马克·吐温从幽默到讽刺

第27卷第2期 玉林师范学院学报(哲学社会科学) V01．27No．2 2006年 JOuRNAL0FYULINTEACHERSCOLLEGE(Philosophy&SocialScience) 马克·吐温：从幽默到讽刺 覃承华 (南宁师范高等专科学校外语系助教，广西龙州532400) 【摘要】美国的幽默大师和现实主义作家马克·土温，被认为是一个世界文学巨匠。他的幽默对 其后辈文人产生了巨大的影响。批评家对此亦高度重视并就此提出了不同的阐释。然而，幽默在马克· 土温后期的作品里非但消失殆尽反而被辛辣讽刺所取代。马克·土温为何改变了他的写作风格和人生 态度?什么原因导致了他的这种巨变?紧紧围绕上述问题，文章从社会影响和个人遭遇两个方面分别分 析了引起马克·吐温写作风格和人生态度改变的原因。旨在就他的这些改变提出理性，从而使其作 品更加通俗易懂。 【关键词】马克·土温；幽默；讽刺 【中图分类号】1206【文献标识码】A【文章编号】1004—4671(2006)02一004卜05 ； j? MarkT访：a-i玉F南前nd击矗矗S缸i南_|鏊攀菱i}}}i|：||；_；i攀?。『。。__；} 。。蓦 ≥¨¨一叠叠i≯ 乏董¨；i |； 。_芝≥誊毫蠹 i i；≤；：、l¨ii鐾裂熙攀。㈣jii黍ii黍；i (Assistallt，En酉ishDepartme∞，Nanni]【19黪ache攀epn辫萼9n譬bou，卿印萨5324煦iij“ AI碰船ct：MarkTwain，j鋈前aste黼秘◇fh蝉攀i黼are缸is遴≥i迟seeo基0百ant遗ii Ⅳ6ddhterature．Hish啪ormad孕eatimpactonthe南llo、Ⅳingmenoflet七erS；criticsalSo。j I．Introduction 田 Americanliterature”．”thetme白therofournational arkTwain，thepseud。nym。fSamuel 1iterature”，”MarkTwain一一Mirr。r。fAmerica”are Lan曲。meclemens，istheforerunnerandusedt。highli曲thispinnacles in1iterature·His白ithful reputedrealistinthearenaofAmerican1it— disciple，EmestHerllingway，moreoVer，onceput it， erature．Becauseofhisremarkablecontributiontothe ”a11modem1iteraturecomes在omonebookbyMark nati。n，1iterarycriticssp。kehi曲1y。fhisachievements．Twain，called月删叼7局埘⋯” Forinstance．thesevenerabletitles”theLinc01nof As矗rasaliterary舀antisconcemed，Twainwas l l l j {| I l { 强 I l i i { ， 豳 瞄一 磷； 嗣 万方数据 remen】beredbvlnenof1etcers6rstLvasamaste删nd ofhumorandthenasabittersadricwIiter．Inother wor出， TwaininhhwritiIlgcareere冲erienceda cha“ge丘ombelngchee血11andopdmisdccodespair- ingandpessirnjstic．ButwhatcausehisshiR丘omhu— mortosadre?PersonaUv．bothsocialinnuenceand personalencou呲ersP12ycridcalrolesinchan百r培his wridn立丘omhumortosa石reandhisacdtudetoward 】i癌aswell． II．Socialin丑uences BodltheAmericancivilwar(h3ppenedin1861 andlastedtill1865)andthere—coIlstrucdonaRerthe wargreat】ya舵ctedTwain’swfitingstyle．Mark TwainwasbominF10rida，Missouri，on30“Novem— berinl835，intoalawyer矗m订y．Wim山eadventof theciv丑war，youngTwainin1856bec枷easteam— boatpnot，3pro任ssionaboutwhichhe、Ⅳrotethir七y yeaIslaterinthebook三妊叩如此铷出勃耐Gener— allyspeabog，theAmericanpeoplee埘oyregardi”g ware。pedenceastheircherisheda11dvaluableforcLlne， 姐dTwainw勰alsonoexcepdon．As3pilotheac— dvelyparcicipatedintheciv丑war抽1857．Thecastof characterssetbeforehimillhispr0忙ssionwas—cha11d V撕ed一一acosmos．Hetookabundamnyparcinthis l洫， listeni“gtop订oth。usetalkoffeuds，piracies， 1ynchin昏，medicinesho、Ⅳs，a11dsavlgewate商deslurm． 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countries，especi柚1y山eSpanish—American可旷ar．Since 出。P“blica60nof乃口^参硝∞扫螂冱船留可i111916 un石lhisdeachinl910．hem血妇inedabittersadreand skepddsmtoala‘gedeg弦e．乃f以I幺日，五甜(妇瑙p船矿 占k跨而比秽and职协矗咖4知are。印resent撕ves0f 出jssort． III．Personalencounters AsIme埘onedforegoing，socialin丑1lenceasserc— edpredorninant五铲语c蛆ceoVerTwain’sconVe巧i。n 丘Dmhumorc0s撕re．Icisno“3嚣ention出atsodd i11丑uenceofhkday， do皿nandya＆ccedllisa晒mde cowardsb南， hisoutlookofsocie坼hwridng5叫e andsoonandsofbr七h．I{owever．tllereisaIlomerel— ement，hispersonal虹agedieswllichakocanItbeig— Iloredwhenwe岫escoanalyzehiswfi石“gstyle． Regardedasa百aIltinbo出Americanhteratllre aIld、voddHccrature．Tw缸nencounteredcoundess personalhardships柚dsu伍：rill昏．Itislikelyt11atTwain ismorc丘moIlsforhispersonaltragediesthan船ahu— morista11darepresenbdveofrealism．Itisnowander thathehadtochan辨hishumorintosatire抵erex— perienci“gunexpectedpersonalsu跽rin昏and 仃agediesInthe矗rstplace，llisfatherdiedwhenhe 、vasonlytwelveandw}lichdirecdybro“ghcab。ucche endofhlsfoundeduc撕on．However．Twaillwe knowwasbomin3pedodthacchetwosideswere 矗gh矗“gatthroatandwhentheconnictendeddlewest Ⅵ阻ss皿wideo臼en．Thenationwidea丘e瑚a山of 万方数据 wescwardmovementoncea铲in缸Ⅱofchances扭d oppo枷desandhe山e雎forewasuttedydeHghtcd wi出出c丘cshhndmdiIlvi学。糟cedby出epioncefing sD砸t．Chanc舒aredlathis丘tbe，bdeathdidnotnlake di睡rence“ponhisemo矗on．Lifewasb—ghtforhim， 棚edwi出i乜mysteries，ala帆edbyitsteⅡors，anda— musedbvi皓contrasc．Thushewasableto1aughwi山 h曲messasth。greathumoristin山；Paci丘cslope． However，whentheagedTwainuldIllatelyrealized 【hatthematerialwealdlonlvresulted缸corrupdonand injusdceinsteadofman’smoraHtyimproVement，his humormdhu咖、耽托rePhcedbybi啦rs11eerand sadre．Indlesecondplace，whenhebec锄esophisd— catcdhewasonceal：ainhauntedin山econ出tent dea山sofhislovedones：hisbrodlerHenrvwaskilled byaste枷b03texplosion；血edea出ofhissonLar培一 domat19months；hisddestdau曲cersusydiedof sPinalmenin峁s；Mnclemenssucc哪bedtoahem attadkinFlorence；andyoungestdaughterJeaIlan 印丑ep∞drownedinaIlupstairsbachmb．suchtra西c encounccrsTwainexperierlcedis reaⅡy1ikcthede— scfi口donin』j锄}乃耽功1能i冠矿∥o脚日呃：oz”Bit_。 tcmesSfbdonthemanwhohadmadedlewodd 1augh．Themorahzingof磕eadierwrid“ghadbeen weⅡpaddedwi血hum饼．Now(hegIoVesc嬲K砸‘ 州thbitcerSa6re．”Thelastbutnotmeleastre4son whvTwailltIlmedhumorintosatire加llishterwoiks isdntd”total矗ilufeofllis可pe一一setd“gandpub— lishingcomp4nyin1894．The蜘ufembusinessalld dledeadlsofhis10vedonesmadeTwainmajn“neda bitterskepddsmin11ishtcrp舡t硷．Twain是ltsode— Spairedand在us啦tedtllathewasde印1yinVolvedin skepdcismandpredesdnadon．Just如heputin11is ownautobio铲aphy：”⋯ 出eyvanishhDmawofld where血eywereofnocons。qucnce；wherethey achievednothing；wheretheywereaⅡ血takeanda 锄ureandf001ishnesS；wheremeyhave1e庇nosi辨 出atthevhavee)dsted一一awoddwhichwiⅡlament 出emad3yandfo。getchemforever．” Inaword，MarkTwain飞hteryearSwas甜lof cotal缸1ureinfkquent6nanc瑚specul撕on—thespec— uladonbothintyP。一sec七i“gandpubhshillgcompallies andhispersonalbereavement—thebeIovedonesdied onea&ranonler．UIlIikeStlal=espearesdlIcouIdwrite outsonlecomediesa盘er his four铲eaceSc world—known锄gedies，Twamchangedhiswfiting s州eintobjt亡er强drea丘ermaki“gthewoddlaughby hishumor．HislastyearsⅥ陀rc丘Uedwidlacutepes— siIllism，stro“gskepticism姐dbi仕er钳tire．Twaindied onApril21，1910，atthe39eofseVenty一丘Ve． IV．Conclusion Tos啪up'血ndamentaⅡy，Twain拓a乒eathu— morist．Heoncesaid．”thertareseveralkindsofsto— ries，butonlyonedi伍cuh一一thehumorous．”Sotobe hum。rousin王lisw^ti“gIvemureto5ayish虹1ifelo“g pursuit．Icisak。und朗iable出acTwainistheordy百一 姐twhohdbroughtbothlocalc010rismandhumor towoddnmeMeanwhneheonceclaimedthathe wasaseriouswritera舯dⅥmsacdvelvconceⅡ】edwidl moralideasinⅡlanyw3ys．ontllispoint，Twainwas bynomeallsshan。wor角volousandwecan’t正mply caⅡhimahumoristoranironicwriter．Infact，most “Twain’swofksare山ecombinationofbochhumor aIldsadrea11d刀殆爿函珊m蝌口／’酗r￡阮6e口y砌 w越ansein口oint．ontheoneh卸d，itishismascer— pieceasahumori5twh丑ethenovdahocanbeeyed3s a sa6reonsen6mencahtvandRom甜西cismonthe 0ther．RoughlysPeaki“g，Twain’shumordeeplyroot— edinsoc试ch血gesalldllispersonalsu位血乎．Whcn hemou曲th危wasbrightforbimand如nofchances andifeverythingwentsmoothly，hewasquiteopd— misdcandhumorous．However．whenhefbundthe darkness，cornlption，injusticeand出epersonaIna百c encouncershehadtowiths亡andinparticu】a‘hebe— c拗e丘rSdvse—ousand出enbic七erironic．Itf0110ws 出ereforethatweshouldtaketheseelemen拓intocon～ dderadonwhenaIlalyzi“gTwain'swridngcharacceris— dcsasweⅡashimse堆Inshort，bothdlech柚gillgso— cialreahty卸dtheu’lpredictabl。persona1trlgediesdi— rect坤andevenmallyresultedinhischang。f曲mhu～ mort0sa臼re 【参考文献】 [1]D∞gxu血勘而疏秘，∞面加厶蛔撇胛∥西彩毋[M]． WuIl姐：WuhanU由ve耐时Press．2002 二国国 万方数据 覃承华 马克-吐温：从幽默到讽刺 [2]wuwehen崩抛少耐^埘觚移’∥z拙咖“豳船P (Vol眦e2)[M]．BeUjng：ForeignL孤guagcTeachiIlg越d R髓earchPr∞s．1990． [3]zhaIlgH蛐d，wangLm．爿西黜耐点警茹域Reved． Boo“)[M]Be】=jing：Fo耐gIlL柚guageTeacJlingand Rese“hP”女．1995 [4]李套昭．二十世纪美国文学导论[M]．西安：西安变通大 学出版社．2000． [5]陶洁．美国文学选读[M]．北京：高等教育出版社2000 [6]王恩铭当代蔓国社会与文化[M]．上海：上海外语教育 出版社，1997 [7]张伯香．英美文学选读自学辅导[M]．北京：外语教学与 研究出版社．2001． 【收稿日期2005-09—19】 【责任编辑谢文海】 (上接第40页) 提到，但是雅各(J∞ob)和比尔哈(B丑hah)所生的 儿子，希伯来人的族长。《牛津当代百科大词典》对 “D∞”这一名字的解释是“神的审判”瑚(““’从但 (Dan)的一生中，很难找出他有什么优点。在位期 问，他没有干出什么成就来；在他父亲的眼里，他是 叛逆的毒蛇。作者在小说中给老太太的儿子取这么 个姓名，是为了突出蒂勒老太太的儿子但(D”)是 个有着叛逆精神的人。与喜欢一辈子呆在林中过宁 静生活的西尔维亚不一样，他不愿意一辈子都呆在 深山老林中，他要到外面去闯荡，去奋斗。他有着一 切游子的共性，那就是不爱写信回家。他既让家人 感到骄傲和自豪。又让家人时刻为他牵肠挂肚。他 的所作所为，普通人，包括他的母亲，是无法作出正 确的评价的，那就只好让神去评判了。 采用具有象征意蕴的暗示命名法，是欧蓑小说 一种富有生命力的传统，很多作家都在他们的作品 中反复运用。在《白苍鹭》中，作者朱厄特分别给文 本中出现的部分人和物取了名字，并且巧妙地通过 特定的语境赋予了这些普通的姓名丰富的象征意 义，从而大大增强了小说的表现力和感染力，使它 读起来义蕴深长，耐人寻味，深受读者喜爱。 ■ 【参考文献】 [1]Andl0109yofAmedcanLi胁mre(secorldEdidon)(Volme II)[z]．NewYork：Macmiu柚Pub‰gco，Inc．，1980 [2]陈新．英美名家短篇小说精品赏析[M]．北京：中国时外 翻译出版公司，1999 [3]李正桂，李翠亭．英国文学学习[z]．北京：清华大学 出版社，1999 [4]张世君．欧蔓小说模式[M]．广西：广西教育出版社，1995 [5]霍恩比(著)。李北迭(译)牛津高阶英汉双解词典(第 四版)[z]北京：商务印书馆，1997 [6]封教．英文字椎字典[z]．北京：外文出版社，1999 [7]李慎廉英语姓名词典[z]．北京：外语教学与研究出版 社．2002 [8]昊衡康．牛津当代百科大词典[z]．北京：中国人民太学 出版社．2002 【收稿日期 【责任编辑 2005—11—30】 吴庆丰】 万方数据