绍 　　中国注册会计师协会决定在今年的中国注册会计师资格考试会计科、审计科加试10分英语试题,并将该成绩纳入最后考试的总成绩,也即110分的60分及格。该安排看似突然,实际上代表了一个趋势,就是要全面提升中国注册会计师的语言水平,进而达到中西合璧,融会贯通,取长补短,为我所用的目的。 　　针对此变化,广大考生应该做到: 　　稳定情绪　调整心态　振奋精神　悉心备考 　　该考试变化对广大考生的参考并未产生实质性的不利影响。 　　所以应该充满自信,不要出现急躁、不安情绪！ 　　积极应对！从积极方面来看待这个趋势和变化！ 　　 　　Ⅱ.型预测 　　目前获得的关于这10分英语考试最新的信息为: 　　1.一道题 　　2.主观题 　　3.专业题 　　分析: 　　正是针对此次考试“三题”的特点,我们预测此次考试极有可能的题型如下: 　　1.名词解释 　　2.简答题 　　3.翻译（英汉互译） 　　4.分析 　　这四类题型都会很好地体现“三题”精神。 　　会计科考试体系是在中国会计准则（CAS）与国际会计准则（IAS/IFRS）趋同的背景下考察英文水平的;趋同不是等同,所以考察具体某些业务的分录的可能性虽然存在，但是不大；更重要考察的是一些“务虚”的内容,即理论或文字表述的内容。 　　 　　辅导大体安排 　　 TIME SCHEDULE MEMO 1-1.5hrs 题型分析 对每类题型结合具体实例进行说明,并讲解答题技巧 2.5-3hrs 考点预测 结合题型对可能考查的内容进行预测讲解 　　该项英语考试对面表达的要求在英语四级水平。 　　该项考前紧急冲刺辅导时间紧,任务重,不是零起点辅导,需要有一定的英语基础。 　　 　　Ⅲ.内容讲解 　　考试题型 　　极有可能的题型如下: 　　 案例分析 名词解释 简答题 翻译 　　案例分析是在名词解释、简答题和翻译基础上构建起来的,是这三种题型的综合,因此,在分别介绍各种题型后,将着重研读案例分析及应对策略和答题技巧。 　　目前2006版中国会计准则（CAS 2006）和国际会计准则体系大体趋同,但在诸多细节上仍存在差异。要么是国情特点决定的,要么是引进的新的理念。 　　对于会计科英语考试,主要从以下方面来准备： 　　1.ACCOUNTING TERMS 　　2.ACCOUNTING THEORIES 　　3.ACCOUNITNG APPLICATIONS 　　4.IAS/IFRS/CAS 　　 　　题型分析 　　一、名词解释 　　EXAMPLE 　　Fair Value 　　[答疑编号31010101：针对该题提问] 　　Solution: 　　Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled between knowledgeable, willing parties in an arm's length transaction。 　　所谓公允价值计量模式,就是资产和负债按照在公平交易中,熟悉情况的交易双方自愿进行资产交换或者债务清偿的金额计量。 　　Notes: 　　1.for which…in an arm's length transaction：“介词＋关系词”引导的定语从句，修饰the amount 　　2.arm's length transaction 公平交易 　　答题规律：开门见山，言简意赅 　　二、简答题 　　Of particular importance within the Framework are the definitions and recognition criteria for assets and liabilities. 　　Required： 　　Define assets and liabilities and explain the important aspects of their definitions. Explain why these definitions are of particular importance to the preparation of an entity’s balance sheet and income statement. 　　[答疑编号31010201：针对该题提问] 　　Solution： 　　Definitions–assets： 　　The IASB’s Framework defines assets as‘a resource controlled by an entity as a result of past events and from which future economic benefits are expected to flow to the entity’. 　　The first part of the definition puts the emphasis on control rather than ownership. This is done so that the balance sheet reflects the substance of transactions rather than their legal form. 　　This means that assets that are not legally owned by an entity, but over which the entity has the rights that are normally conveyed by ownership, are recognised as assets of the entity. Common examples of this would be finance leased assets and other contractual rights such as aircraft landing rights. 　　An important aspect of control of assets is that it allows the entity to restrict the access of others to them. The reference to past events prevents assets that may arise in future from being recognised early. 　　国际会计准则委员会的框架文件将资产定义为：由过去事项而由企业控制的、预期会导致未来经济利益流入企业的资源。该定义的前半部分强调的是对控制而不是所有权。之所以这样是因为资产负债表反映的是交易的实质而不是交易的法律形式。这意味着即使在法律上所有权不归企业,但企业享有与拥有该所有权同样的权利，此时也应在资产负债表上将其确认为资产。通常的实例为融资租赁资产和其他类似航空着陆权的其他和约义务。资产的控制权另一重要体现是限制他人对该资产的染指。对过去事件的提及是阻止对未来可能拥有的资产过早得在资产负债表予以确认。 　　－liabilities： 　　The IASB’s Framework defines liabilities as ‘a present obligation of the entity arising from past events, the settlement of which is expected to result in an outflow from the entity of resources embodying economic benefits’. 　　Many aspects of this definition are complementary （as a mirror image） to the definition of assets, however the IASB stresses that the essential characteristic of a liability is that the entity has a present obligation. 　　Such obligations are usually legally enforceable （by a binding contract or by statute）, but obligations also arise where there is an expectation （by a third party） of an entity assuming responsibility for costs where there is no legal requirement to do so. 　　Such obligations are referred to as constructive （by IAS 37 Provisions, contingent liabilities and contingent assets）. An example of this would be repairing or replacing faulty goods （beyond any warranty period） or incurring environmental costs （e.g. landscaping the site of a previous quarry） where there is no legal obligation to do so. Where entities do incur constructive obligations it is usually to maintain the goodwill and reputation of the entity. One area of difficulty is where entities cannot be sure whether an obligation exists or not, it may depend upon a future uncertain event. These are more generally known as contingent liabilities. 　　--负债 　　国际会计准则委员会编报财务报表的框架将负债定义为:企业由于过去事项而承担的现时义务，该义务的履行预期会导致含有经济利益的资源流出企业。该定义许多方面与资产定义遥相呼应。但国际会计准则强调负债的本质特征是指企业要有现时的义务。这样的义务通常在法律上是强制执行的(具有约束力的或法定要求)义务。有时该项义务来来自第三方的期望，即企业会承担某些非法定要求的成本。这样的义务称之为推定义务。例如企业在产品保证期期满后才显现缺陷也要予以修理或承担环保成本，这些都不是法定要求去做的。如果企业产生了推定义务，则是为了保持商誉或信誉而做。但比较困难的一点是企业有时很难确定是否存在一项义务，它将取决于某件将来要发生的不确定事件。这些通常称为或有负债。 　　Importance of the definitions of assets and liabilities： 　　The definitions of assets and liabilities are fundamental to the Framework. Apart from forming the obvious basis for the preparation of a balance sheet, they are also the two elements of financial statements that are used to derive the equity interest （ownership） which is the residue of assets less liabilities. 　　资产和负债的定义是框架文件的基本概念。除了形成编制资产负债表的基础外，他们也是财务报表中用来计算所有者权益的两个因素，所有者权益是资产和负债的差额。 　　Assets and liabilities also have a part to play in determining when income （which includes gains） and expenses （which include losses） should be recognised. Income is recognised （in the income statement） when there is an increase in future economic benefits relating to increases in assets or decreases in liabilities, provided they can be measured reliably. Expenses are the opposite of this. Changes in assets and liabilities arising from contributions from, and distributions to, the owners are excluded from the definitions of income and expenses. 　　资产和负债在确认收入(包括资本利得)和费用(包括损失)。当资产增加或负债减少引发的未来经济利益增加且能准确度量时，在损益表中确认收入。费用确认与此相反.但所有者出资或向所有者分配不在收入和费用的定义涉及范围内。 　　Currently there is a great deal of concern over‘off balance sheet finance’. This is an aspect of what is commonly referred to as creative accounting. 　　Key ratio 　　Many recent company failure scandals have been in part due to companies having often massive liabilities that have not been included on the balance sheet. Robust definitions, based on substance, of assets and liabilities in particular should ensure that only real assets are included on the balance sheet and all liabilities are also included. 　　In contradiction to the above point, there have also been occasions where companies have included liabilities on their balance sheets where they do not meet the definition of liabilities in the Framework. Common examples of this are general provisions and accounting for future costs and losses （usually as part of the acquisition of a subsidiary）. Companies have used these general provisions to smooth profits i.e. creating a provision when the company has a good year （in terms of profit） and releasing them to boost profits in a bad year. Providing for future costs and losses during an acquisition may effectively allow them to bypass the income statement as they would become part of the goodwill figure. 　　目前比较关注的是表外融资。这是通常所说的创造性会计的一部分。最近出现的许多公司破产倒闭丑闻，部分原因都是因为这些公司大量的负债未在资产负债中予以体现。特别是应从资产和负债的实质含义入手，将真实的资产和全部的债务包含在资产负债表中。还有与上述相反的情况，也即公司将不符合负债定义的债务包括在资产负债表中。通常的例子是总体准备和计提将来损失和成本，即以丰补歉的做法。在并购时计提将来成本和损失实际上使之绕过损益表而成为商誉的一部分。 　　三、翻译（英汉互译） 　　A.英译汉 　　Definitions of Four Categories of Financial Assets 　　A financial asset or liability held for trading is one that was acquired or incurred principally for the purpose of generating a profit from short-term fluctuations in price or dealer's margin. A financial asset should be classified as held for trading if, regardless of why it was acquired, it is part of a portfolio for which there is evidence of a recent actual pattern of short-term profit-taking. Derivative financial assets and derivative financial liabilities are always deemed held for trading unless they are designated and effective hedging instruments. 　　Held-to-maturity investments are financial assets with fixed or determinable payments and fixed maturity that an enterprise has the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity other than loans and receivables originated by the enterprise. 　　Besides：除了…，包括所“除”事物在内； 　　Except：除了…，不包括所“除”事物在内。 　　Loans and receivables originated by the enterprise are financial assets that are created by the enterprise by providing money, goods, or services directly to a debtor, other than those that are originated with the intent to be sold immediately or in the short term, which should be classified as held for trading. Loans and receivables originated by the enterprise are not included in held-to-maturity investments but, rather, are classified separately under this Standard. Available-for-sale financial assets are those financial assets that are not （a） loans and receivables originated by the enterprise, （b） held-to-maturity investments, or （c） financial assets held for trading. 　　[答疑编号31010202：针对该题提问] 　　 　　参考译文 　　四类金融资产的定义 　　为交易而持有的金融资产或金融负债,指主要为了从价格或交易商保证金的短期波动中获利而购置的金融资产或承担的金融负债。一项金融资产不论因何种原因购置，如果它属于投资组合的组成部分，且有证据说明最近该组合可实际获得短期收益，则该金融资产应归类为为交易而持有的金融资产。对于衍生金融资产和衍生金融负债，除非它们被指定且是有效的套期工具，否则应认为是为交易而持有的金融资产和金融负债. 　　持有至到期日的投资指具有固定或可确定金额和固定期限，且企业明确打算并能够持有至到期日的金融资产。企业源生的贷款和应收款项不包括在内。 　　企业源生的贷款和应收款项,指企业直接向债务人提供资金、商品或劳务所形成的金融资产。但打算立即或在短期内就转让的贷款和应收款项不包括在内，而应归类为为交易而持有的金融资产。在本准则中，企业源生的贷款和应收款项不应包括在持有至到期日的投资内，而应另行归类。 　　可供出售的金融资产,指不属于以下三类的金融资产：（1）企业源生的贷款和应收款项；（2）持有至到期日的投资；（3）为交易而持有的金融资产。 　　节选自： 国际会计准则第39号——金融工具：确认和计量 　　B.汉译英 　　开发阶段 　　只有当企业可证明以下所有各项时,开发（或内部项目的开发阶段）产生的无形资产应予确认： 　　1.完成该无形资产,使其能使用或销售,在技术上可行； 　　2.有意完成该无形资产并使用或销售它； 　　3.有能力使用或销售该无形资产； 　　4.该无形资产如何产生很可能的未来经济利益.其中,企业应证明存在着无形资产的产出市场或无形资产本身的市场；如果该无形资产将在内部使用,那么应证明该无形资产的有用性； 　　5.有足够的技术、财务资源和其他资源支持,以完成该无形资产的开发,并使用或销售该无形资产； 　　6.对归属于该无形资产开发阶段的支出,能够可靠地计量. 　　[答疑编号31010203：针对该题提问] 　　Development Phase 　　An intangible asset arising from development （or from the development phase of an internal project） should be recognised if, and only if, an enterprise can demonstrate all of the following： 　　（a）the technical feasibility of completing the intangible asset so that it will be available for use or sale； 　　（b）its intention to complete the intangible asset and use or sell it； 　　（c）its ability to use or sell the intangible asset； 　　（d）how the intangible asset will generate probable future economic benefits. Among other things, the enterprise should demonstrate the existence of a market for the output of the intangible asset or the intangible asset itself or, if it is to be used internally, the usefulness of the intangible asset； 　　（e）the availability of adequate technical, financial and other resources to complete the development and to use or sell the intangible asset； 　　（f）its ability to measure the expenditure attributable to the intangible asset during its development reliably. 　　三、案例分析 　　EXAMPLE 2 　　Ambush, a public limited company, is assessing the impact of implementing the revised IAS39 ‘Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement’. The directors realise that significant changes may occur in their accounting treatment of financial instruments and they understand that on initial recognition any financial asset or liability can be designated as one to be measured at fair value through profit or loss （the fair value option）. However, there are certain issues that they wish to have explained and these are set out below. 　　Required: 　　（a）Outline in a report to the directors of Ambush the following information: 　　（i）how financial assets and liabilities are measured and classified, briefly setting out the accounting method used for each category. （Hedging relationship can be ignored.） （10 marks） 　　[答疑编号31010301：针对该题提问] 　　The following report sets out the principal aspects of lAS 39 in the designated areas. 　　（i） Classification of financial instruments and their measurement 　　Financial assets and liabilities are initially measured at fair value which will normally be the fair value of the consideration given or received. Transaction costs are included in the initial carrying value of the instrument unless it is carried at ‘fair value through profit or loss’ When these costs are recognized in the income statement. 　　Financial assets should be classified into four categories: 　　（i） financial assets at fair value through profit or loss 　　（ⅱ）loans and receivables 　　（ⅲ）held-to-maturity investments（HTM） 　　（ⅳ）available-for-sale financial assets（AFS） 　　The first category above has two sub categories which are ‘held for trading’ and those designated to this category at inception/initial recognition. This latter designation is irrevocable. 　　Financial liabilities have two categories: those at fair value through profit of loss, and ‘other’ liabilities. As with financial assets those liabilities designated as at fair value through profit or loss have two sub categories which are the same as those for financial assets. 　　Reclassifications between categories are uncommon and restricted under IAS 39 and are prohibited into and out of the fair value through profit or loss category. Reclassifications between AFS and HTM are possible but it is not possible from loans and receivables to AFS. The held to maturity category is limited in its application as if the company sells or reclassifies more than an immaterial amount of the portfolio, it is barred from using the category for at least two years. 　　Also all remaining HTM investments would be reclassified to AFS. 　　Subsequent measurement of financial assets and liabilities depends on the classification. The following table summarizes the position: 　　Financial Assets Measurement 　　Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss fair value 　　Loans and receivables amortised cost 　　Held to maturity investments amortised cost 　　Available-for-sale financial assets fair value 　　Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss fair value 　　Other financial liabilities amortised cost 　　Amortised cost is the cost of an asset or liability adjusted to achieve a constant effective interest rate over the life of the asset of liability. 　　It is not possible to compute amortised cost for instruments that do not have fixed or determinable payments, such as for equity instruments, and such instruments therefore cannot be classified into these categories. 　　A company must apply the effective interest rate method in the measurement of amortised cost. The effective interest rate method determines how much interest income or interest expense should be reported in profit and loss. 　　For financial assets at fair value through profit or loss and financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss, all changes in fair value are recognized in profit or loss when they occur. This includes unrealized holding gains and losses. 　　For available-for-sale financial assets, unrealized holding gains and losses are deferred in reserves until they are realized and losses are recognized in profit or loss. 　　Investments in unquoted equity instruments that cannot be reliably measured at fair value are subsequently measured at cost. Unrealized holding gains/losses are not normally recognized in profit/loss. 　　答题思路： 　　1.其实是考查名词解释、简答题、翻译 　　2.基本准则：在案例给定的框架和范围内 　　3.问什么答什么 　　EXAMPLE 1 　　Trident, a public limited company, operates in the financial services sector and is planning to prepare its first financial statements under international Financial Reporting Standards （IFRSs） as at 31 December 2005. The Generally Accepted Accounting Practices （GAAP） used by Trident are very similar to IFRS but there are some differences which are set out below. The Group is currently preparing its local GAAP financial statements for the year ending 31 December 2004. 　　The company has two foreign subsidiaries, Spar and Mask, both public limited companies. Spar is 80% owned by Trident and prepared its first IFRS financial statement at 31 December 2003 in order to comply with local legislation. Trident acquired a 70% holding in Mask in 1999.Mask was consolidated from that date using purchase accounting practices that are similar but not the same as those used by IFRS. However the local rules relating to the financial statements of Mask as regards, for example, the concept of substance over form are totally different to IFRS. Mask has adopted the international accounting standards relating to financial instruments in its own financial statements for the year ended 31 December 2003 because these standards had been incorporated into the local legislation. 　　Group policy is to amortise goodwill but some goodwill had been totally written off against retained earnings on the acquisition of certain subsidiaries. On the disposal or closure of the business to which the goodwill related, goodwill previously eliminated against retained earnings is charged to the income statement. The gains and losses on the translation of the financial statement of overseas subsidiaries have been charged to retained earnings for many years and not recycled to the income statement on the disposal of subsidiaries. 　　 On 30 October 2004, the Group revalued its tangible non-current assets and incorporated these values into its financial statement. The company uses a straight line method to depreciate its tangible non-current assets. Further Trident had been developing computer software which was to be used as a financial modeling tool. The software cost had not been capitalised but charged to the income statement. 　　The Group has a separately administered defined benefit pension scheme. Contributions are charged to the income statement and the regular pension costs are attributed using the projected unit method. Variations in pension costs as a result of actuarial valuations are amortised over the average remaining service lives of employees. No actuarial gains and losses had been recognised in the financial statements. 　　Trident has several financial instruments in issue. It has preference share capital which was originally redeemable on 1 January 2001. However if the preference shareholders so wish the capital can be converted into ordinary shares of Trident at any time up to 31 December 2007 at which time the preference shares will be converted compulsorily. Additionally Trident enters into foreign exchange contracts to hedge existing monetary assets and liabilities, and hedges against the effects of changes in exchange rates in the net investment in overseas subsidiaries. Hedge accounting is currently not used by Trident. 　　Required: 　　Based on the information above, draft a memorandum to the Directors of Trident setting out: 　　（a） the general principles behind IFES1 ‘First-time Adoption of international Financial Reporting Standards’.（5 marks） 　　[答疑编号31010302：针对该题提问] 　　（b） whether the measurement criteria in IFRS1 would be applied to the opening balances of Mask and Spar in the first IFRS group financial statements. （5 marks） 　　[答疑编号31010303：针对该题提问] 　　Solution 　　Memorandum to the Directors of Trident, a public limited company 　　Implications of IFRS1 ‘First time Adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards’ 　　（a）The introduction of IFRS1 will have wide implications for any company which adopts IFRSs for the first time. The IFRS applies when a company adopts IFRSs for the first time by an explicit and unreserved statement of compliance with IFRSs. 　　The opening balance sheet for the purpose of IFRS1 and the date of transition will be as at 1 January 2004 as this is the beginning of the comparative period. As of that date the company will have to: 　　（ⅰ）Recognise and derecognise assets and liabilities as required by IFRSs 　　（ⅱ）Reclassify items recognised under local GAAP as an asset, liability or equity that are treated differently under IFRSs 　　（ⅲ）Apply IFRSs in measuring all recognised assets and liabilities 　　（ⅳ）Recognise any adjustments required to move from previous GAAP to IFRS directly in retained earnings or an appropriate category of equity. 　　IFRS1 grants limited exemptions from these re