第二人称指示

nullSECOND PERSON DEIXISSECOND PERSON DEIXIS By Le&BinnullSecond person deixis is deictic reference to a person or persons identified as addressee. It is the encoding of the speaker’s reference to one or more addressees. null Choice of Person Deixis------ Social status In many languages these deictic categories of speaker, addressee, and other(s) are elaborated with markers of relative social status (for example, addressee with higher status versus addressee with lower status). Expressions which indicate higher status are termed honorifics. An honorific is a word or expression that conveys esteem or respect when used in addressing or referring to a person. "Honorific" may refer broadly to the style of language or particular words or grammatical markings used in this way, including words used to express honor to one perceived as a social superior. nullA fairly well-known example of a social contrast encoded within person deixis is the distinction between forms use for a familiar versus a non-familiar addressee in some languages. This is known as the T/V distinction, from the French forms ‘tu’ (familiar) and ‘vous’ (non-familiar). The choice of one form will certainly communicate something (not directly said) and the speaker’s view of his or her relationship with the addressee. In those social contexts where individuals typically mark dictions between the social status of the speaker and addressee, the higher, older, and more powerful speaker will tend to use the ‘tu’ version to a lower, younger, and less powerful addressee, and be addressed by the ‘vous’ form in return. nullThere will be no overt distinction between second person singular polite and second person plural pronouns. With the nominal predicates the distinction is morphologically marked: such predicates agree with the real-world number of the referent. So in French, (a) is ambiguous as to whether there is one or more addressees, but (b) can only be addressed to a single addressee: (a) Vous parlez francais? (b) Vous être le professeur? In English, the T/V distinction is expressed in another way. For example: Would you please do… Could you please do… Would you mind doing… nullDeictic Use Symbolic Usage The second person pronoun ,like the form ‘you’ isolates the referent as the individual or individuals whom the speaker is addressing, but there are no linguistic or external clues to whom the individual addressed might be. The addressee is whoever the speaker intends to be addressing, and does not have to be physically present where the utterance is made (as in the case of letters, telephone calls, etc.).null The addressee does not even have to exist at the time the utterance is produced, as in the case of documents or speeches sent to a recipient light years away, or intended for publication or broadcast 50 years after their production. All that is necessary is that the speaker intend and / or expect that at the time of reception, there will be an appropriate addressee. nullEven assuming a contemporaneous, physically present addressee, there maybe no linguistic clues to identify which of several candidates is intended. For example, a: I’m glad that all of you received my invitation. b: I’m glad that you received my invitation. nullIn (a), the speaker appears to be addressed to every individual in hearing distance of the speaker, but it surely would not be intended to include casual overhearers, and might not include individuals allied with the speaker. All we really know about the referent of you in (a) is that it is plural, and we know that from the phrase all of you. Without such a clue (as in b), it is not at all clear whether the intended referent is the whole group or some subset containing one or more members.null Gestural Usage Different tokens of ‘you’ may have different referents in an utterance like the following example, and the only clue to who the various referents are may be changes in the direction of eye-gaze or body position of the speaker. Eg: You1 can do some weeding while you2 wash the dishes, and—keep your3 hat on—I’ll get the groceries. There are three ‘you' in this sentence representing three different persons.Non-deictic UseNon-deictic Use If the second person deixis must be specified by the context, it is the deictic use. While if the second person deixis must not be specified by the context, it is the non-deictic use. General reference(泛指) & Anaphoric reference(照应) General reference(泛指) & Anaphoric reference(照应) Eg: 1.You1 cannot lose what you2 never had. 2.想要知道梨子的滋味，你就得亲口尝一尝。 In(1), You1 is the General reference, which doesn’t refer to a specified man, but it refers to anybody. And you2 is the Anaphoric reference to You1. Both of the you can be replaced by the third person deixis one, and you2 also can be replaced by he. But the convention of the response in one sentence must be paid attentions. null a. One cannot lose what one never had. b. One cannot lose what he never had. × c. One cannot lose what you never had. In(2), 你 is also a general reference.null Other Uses The second person deixis can be the vocative. Eg: Hey, you, just stand behind the line. The vocative you suggests that someone has been chosen as the communication goal by the speaker. The third person deixis can be the deictic reference as addressee (you). Eg: Who has frightened our baby (you)? Using our baby instead of you depends on the relationship of the addresser & addressee. nullThe first person plural form can be the deictic reference as addressee (you). Eg: (校长对学生说)我们（=你们）要遵守学校纪律。 The different deixis shows the different moods. The omission of ‘you’. Eg: (你/您)吃了吗？ It indicates the degree of the intimateness between the addresser & addressee and the politeness of the addresser. Thank you Thank you