语言障碍国际音标

言語障礙用國際音標擴充符號????????? EXTIPA SYMBOLS FOR DISORDERED SPEECH (REVISED TO 1997) ??????????????CONSONANTS (other then those on the IPA Chart) ?? Bilabial ?? Labiodental ?? Dentolabial ?? Labioalv. ?? Linguolabial ?? Interdental ?? Bidental ?? Alveolar ?? Velar ?? Velophar. ?? Plosive p ̪ b ̪ p͆ b ͆ p ͇ b ͇ t ̼ d̼ t ̪͆ d̪͆ ?? Nasal m͆ m͇ n̼ n̪͆ ?? Trill r ̼ r ̪ ͆ ???? Fricative: central f ͆ v ͆ f ͇ v͇ θ̼ ð ̼ θ̪͆ ð ̪͆ h̪͆ ɦ̪͆ ʩ ????? Fricative: lateral + central ʪ ʫ ?????? Fricative: nareal m͋ n͋ ŋ͋ ?? Percussive ʬ ʭ ???? Approximant: lateral l ̼ l ̪͆ ????DIACRITICS ͍ ???? labial spreading s ͍ ͈ ??? strong articulation f ͈ ͊ ???? denasal m͊ ͆ ??? dentolabial v͆ ͉ ??? weak articulation v͉ ͋ ???? nasal escape v͋ ̪͆ ????? interdental / bidental n̪͆ \ ???? reiterated articulation p\p\p ͌ ???? velopharyngeal friction s ͌ ͇ ??? alveolar t ͇ ͎ ??? whistled articulation s ͎ ↓ ?? ingressive airflow p↓ ̼ ??? linguolabial d̼ ͢ ???? sliding articulation θ͢s ↑ ?? egressive airflow !↑ ??CONNECTED SPEECH ??VOICING (.) ??? short pause ˬ ??? pre-voicing ˬz (..) ???? medium pause ˬ ??? post-voicing zˬ (…) ??? long pause ˓ ̥˒ ???? partial devoicing ˓z̥˒ f ???? loud speech [{f lɑʊd f }] ˓ ̥ ????? initial partial devoicing ˓z̥ ff ????? louder speech [{ff lɑʊdə˞ ff }] ̥˒ ????? finial partial devoicing z̥˒ p ??? quiet speech [{p kwaiət p }] ˓ ̬˒ ???? partial voicing ˓s ̬˒ pp ???? quieter speech [{pp kwaiətə˞ pp }] ˓ ̬ ????? initial partial voicing ˓s ̬ allegro ??? fast speech [{allegro fɑːst allegro }] ̬˒ ????? finial partial voicing s ̬˒ lento ??? slow speech [{lento sloʊ lento }] ˭ ??? unaspirated p˭ crescendo, ralentando, ???????????? etc. may also be used ʰ ??? pre-aspirated ʰp ??OTHER ( ̱̄) ?????? indeterminate sound (( )) extraneous noise ((2 sylls)) (V ̱̄)(Pl̲̅) ??????????? indeterminate vowel, plosive, etc. ¡ ?????????? sublaminal lower alveolar percussive click (Pl̲̅,v ̲̅ls ̲̅) ????????? indeterminate voicing plosive, etc. !¡ ???????? alveolar & sublaminal click (‘clunk-click’) ( ) silent articulation (∫), (m) * ??????????? sound with no available symbol ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????? ???????????????????? ??? ????????????Gentium?SIL International????????? http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&item_id=SILFontList&_sc=1????????????????????? ?????????SILDoulosUnicodeIPA????Doulos SIL?? ????????????http://scripts.sil.org? ?????? ??????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????? ????????????????? ????????? ????http://www2.arts.gla.ac.uk/IPA/ExtIPAChart97.pdf??? ????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????? ???????????????????? 輔音（Consonants） 附加符號（Diacritics） 說話（Connected Speech） 發聲（Voicing）