单词记忆法

一、根据构词法记忆单词 （一）、常见前缀 表示否定意义的前缀 un: unbelievable uncomfortable unconscious unfair uneasy unlike unknown unusual unexpected unemployment unfortunately in: indirect inevitable incorrect incomplete independent im: impossible impatient impractical impolite il: illegal ir: irrespective irregular irresponsible mis: mistake misunderstand mislead misfortune misconduct dis: disadvantage discourage disabled disagree disapprove discount discover disappear disorder non: nonsense non-smoking ab: abuse anti: anti-Japanese anti-smoking 表示时间、序列的前缀 pre (前，预先): preview preschool prehistory previous post (后): postwar postgraduate pro (向前): proceed progress prolong re (回，再): review recycle react reproduce recover reform refresh renew restore 表示方向、位置的前缀 inter (在…之间): international interact interview internet in/im (向内): internal indoor inside interior import immigrate ex (向外): export exterior external exceed under (在下面): underestimate underground underline undergraduate trans (横过、): transport transplant transform transmit out (外): outdoor outwards outside mid (在中间): midnight midday mid-term 表示数量、大小的前缀 uni (一，统一): unique unite unity universal uniform min (少，减): minor minus minimum multi (多): multiply multinational multiple 动词性前缀 en: enable enjoy enforce encourage （二）、常见后缀 常见名词后缀： ness: weakness illness fitness happiness ment: treatment statement argument arrangement equipment management development employment improvement achievement punishment measurement replacement ion: invention selection suggestion election education prevention reflection radiation rejection reaction instruction distinction devotion innovation attraction expression impression tion: intention attention sion: expansion explosion decision extension collision ation: invitation realization imagination modernization obligation foundation determination reservation industrialization application ship: friendship scholarship ownership relationship hardship leadership (人): ity: popularity quality maturity personality publicity security diversity dom: freedom wisdom age: storage package postage marriage shortage al: refusal removal arrival proposal survival approval ism: tourism organism criticism y: discovery recovery injury difficulty delivery ure: failure pressure exposure departure ence: difference patience independence absence evidence confidence ance: distance significance resistance importance ignorance ist (人): tourist scientist specialist ant (人): servant immigrant applicant assistant accountant consultant defendant inhabitant ian (人): technician musician electrician or (人): survivor operator inventor governor conductor competitor er (人): manufacturer consumer customer owner prisoner employer 常见形容词后缀： ful (充满…的): faithful fearful hopeful fruitful helpful respectful graceful painful cheerful thoughtful powerful y (…的): wealthy thirsty worthy hasty lucky noisy faulty less (无…的): hopeless useless worthless restless helpless meaningless al (…的): national original practical natural musical occasional medical formal personal professional experimental able (能…的、可…的): suitable valuable respectable remarkable favorable reliable profitable fashionable miserable noticeable portable reasonable honorable preferable desirable acceptable comparable comfortable ly (…的): timely friendly deadly costly ic (…的): symbolic heroic classic historic organic ial (…的) : industrial racial commercial beneficial financial influential ive (…的): respective effective impressive expensive progressive attractive protective comparative ious (…的): suspicious mysterious ous (…的): poisonous humorous dangerous ish (似…的): childish foolish bookish ent: different patient independent absent evident confident ant: distant significant resistant important ignorant 常见动词后缀： en: weaken lengthen harden widen threaten frighten strengthen ize: realize specialize summarize modernize civilize criticize apologize sympathize fy: qualify justify classify （三）、合成词 gentleman hometown homework housework mankind Second-hand earthquake playground mainland widespread spacecraft Postcard Postman taxpayer wildlife mailbox supermarket Headline deadline timetable football Pastime hardware spaceship stockholder 二、根据场景记忆单词 1、School\university teacher, advisor, supervisor, president, dean, professor student, freshman, sophomore, junior, senior, undergraduate, graduate, postgraduate homework\assignment, paper\thesis, quiz\test\exam, marks\grades\scores\credits, pass\fail Bachelor’s\Master’s \Doctor’s degree, diploma, certificate major, department, course\subject, compulsory\optional course, academic year, term\semester, schedule, office hour school record\report, scholarship\awards enroll\register, admit, quit school, drop course dinning hall, dorm, language lab rent, lease, tenant\lodger, landlady\landlord Library\librarian borrow\return, renew, due, overdue, fine books, periodicals, fiction, reference books, magazines, volume, issue reading room, shelf, library card, library catalogue Hospital\clinic doctor, surgeon, physician, patient flu, cold, fever\temperature, pain, ache, cancer, broken leg check, medicine\drug, injection\shot, pill\tablet\capsule\pain killer, dose, treatment, cure, prescription, drug store, the chemist’s, recover, get better\get worse, Restaurant customer, waiter\waitress\hostess, manager menu, order, drink, tip, bill, go Dutch, reserve\book a table appetizer, main dish, dissert, steak, salad, toast, ham, jam, sausage, butter, pepper Hotel receptionist, reception desk book\reserve a room, make a reservation, single\double room with a bath, vacant, fully booked, check in \check out, shuttle, room service Shop shop assistant\sales girl\sales man, customer, cashier look for, buy, purchase, take, try …on price, cheap\bargain\reasonable, expensive\costly\dear, discount\on sale\20% off in stock\out of stock, sold out, color, size, style, cotton, leather, wool Airport air hostess\stewardess, passenger, airplane\ flight\airline, customs luggage, passport, ticket, boarding pass, departure gate, a window seat check in, take off\land, fasten the safety-belt, claim the luggage, delay, declare Post office registered mail\ air mail, postage, parcel, printed matter, postcard, zip code, address Bank cash the check, open an account, withdraw\draw, deposit, exchange, interest rate, clerk Telephone Switchboard, extension, collect call, phone booth, out-going calls, in-coming calls dial, put sb. through, get through, the line is busy, hold the line\ hold on, leave\take a message 三、通过阅读积累单词 Passage 1 Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage: In the USA, 85% of the population over the age of 21 approve of the death penalty. In the many states which still have the death penalty, some use the electrical chair, which can take up to 20 minutes to kill, while others use gas or lethal injection. The first of these was the case of Ruth Ellis who was hanged for shooting her lover in what was generally regarded as a crime of passion. The second was hanged for murders which, it was later proved, had been committed by someone else. The pro-hanging lobby uses four main arguments to support its call for the reintroduction of capital punishment. First, there is the deterrence theory, which argues that the potential murderers would think twice before committing the act if they knew that they might die if they were caught. The armed bank robber might, go back to being unarmed. The other two arguments are more suspect. The idea of retribution demands that criminals should get what they deserve: if a murderer intentionally set out to commit a crime, he should accept the consequences. Retribution, which is just another word for revenge, is supported by the religious doctrine of an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. The arguments against the death penalty are largely humanitarian. But there are also statistical reasons for opposing it: the deterrence figure do not add up. In Britain, 1903 was the record for executions and yet in 1904 the number of murders actually rose. There was a similar occurrence in 1946 and 1947. if the deterrence theory were correct, the rate should have fallen. The other reasons to oppose the death penalty are largely a mater of individual conscience and belief. One is that murder is murder and the state has no more right to take a life than the individual. The other is Christianity advises forgiveness, not revenge. 1. The passage is mainly about _______. the argument in favor of the death penalty the argument against the death penalty the argument about the reintroduction of the death penalty the argument about the abolition of the death penalty 2. All of the following death penalty methods are mentioned in the passage EXCEPT ________. A. the electrical chair B. the lethal injection C. the poisonous gas D. the shooting 3. According to the first four paragraphs, which of the following statements is NOT correct? The death penalty may help the potential murders to arouse moral awareness. Ruth Ellis was shot by her lover, which was regarded as a crime of passion. The intentional murder should eat his own bitter fruit. According to the religious doctrine, punishment should serve as the injury suffered. 4. In Paragraph 3, “deterrence” means _________. A. proclamation B. protest C. protection D. prevention 5. We can learn from the last paragraph that _________. neither state not the individual has the right to take a life The state has the right to take a life but the individual does not The death penalty has nothing to do with individual conscience and belief The deterrence figures have added up and the execution rate has fallen. Passage 2 Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage. With the possible exception of equal rights, perhaps the most controversial issue across the United States today is death penalty. Many argue that it is an effective deterrent (威慑) murder, while others maintain there is no convincing evidence that the death penalty reduces the number of murders. The principal argument advanced by those opposed to the death penalty, basically is that it is cruel and inhuman punishment, that it is the mark of a brutal society, and finally that its is of questionable effectiveness as a deterrent to crime anyway. In our opinion, the death penalty is a necessary evil. Throughout recorded history there have always been those extreme individuals in every society who were capable of terribly violent crimes such as murder. But some are more extreme than others. For example, it is one thing to take the life of another is a fit of blind rage, but quite another to coldly plot and carry out the murder of one or more people in the style of a butcher. Thus, murder, like all other crimes, is a matter of relative degree. While is could be argued with some conviction that the criminal in the first instance should be merely isolated from society, such should not be the fate of the latter type murder. The value of the death penalty as a deterrent to crime may be open to debate. But the overwhelming majority of citizens believe that the death penalty protects them. Their belief is reinforced by evidence which shows that the death penalty deters murder. For example, from 1954 to 1963, when the death penalty was consistently imposed in California, the murder rate remained between three and four murders for each 100, 000 population. Since 1964 the death penalty has been imposed only once, and the murder rate has arisen to 10.4 murders for each 100, 000 population. The sharp climb in the state’s murder rate, which began when executions stopped, is no coincidence. It is convincing evidence that the death penalty does deter many murderers. If the bill reestablishing the death penalty is vetoed (否决)，innocent people will be murdered—some whose lives may have been saved if the death penalty were in effect. This is literally a life or death matter. The lives of thousands of innocent people must be protected. 6. The principal purpose of the passage is to _________. A. speak for the majority B. initiate a veto of death penalty C. criticize the government D. argue for the value of the death penalty 7. The passage attempts to establish a relationship between ________. the murder rate and the imposition of the death penalty the effects of execution and the effects of isolation the importance of equal rights and that of the death penalty executions and murders 8. The author’s response to those who urge the death penalty for all degrees of murder would most likely be ________. A. negative B. friendly C. supportive D. hostile 9. In the passage the author is primarily concerned with ________. A. analyzing a problem objectively B. settling a dispute C. supporting a position D. describing an event 10. It can be inferred that the author thinks that _______. the death penalty is the most controversial issue in the United States today the second type murders (in Paragraph 4) should be sentenced to death the veto of the bill reestablishing the death penalty is of little importance the value of the death penalty as a deterrent to crime is not to be debated Passage 3 Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage: At the Kyoto conference on global warming in December 1997, it became abundantly clear how complex it has become to work out international agreements relating to the environment because of economic concerns unique to each country. It is no longer enough to try to forbid certain activities or to reduce emissions of certain substances. The global challenges of the interlink between the environment and development increasingly bring us to the core of the economic life of states. During the late 1980s we were able, through international agreements, to make deep cuts in emissions harmful to the ozone layer. These reductions were made possible because substitutions had been found for many of the harmful chemicals and, more important, because the harmful substances could be replaced without negative effects on employment and the economies of states. Although the threat of global warming known to the world for decades and all countries and leaders agree that we need to deal with the problem, we also know that the effects of measures, especially harsh measures taken in some countries, would be mollified (抵消) if other countries do not control their emissions. Whereas the UN team on climate change has found that the emissions of carbon dioxide would have to be cut globally by 60% to stabilize the content of CO2, in the atmosphere, this path is not feasible for several reasons. Such deep cuts would cause a breakdown of the world economy. Important and populous low-or-medium-income countries are not willing to undertake legal commitments about their energy uses. In addition, the state of world technology would not yet permit us to make such a big leap. We must, however, find a solution to the threat of global warming early in the 21st century. Such a commitment would require a degree of shared vision and common responsibilities new to humanity. Success lies in the force of imaginations, in imagining what would happen if we fail to act. Although many living in cold regions would welcome the global-warming effect of a warmer summer, few would cheer the arrival of the subsequent tropical diseases, especially where there had been none. 11. The main purpose of the passage is to ________. analyze the problem of global warming argue against making deep cuts in emissions convince people that global warming is a real threat criticize some countries for refusing to cut down emissions harmful to the ozone layer 12. The reason why it is difficult to get rid of the threat of global warming is that ________. not all the countries are willing to make deep cuts in emissions many people welcome the global-warming effects a warmer summer the leaders of many countries are not fully aware of the gravity of the problem world technology is not able to solve the problem 13. In the passage the author implies that _________. the world has recently become aware of the threat of global warming the problem of global warming has largely been solved it is always difficult to work out international agreements to cut down emissions harmful to the ozone layer it is no longer easy to reach international agreements relating to the environment 14.According to the author, it is impossible at present to cut 60% of carbon dioxide emissions globally because __________. some people are irresponsible it would cause a collapse of the world economy it is only a goal to be reached in the future some people are lacking in imagination 15. What should all countries do to help solve the problem of global warming? They should hold another world conference on climate change. They should provide advanced technology. They should replace all the harmful substances. They should willingly undertake legal commitments about their energy uses. Passage 4 Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage: The word science is heard so often in modern times that almost everybody has some notion of its meaning. On the other hand, its definition is difficult for many people. The meaning of the term is confused, but everyone should understand its meaning and objectives. Just to make the explanation as simple as possible, suppose science is defined as classified knowledge (facts). Even in the true sciences distinguishing fact from fiction is not always easy. For this reason great care should be taken to distinguish between beliefs and truths. There is no danger as long as a clear difference is made between temporary and proved explanations. For example, hypotheses (假设) and theories are attempts to explain natural phenomena. From these positions the scientist continues to experiment and observe until they are proved or discredited. The exact status of any explanation should be clearly labeled to avoid confusion. The objectives of science are primarily the discovery and the subsequent understanding of the unknown. Man cannot be satisfied with recognizing that secrets exist in nature or that questions are unanswerable; he must solve them. Toward that end specialists in the field of biology and related fields of interest are directing much of their time and energy. Actually, two basic approaches lead to the discovery of new information. One, aimed at studying curiosity, is referred to as pure science. The other is aimed at using knowledge for specific purposes—for instance, improving health, raising standards of living, or creating new consumer products. In this case knowledge is put to economic use. Such an approach is referred to as applied science. Sometimes practical-minded people miss the point of pure science in thinking only of its immediate application for economic rewards. Chemists responsible for many of the discoveries could hardly have anticipated that their findings would one day result in application of such a practical nature as those directly related to life and death. The discovery of one bit of information opens the door to the discovery of another. Some discoveries seem so simple that one is amazed they were not made years ago; however, one should remember that the construction of the microscope had to precede the discovery of the cell. The host of scientists dedicating their lives to pure science are not apologetic about ignoring the practical side of their discoveries; they know from experience that most knowledge is eventually app