2010年考研英语词汇基础

2010年考研英语词汇基础 核心词汇突破 词汇是语言的基本元素，词汇量小就读不懂阅读，写不出文章。因此，背单词是学英语关键的一步。考研英语难，其中词汇更是一道难关，虽然考试中不考词汇，但是从阅读、翻译、写作等多方面都考到了对词汇的灵活掌握和具体运用，也就是说，只有真正掌握理解了才能考出好成绩。 鉴于广大考生以前参加过四、六级，大都具备了一定的语法和词汇知识，所以，在这里将着重讲述考研英语测试中将要运用到的词汇难点与重点。 第一节 名词的理解与运用 一．英语中的名词在句子中的作用如下：名词在句子中可做主语、宾语、语、定语、宾补、同位语等。 ① Prices range from $ 6 to $ 19 for a dozen short or long roses. ② Nothing says love like a dozen long-stemmed roses on Valentine’s Day. ③ It’s going to remain the most popular flower because love never goes out of style. ④ This is a private firm that studies the flower industry. ⑤ The modern white furniture and wall-to-wall mirrors give the store an expensive look. ⑥ We consider it a good opportunity to study abroad. ⑦ Some women are normally inactive but then all of a sudden start a program of intense training, an action which violates the laws of sports science. 二．常用的后缀 ①．表示“人”意义的名词后缀 -Ant---- immigrant（移民） applicant（申请人） assistant（助手） descendant（后代） pollutant（污染物） inhabitant（居民） -An –ian----人 Arabian（阿拉伯人） Asian（亚洲人） Australian（澳大利亚人） Italian（意大利人） musician（音乐家） librarian（图书管理员） physician（内科医生） politician（政治家） technician（技术工） historian（历史学家） magician（魔术师） comedian（喜剧家） -Ee----人（被动） employee（雇员） refugee（难民） payee（收款人） absentee（缺席者） examinee（考生） trainee（受训者） -Er/-eer/-or 人 Daughter/owner, lawyer, trainer（教练） barber（理发师） butcher（屠户） carrier（运输者） /ancestor（祖先） bachelor（单身汉） conductor（指挥者） director（主任） senator（议员） operator（操作者） sponsor（赞助者） worshipper（崇拜者） mountaineer（登山人） profiteer（投机倒把者） sightseers（观光者） volunteer（志愿者） pioneer（先驱） -Ent 人 correspondent（记者） client（客户） parent, resident（居民） patient（病人） agent（代理人，中介） patent（专利） -ist 人，主义者 Scientist linguist（语言学家） therapist（治疗家） controversialist（好争论者） activist（活动家） novelist（小说家） nationalist（民族主义者） physicist（物理学家） psychologist（心理学家） tourist（游客） geneticist（基因学家） motorist（汽车司机） ②．表示“关系、特征”等意义的名词后缀 -ship 状态,性质 friendship（友谊） hardship（困境） leadership（领导身份） membership（会员资格） ownership（所有关系） relationship（关系） scholarship（学者身份） comradeship（同志身份） professorship（教授身份） -hood 身份，性质，时代 childhood（儿童时代） neighborhood（邻里） likelihood（可能性） livelihood（生计） boyhood（男孩时代） -ance / -ence 性质，状态 acceptance acquaintance（熟识） advance（进步） allowance（补贴） appearance（出现，外表） appliance（器具） conscience（良知） resistance（阻挡） insurance（保险） nuisance（讨厌） performance(表现) resemblance（相似性） -cion -sion –tion 动作，状态 consumption（消费） assimilation（吸收、同化） comprehension（理解） depression（沮丧，萧条） desperation（绝望） invention（发明） invasion（侵略） modernization（现代化） permission（容许） possession（拥有） suspicion（怀疑） tension（紧张） transmission（输送，传递） industrialization（工业化） notification（通知） -ism---- 主义Americanism（美国主义）heroism（英雄主义） consumerism -mania---- 反常行为或狂热 soccer mania=soccer-mad -holic----痴迷者，疯狂者 workaholic(工作狂) -ment 运动 agreement（） appointment（约定，任命） argument（观点） arrangement（安排） monument（纪念碑） movement（运动） parliament（议会） payment（支付） replacement（替换） requirement（） settlement（解决） treatment（治疗，待遇） -ness 性质, 状态 casualness（随意） illness（疾病） carelessness(粗心) sleeplessness(失眠) awareness(意识) richness(富裕) friendliness(友好) greatness(伟大) happiness -cide — suicide（自杀） insecticide（杀虫剂） pesticide（杀虫剂） -cy---- literacy（识字） accuracy（准确性） tendency(倾向) policy(政策) emergency(紧急情况) intimacy(亲密) efficiency(效率) sufficiency(足够) dependency(依赖) -Ery---- fishery（渔业） machinery（机械） misery（痛苦） mystery(神秘性) discovery(发现) delivery(送，发表演说)。 --ry---- poetry（诗歌） citizenry（公民） entry(加入，进入) -age 状态，集合 表示行为、状态 voyage（航海） advantage（好处） baggage（行李） courage（勇气） garbage（垃圾） storage（储存） luggage（行李） beverage（饮料） damage（破坏,损害） -al -----approval（赞成、批准） arrival（到达） interval（间隔）removal（搬，移走） -ing----行动，行业，的 being（生命体） beginning（开始） ending（结束）。 -ity----- uniformity（统一, 一致） curiosity（好奇性） personality（个性） reality（现实） publicity（宣传） similarity（个性） -ics /-ology 学科 psychology（心理学） technology（技术） ideology（思想体系） anthropology(人类学) geology（地质学） physics（物理学） -th----结果，过程 warmth（温暖） truth（真理，真实性） width（宽度） -ty ---- liberty（自由） specialty（专长，特长） anxiety（焦虑） advisability（可行性） unpredictability（不可预测性） -phobia----- 对…过度恐惧 claustrophobia(幽闭恐怖症) 英语中有少数名词的单、复数形式在词义方面相当不同或绝对不同。例如： Last night, I had words with Mr. Bob, the group leader, for a long time. We had very good words. In shorts, I was touched by his confidences and I was very satisfied with the last words said by Mr. Bob about the possibility of our project. 类似的词还有：affairs（事物，事情）, airs（气氛）, arms（武器）, ages（很长一段时间）, authorities（当局，政府）, brains（智力）, clothes, celebrities( 名人), customs（海关）, drinks( 饮料), experiences（经历）, goods, greens（绿叶，植物）, grounds（理由）, lessons（教训）, manners（礼貌，规矩，风格）, means（方法，手段）, minutes（会议记录）, news, pains（努力，辛苦）, peoples（种族，民族）, papers（报纸、考卷、论文、文件）, quarters（住所，住处）, sands（沙滩）, spirits（情绪）, sights（景观）, times, terms（条件、术语）, works（作品）。 名词中还有些仅以复数形式出现，如：spectacles（眼镜），trousers（裤子），findings(调查结果), savings（储金）, belongings（所有物，财产）, surroundings（环境），teachings(教导 ), earnings（薪水），remains（遗物）, thanks（感谢），regards（问候）。 三．主题名词的重复、指代和替换 Do we need laws that prevent us from running risks with our lives? If so, then perhaps laws are needed prohibiting （禁止）the sale of cigarettes and alcoholic（烈性）drinks. Both products have been known to kill people. The hazards（危险）of drinking too much alcohol are as bad as or worse than the hazards of smoking too many cigarettes. All right then, let’s pass a law closing the liquor stores and bars in this country. Let’s put an end forever to the dangerous disease from which as many as 10 million Americans now suffer ---- alcoholism（酗酒）. 四．真题阅读 4.1 Repetition--- repetition of the same words or word groups Paragraph 1 Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialization was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity. (01) 1. The direct reason for specialization is _______ [A] the development in communication. [B] the growth of professionalisation. [C] the expansion of scientific knowledge. [D] the splitting up of academic societies. 4.2 主题名词定词义 Paragraph 2 There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow. As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to universalize access---after all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are. More and more governments, afraid their countries will be left behind, want to spread Internet access. Within the next decade or two, one to two billion people on the planet will be netted together. As a result, I now believe the digital divide will narrow rather than widen in the years ahead. And that is very good news because the Internet may well be the most powerful tool for combating world poverty that we’ve ever had. 2. Governments attach importance to the Internet because it _____. [A] offers economic potentials [B] can bring foreign funds [C] can soon wipe out world poverty [D] connects people all over the world 4.3 上下义词解题（考研真题多次出现） Paragraph 3 A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research. Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pre-technological utopia. But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are anti-science, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest. 3. Which of the following is true according to the passage? [A] Environmentalists were blamed for anti-science in an essay. [B] Politicians are not subject to the labeling of anti-science. [C] The government officers tend to tag others as anti-science. [D] All organizations are justifiable in tagging themselves as “anti-science” . 五．名词中同义词和近形词 1．表示“能力”意思的词语：Ability, capability, competency, faculty, capacity, gift, talent 2．表示“目的、目标”意思的词语：Aim, purpose, aim, intent, intention, goal, objective, end. 3．表示“关系、联系”意思的词语：Ties, bonds, connection, association, relations, combination, relationship, interrelations, relevance, interrelations. 4．表示“差别”意思的词语：Difference, distinction, differentiation 5．表示“资本、资金”意思的词语：Capital, fund, money, 6．表示“个人”意思的词语：Person, people, folks, individuals 7．表示“意义、含义”意思的词语：Meaning, significance, implication, connotation, 8．表示“部分、成分”意思的词语：Part, element, ingredient, component, factor, section, fragment 9．表示“不平等、歧视”意思的词语：Inequality, bias, prejudice, discrimination 10．表示“对手、支持者”意思的词语：Opponent, rivals, enemy, proponent, advocates 11．表示“商品”意思的词语：Commodity, goods, 12．表示“将来”意思的词语：Future, prospect, 13．表示“理由”意思的词语：Reason, ground, cause. 14．表示“后代、子孙”意思的词语：Offspring, descendant, posterity, children 15．表示“错误”意思的词语：Blunder, error, mistake, fault。 16．表示“基础”意思的词语：Basis, foundation, ground。 17．表示“会议”意思的词语：Assembly, conference, congress, seminar, session, summit, symposium, meeting, gathering, party。 18．字形相似的词：welfare（福利）, warfare（战争）, farewell（告别） 19．字形相似的词：attitude（态度）, altitude（海拔，高度）, magnitude（数量）, multitude（多数）, aptitude（天资，天赋）, latitude（纬度, 地区, gratitude(感谢) 20．字形相似的词：convention(习俗，传统), conversion（变化，转换）, conviction（坚定的信念或看法）, conservation（保存，保持）, conversation（交谈） 六．名词与介词的搭配 1. He gained advantage over other boys. / take advantage of the opportunity. /What's your impression of her? / His speech made an impression on the audience. /There is a great need for international understanding. / in need of something. /He has a preference for (喜欢 )foreign movies. /I should choose tea in preference to coffee. I have made a search for the missing paper. We are still in search of the missing boy. /I have got confidence _ you. I am confident ______ your success in English exams. She took great pride ___ her unique beauty. /She is proud _____ her own beauty. He prides himself _____ his independent voice. Comprehension Exercise 1. The improvement, invention and use of a series of instruments 2. The notion of not discriminating on the basis of inborn talent 3. A study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia 4. The selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual 5. Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water ____________________________________________________________________________. 第二节 动词的理解与运用 一． 动词的分类及用法 根据意义和句法功能，动词可分类为：实义动词，系动词，情态动词，助动词。 实义动词指有实在的意义，能独立做谓语的动词，如mean, study, love等。 系动词是联系主语和表语，说明其关系并与表语一起构成名词性复合谓语的动词。除be之外主要的系动词还有：remain, stay, keep(保持)；become, get, go, grow, turn, come,(变得)；look, sound, seem, taste, smell, feel, hold。 情态动词有一定的意义但不完整，仅表示说话人之“情态”，和原形动词构成动词性复合谓语。Can/could; may/ might; must/ ought to/ need; dare; shall/will; should/would; 助动词be, have, do无实在意义，只帮助中心动词构成不同的时态、语态、语气等。 短语动词主要有以下几种构成方式： 不及物动词+副词，如：stay up（熬夜）, look out（小心）, break out（爆发）, go up（上升，爆炸）, take after（像）, die out（灭绝，消亡）, set out（出发）. 不及物动词+介词，如：break into（闯入）, go after（追求）, go through（经历）, pass on（传递）, run into（碰上）, sit for（参与）, stand for（代表）. 及物动词+副词， 如：give up, see …off, show… around, hand …over, put …off, pick… up 不及物动词+副词+介词，如：put up with, stand up to, do away with, fall back on, live up to. 及物动词+名词+介词， 如：make fun of, take care of, pay attention to, catch sight of. 动词+动词+介词， 如：make do with（将就用）, let go of（置之不理） 动词阅读(注意动词短语的搭配) 1. This turned shopping into a public and democratic act. 这样一来，购物就成了公众的一项民主活动。 2. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. 美国人不再把繁荣看成是理所当然的事。 3. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. 一般情况下，这些猴子很乐意用石块来换黄瓜片。 4. Straitford president George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution, a spymaster’s dream. Straitford公司的总裁George Friedman说，他把在线世界看作是一种信息收集和发布的互动工具，是间谍头子的理想世界。 5. He dismisses a lot of the work of re-engineering consultants as mere rubbish — “the worst sort of ambulance-cashing.” Question: Which of the following statements is True according to the sentence? [A] He thinks highly of the work of consultants. [B] The consultants are offering considerable help in money matters. [C] The consultants are a bunch of good-for-nothing. [D] The consultants are dealing with emergencies. 他对重组顾问们做的大量工作不屑一顾，因为那些完全是垃圾——典型的“劳而无获”。 6. NBAC members also indicated that they will appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics not to try to clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer. NBAC委员们表示：他们将呼吁由私人赞助的研究人员和机构不要试图通过人体细胞核移植技术来克隆人。 7. I have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of “having it all”, preached by Linda Kelsey for the past seven years in the page of She magazine, into a woman who is happy to settle for a bit of everything. 我已从一个“获得（拥有）一切”哲学（琳达·凯茜过去七年中在《她》这本杂志所宣扬的）的积极倡导者，变成了一个乐于接受任何东西只要一丁点的女人。 8. While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test-taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression. Question: Which of the following statements is True according to the sentence? [A] Foreigners put emphasis on the basics. [B] Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity. [C] More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity. [D] Test-taking is more important than self-expression. 尽管日本因强调基础知识而受到外国人的称赞，但是其教育往往强调应试和机械性学习而忽视了创造性及表现个性。 9. The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the preface to the panel's report: “Science never has all the answers. But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions. 但科学可以为我们提供面向未来的最好的指引，我国和全世界都要根据科学对于我们目前行动给未来造成的影响所做的最佳判断来制定重要政策，这是十分重要的。 Question: According to Bruce Alberts, science can serve as _____. [A] a protector [B] a judge [C] a critic [D] a guide 10. The report identifies the under-treatment of pain and the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care. Question: According to the report, one of the problems in end-of-life care is ______. [A] prolonged medical procedures [B] inadequate treatment of pain [C] systematic drug abuse [D] insufficient hospital care 二．英语中的名词和动词是同一词形的单词及某些名词去掉后缀变动词 account (for)解释 advocate(倡导者) decline（下降，衰退） control（控制） view（观点，看法）desire（理想） exchange（交换） fear（畏惧） end（目的） cause（事业） guide（领导者） base（基础） value（价值） place（放） hand（交） preserve（专利） stem（来自） class（种类，分类） force（力量） note（注意到） play（戏剧） share（一份） cost（代价） half（是一半） record（记录） return（回报） trap（陷、卡住） hook（钩住） key in（嵌入） post（刊登） match（匹配） arm（武装） conversation---- converse（交谈） computer（计算机）— compute resident —reside（居住） president ----- preside over（主持） chairman ----- chair(主持) excellent----excel（擅长） 三．常用的动词同义词归纳 1．表示“导致”意思的词语：Lead to, give rise to, give birth to, contribute to, cause to, result in, result from, 2．表示“面对、偶遇”意思的词语：Confront, be confronted with, face, be faced with, meet with, encounter, 3．表示“集中于”意思的词语：Center on, focus on, concentrate on 4．表示“对付、处理”意思的词语：Deal with, cope with, handle, tackle 5．表示“消失”意思的词语：Disappear, vanish, perish 6．表示“减少、增加”意思的词语：Diminish, lessen, decrease, drop, reduce, fall, /accumulate, increase, rise, soar, rocket 7．表示“依靠、依赖”意思的词语：Rely on(upon), depend on(upon), count on(upon), rest on(upon) 8．表示“变化”意思的词语：Change, turn, vary/range, alter, transform, shift, 9．表示“指控”意思的词语：Charge with, accuse of, sue for 10．表示“克服、战胜”意思的词语：Overcome, conquer, defeat, 11．表示“获得、得到”意思的词语：Achieve, obtain, get, accomplish, earn, attain, secure, acquire, gain 12．表示“抓住”意思的词语：Catch, seize, capture, catch hold of, grab 13．表示“限制”意思的词语：Limit, confine, restrict 14．表示“强迫”意思的词语：compel, constrain, force, oblige 15．表示“责怪”意思的词语：blame, condemn, reproach, scold 16．表示“困惑、迷惑”意思的词语：bewilder, puzzle, confuse, embarrass, perplex 17．表示“赞扬、称赞”意思的词语：applaud, clap, commend, praise 18．表示“扩大、加强”意思的词语：amplify, enlarge, stretch, magnify, reinforce, expand 19．表示“声称”意思的词语：affirm, assert, allege, claim, announce, proclaim 20．表示“调整、改变”意思的词语：adjust, regulate, rectify, amend, convert, alter, modify, transform, vary。 四．动词后缀 -en-----, -em 使成为 enable（使能够） encourage（鼓励） enforce（实施） enlarge（扩大） entitle（有权利做） empower（授权） endanger（危害） enjoy(喜欢) enrich（变富，使丰富） ensure(确保) enact（执行） enclose（密封、关） encounter（遭遇） engage（从事、忙于） enhance（促进） enlighten（启发） embarrass（使尴尬） enlist（招收） enroll（登记、招收） embark（开始） -en 做，使变成… fasten（系好） harden（使坚固） lengthen（加长） threaten（威胁） loosen（放松，松弛） widen（拓宽） weaken（削弱） strengthen（加强） hasten（急忙，赶快） shorten(缩短) brighten broaden -ify …化，使成为…，变成… beautify(美化) intensify(加剧) horrify(使恐怖) clarify（澄清） identify（辨认，识别） justify（认为合理） specify（指定,详述） solidify（巩固） purify（洁净，净化） qualify（胜任, 有资格）classify exemplify -ize …化，照…样子做 apologize(道歉) maximize(最大化) organize(组织) utilize(使用) mobilize(动员) criticize(批评) publicize(宣传) visualize（想象） democratize（民主化） characterize（概括） specialize（专攻） realize（实现） industrialize（工业化） revolutionize(彻底改革) recognize(认出) civilize（使文明） 第三节 形容词的理解与运用 一．形容词的要点 形容词: 1）形容词的认知能力和辨别能力；2）词形及词义相近的形容词的区分；３）形容词和介词的搭配。 1. 词形相近的形容词。如：sensible, sensitive, sensational; respectable, respectful, respective 2. 同义词和反义词。如wonderful 的同义词有：marvelous, excellent, extraordinary（不寻常的）, remarkable（非凡的）等。如generous 的反义词有mean, stingy, selfish 等。 3. 形容词和动词的转换。如：indicate ---- be indicative of（说明）; support----be supportive of, receive ---be receptive to（乐于接受的）; inquire --- be inquisitive about（咨询的）等。 4. 名词和形容词的转换。如: defect ---defective（有缺陷的）, intention --- intentional等。 5. 以 -ly 结尾的单词的词性。 名词加 -ly 多构成形容词。如：friendly, likely, sunny, womanly, worldly 等。 6. 不规则形容词的比较级和最高级的变化形式。如：原级 比较级 最高级 bad worse worst good better best, little, less (lesser) least, far farther(further) farthest (furthest) 7. 含有绝对概念或无最高级的词: most, uttermost, foremost, least, first, last, all, every, any, each, none, absolute, entire, whole, total, perfect, excellent, thorough, complete(ly), certainly, sure(ly), necessary, essential, indispensable 8. 表示极限、主次、等级的有：maximum, minimum, utmost, main, major, chief，minor, superior, inferior, senior, junior, super, favorite, ultimate, final, just, very 9. 唯一性only, sole(ly), unique(ly), exclusive(ly), mere(ly), simply, alone 二．副词的用法： 1) 修饰形容词：The flower is very beautiful. 2) 修饰动词：He studies hard. 3) 修饰其他副词：He works very hard. 4) 修饰名词词组：Even a child can do it. 5) 修饰全句：Probably he will come back. 副词在阅读中的作用，放在句（段）首的副词作用极为重要，它通常对后面的内容有制约作用。尤其是转折副词。 1. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining（相邻的）cages, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behavior became markedly different. 2. Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But it's obvious that a majority of the president's advisers still don't take global warming