英国教育体系-英文

Chapter5TheBritishEducationalSystemSchoolToday Pre-primarySchools PrimarySchools SecondarySchools University/College Pre-PrimarySchools Pre-schooleducationisavailable(oftenonafee-payingbasis)forchildrenaged2to4/5throughplaygroupsandnurseryschools(manyareprivate). Theemphasisisongroupwork,creativeactivityandguidedplay. 1.StateSchools(公立学校):11-yearCompulsoryEducation(5-16) StatePrimarySchool→ComprehensiveSchool(84%),GrammarSchool(3%)orSecondaryModernSchool(7%)2.PublicSchools/IndependentSchools(独立学校/公学): PrepSchool→Public(Independent)School(7%)TwoSystemsofprimaryandsecondaryeducationinBritain:Question:Whatarethemaindifferences betweenthetwo? Stateschools Publicschools SchoolFunding Statefundingfromcentralgovernment;Supplementedbylocalfinance Tuitionfees;Endowments(捐赠)ordonationsfromsociety(esp.alumnitotheiralmamaters) Attendance 93% 7% TeachingStaffandFacilities Publicschoolshavebetterteachingstaff&facilities. Graduates Studentsfromthepublicschoolsaremorepromising,e.g.EtonCollegehaseducated20PrimeMinisters,6ChancellorsofExchequers,etc.PrimaryPhase Compulsoryeducationbeginsat5inEngland,WalesandScotlandand4inNorthernIreland. Pupilsmainlyattendstatesectorprimaryschools(co-educationalormixedschools).InfantsSchools=FirstSchools(for2yearsfrom5) JuniorSchools(for4yearsto11) There’slittleornospecialistsubjectteachingandgreatemphasisisonliteracyandnumeracyinearlyyears. PrepSchools(预备学校)(from7/8to13)(separate;fees;entranceexam)SecondarySchools StateSchools(93%)1.ComprehensiveSchools(84%)(Noentranceexam,generaleducation)2.GrammarSchools(“the11plus”examination,preparingpupilswithacademicpotentialforhighereducation)(3%)3.SecondaryModernSchools(7%) PublicSchools=IndependentSchools(7%)TheNationalCurriculum English Design&Technology Geography Mathematics InformationTechnology Music Science Art PhysicalEducation History ModernForeignLanguageExams Compulsoryeducationendsatage16. At16,studentsinEnglandandWalestakeGCSE(GeneralCertificateofSecondaryEducation)examinationsinvolvingafinalexam,anassessmentofworkdoneduringthetwo-yearcourse,orbothofthesethings.Thentheycanleaveschoolandfindajob. OtherpupilswhodecidenottogotouniversitymaychoosetotakevocationaltrainingandgettheGNVQ(GeneralNationalVocationalQualification).PublicSchools IntheUKprivateschoolsareconfusinglycalledpublicschools! Onlyenrollpupilsfromprepschools. Hightuitionfees+largequantityofsocialendowments=affordingsmallerclasses+betterfaculty(withnicesalaries) Mainlysingle-sexratherthanco-edschools. Boardingschools. Question:Whoareattendingsuchschools? Thestudentsarelargelyfromaristocratic(贵族)andupperclassfamilies. Despitethehighfeestheyaccountforaround7%ofthetotalschoolpopulation. BUTopponentsvoicedoubts:It’ssociallydivisiveandbreedselitism;theyareofferingmorepromisingopportunitiesto7%ofBritishchildren,butit’sunfairfortheremaining93%!TheMostWell-knownPublicSchools: EtonCollege(1440byKingHenryVI)　 HarrowSchool(1571)(Byron,Churchill)(forBoysonly) WinchesterCollege(1394) RugbySchool(1567)(Rugbywasfirstplayedhere.)Tosendaboytoaleadingpublicschoolcosts￡1200to￡2000,even￡3500aterm.EtonCollege ForboysONLY! Itsstudentsarefromnobleandupperclassfamilies.(PrinceCharles,William&Harry) Sofar,about20PMswereeducatedatEton. Theschoolfeeincludestuition,board&lodging,laundry,personalaccidentinsurance,andthecostofmostactivities. HowmuchisthetuitionatEton?Anannualfeeofabout￡16,000.EtonCollegeEtonPupilswiththetutorHigherEducation AllBritishuniversitiesareself-governingandfee-charging.TheyreceivefinancialaidthroughtheUniversityGrantsCommitteefromthegovernment. Over42%ofpupilsbecomeuniversitystudentsonleavingschoolat18. 110universitiesinUK(93inEngland,13inScotland,2inWalesand2inN.Ireland) 3categories:olduniversities,redbrickuniversities(1850-1930),newuniversities(WWII-present).EntranceProcedures InthethirdtermofYear12,studentspreparetheirapplicationstouniversity. ApplicationsarethenmadeinthefirsttermoftheYear13throughonecentralizedorganizationknownasUCAS(UniversitiesandCollegesAdmissionsService大学院校入学委员会). Studentscanapplytoamaximumof6universities/institutions. Admission–selectiononbasisofAlevelresults&aninterview. Fee-charging(ontheaverage:￡1200-3000) Degrees BA/BSc3yearsfull-time MA/MSc1yearfull-time/2yearspart-time PhDatleast3yearsoriginalresearch BA:BachelorofArts (文学学士)BSc:BachelorofScience(理学学士)BS:同上Independentwork Studentsaresupposedtoinvestigateatopicindetailanddeveloptheirownviewsaboutit.(off-campusresearch) Thisusuallyinvolvesworkingindividuallyorinasmallgroupwithotherstudentstoresearchatopic. Producewrittenworkormakepresentationforaseminar.Coursework课程论文／学年作业 Thismayincludeessays,reports,projects,presentationsorreflections. Courseworkisassessedandgivengrades. Assessment:acombinationofmethods Question:Isthewrittenexamamustforcourseassessment?NOTnecessarily!TakeMarketingManagementforexample,coursework65%(grouppresentation20%+individualreflection20%+businessplan25%)+writtenexam35%Plagiarism剽窃 Plagiarismmeanspresentingotherpeople’sworkasone'sownwithoutacknowledgingthesourceorreferencing. Cheatingorplagiarismcanresultinstudentsnotbeingallowedtograduate. Adviceisnormallygivenbyyourprofessorsonanacceptablewayandamountofreferencing.(footnote/bibliography)CambridgeCambridgeUniversitywasfoundedin1209bystudentsfleeingfromOxfordafteroneofthemanyepisodesofviolencebetweentheuniversityandthetownofOxford.FamousStudents JohnMilton CharlesDarwin PrinceCharlesOxfordUniversityFamousStudents OscarWilde SamuelJohnson BillClinton TonyBlair MargaretThatcherOxford LegendhasitthatOxfordUniversitywasfoundedbyKingAlfredin872toencourageeducationandestablishschoolsthroughouthisterritory.Likeagrammarschool,itwasjustaplaceforteachingLatingrammaratthattime.TheUniversityactuallybeganinthe12thcenturyasgatheringsofstudentsaroundpopularmasters.Theuniversityconsistedofpeople,notbuildings.Thebuildingscamelaterasarecognitionofsomethingthatalreadyexisted.Inaway,Oxfordwasneverfounded;itgrew.ChancellorofOxford Oxfordisoneofthegreatestuniversitiesintheworld.Ithasplayedadistinguishedpartinthehistoryofourcountryandourcontinent,andhasmuchtocontributetooursuccessandourwell-beingasacivilizedcommunityinthefuture. ChrisPatten