最新最全本科段英语词汇学考试学习复习重点

最新最全本科段英语词汇学考试学习复习重点V2 最新最全本科段英语词汇学考试学习复习重点 V2 《英语词汇学》复习资料第一章 1.2. 15% 3.4. 20% 5.6. 25% 7. 10% 8. 10% 9. 15% 10. 5% 第一章Chapter 1 Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary 　 　　1. Word —— A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. 　　2. There is no logical relationship between sound and meaning as the symbolic connection between them is arbitrary and conventional. E.g. “woman” means ’Frau’ in German， ’Femme’ in French and ’Funv ’in Chinese. On the other hand， the same sound /rait/ can mean right， rite and write， though denoting different things， yet have the same sound. 　　3. The difference between sound and form result from 4 major factors. 　　（At least 80%of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns） 　　a）. the internal reason is English alphabet does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language. 　　b）. Pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling 　　c）. Influence of the work of scribes/printing freezes the spelling of words in 1500 　　d）. Borrowing of foreign language 　　4. Vocabulary —— Vocabulary is most commonly used to refer to the sum total of all the words of a language. It can also refer to all the words of a given dialect， a given book， a given subject and all the words possessed by an individual person as well as all the words current in a particular period of time in history. 　　The general estimate of the present day English vocabulary is over 1 million words. 5.Classification of Words—by use frequency， by notion， by origin 　　1）. Basic word stock – the foundation of the vocabulary. 　　1. all national character （most important）– natural phenomena 　　most common things and phenomena of the human body and relations 　　world around us names of plants and animals 　　action， size， domain， state 　　numerals， pronouns， prep. ，conj. 　　2. stability – they donate the commonest thing necessary to life， they are like to remain unchanged. Only relative， some are undergoing some changes. But the change is slow. 　　e.g. arrow， bow， chariot， knight – past 　　electricity， machine， car， plane —— now 　　3. productivity – they are mostly root words or monosyllabic words， they can form new words with other roots and affixes. 　　e.g. foot – football， footage， footpath， footer 　　4. polysemy 多义性– often possess more than one meaning. Become polysemous. 　　e.g. take to move or carry from one place to another 　　to remove 　　5. collocability 搭配能力强– quite a number of set expressions， idiomatic usages， proverbial saying and others 　　e.g. heart – a change of heart， a heart of gold 　　Non-basic vocabulary —— 　　1. terminology专业术语 – technical terms 　　photoscanning， hepatitis， indigestion， penicillin， algebra， trigonometry， calculus 　　2. jargon 行业术语– specialized vocabulary in certain professions. 　　Bottom line， ballpark figures， bargaining chips， hold him back， hold him in， paranoid 　　3. slang —— substandard words often used in informal occasions 　　dough and bread， grass and pot， beaver， smoky， bear， catch， holler， Roger， X-rays， 　　Certain words are labeled slang because of their usage. 　　4. argot 行话，黑话– words used by sub-cultured groups 　　can-opener， dip， persuader 　　cant， jargon ， argot are associated with， or most available to， specific groups of the population. 　　5. dialectal words – only by speakers of the dialect 　　beauty， chook， cocky， station， auld， build， coo， hame， lough， bog 　　6. archaisms古语 – words no longer in common use or restricted in use. In older poems， legal document and religious writing or speech. 　　7. neologism新词，旧词新意 – newly created words with new meaning e.g. microelectronics， futurology， AIDS， internet， E-mail 　　old meaning acquired new meaning e.g. mouse， monitor 　　2）. Content word （notional猜测的，理论上的 word） – denote clear notions. 　　Functional word （empty word， form word） – do not have notions of their own， express the relation between notions， words and sentences. 二者区别： a. Content words constitute the main body of the English vocabulary are numerous. 　　Functional words are in a small number. 　　b. Content words are growing. 　　Functional words remain stable. 　　c. Functional words do far more work of expression than content words. 　　3）. Native words – are words brought to Britain in the 15 century by the German tribes. Anglo-Saxon Words， 50，000-60，000 　　What is true of the basic word stock is also true of native world. More are 　　1. neutral in style （not stylistical specific ） 　　2. 2.frequent in use （in academic fields and science French， Latin or Greek are used） （usage 70-90%） 　　Borrowed words （loan words， borrowing） – words taken over from foreign language. 80% 　　According to the degree of assimilation and manner of borrowing， we can bring the loan words under 4 classes. 　　1.Denizens同化词 – words borrowed early and now are well assimilated into English language. 　　e.g. port from portus（L） shift， change， shirt， pork 　　cup from cuppa（L） 　　2.Aliens 异形– retained their original pronunciation and spelling 　　e.g. décor（F） blitzkreeg（G） emir， intermez， rowtow， bazaar， rajar， status quo 　　3.translation loans – formed from the existing material in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language. 　　1）. Word translated according to the meaning 　　e.g. mother tough from lingua maternal（L） 　　black humor from humor noir 　　long time no see， surplus value， master piece 　　2）. Words translated according to the sound 　　e.g. kulak from kyrak（Russ） 　　lama from lama（Tib） 　　ketchup 　　tea 　　4. Semantic loans – their meaning are borrowed from another language 　　e.g. stupid old dump 　　new sassy 　　dream old joy and peace 　　pioneer old explorer/person doing pioneering work 　　new a member of the young pioneer 　　fresh old impertinent， sassy， cheeky 第二章　Chapter 2 The development of the English Vocabulary 1. Indo-European印欧语系 language family （Europe， the Near East， India） 　　Balto –Slavic 巴尔特-斯拉夫Indo-Iranian印度伊朗语系 Italic-Germanic意大利德国日耳曼语系 　　Prussian Persian Portuguese Norwegian普鲁士-波斯-葡萄牙-挪威语系 　　Lithuanian Hindi Spanish Icelandie立陶宛-印地-西班牙-冰岛 　　Polish Italian Danish波兰-意大利-丹麦 　　Bulgarian Roumanian Swedish保加利亚-罗马尼亚-瑞典 　　Slovenian French English斯洛文尼亚-法语-英语 　　Russian German俄罗斯-德意志 　　Albanian Armenian Celtic Hellenic阿尔巴尼亚-美国-凯尔特-希腊 　　Irish Greek爱尔兰-希腊 　　Breton法国布利多尼 　　Scottish苏格兰 　　2. History （时间，历史事件，特征） 　　1） Old English （450-1150） totally 50，000-60，000 words 　　The 1st people known to inhabit England were Celts凯尔特， the language was Celtic. 　　The second language was the Latin of the Roman Legions. 　　The Germanic tribes called angles盎格鲁， Saxons撒克逊 and Jutes 朱特人and their language， Anglo-Saxon dominated and blotted out the Celtic. Now people refer to Anglo-Saxon as old English. 　　At the end of 6th century， the introduction of Christianity has a great impact on the English vocabulary. 　　The common practice was to create new words by combining two native words. 　　In the 9th century， many Scandinavian words came into English. At least 900 words of Scandinavian are in modern English， our daily life and speech. 　　特点： highly inflected language 　　complex endings or vowel changes （full ending） 　　2） Middle English （1150-1500） English， Latin， French 　　Until 1066， although there were borrowings from Latin， the influence on English was mainly Germanic. But the Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into English. 　　By the end of the 13th century， English gradually come back into public areas. 　　Between 1250 and 150 about 9000 words of French origin come into English. 75% of them are till in use today. 　　As many as 2500 words of Dutch origin come into English. 　　特点： fewer inflections 　　leveled ending 　　3） Modern English （1500-up to now） early modern English （1500-1700） 　　late modern English（1700-up to now） 　　The Renaissance， Latin and Greek were recognized as the languages of the Western world’s great literary heritage. 　　The Industrial Revolution was in the mid-17 century. With the growth of colonization， British tentacles began a stretching out of to every corner of the globe， thus enabling English to absorb words from all major languages of the world. 　　After World War II， many new words have been created to express new ideas， inventions and scientific achievements. 　　More words are created by means of word-formation. 　　thousands and thousands of new words have been entered to express new ideas inventions， and scientific achievements. 　　more words are created by means of word-formation. 　　in modern English， word endings were mostly lost with just a few exceptions English has evolved from a synthetic language to the present analytic language. 　　science and technology terms make up about 45% of new words. words associated with life-style constitute of 24% and social and economic terms amount to over 10% . 　　mention should be made of an opposite process of development i.e. old words falling out if use. 　　特点： ending are almost lost. 　　3. Three main sources new words 　　1.The rapid development of modern science and technology 　　2.Social， economic and political changes 　　3.The influence of other cultures and languages 　　4. Three modes of vocabulary development 　　（1. Creation – the formation of new words by using the existing materials， namely roots， affixes and other elements. （This is the most important way of vocabulary expansion.） 　　（2. Semantic change - an old form which take on a new meaning to meet the new need. 　　（3. Borrowing – to take in words from other languages.（particularly in earlier time） 　　（4. （Reviving archaic or obsolete恢复古时或已不用的） 　　French 30%， Latin 8%， Japanese Italian 7%， Spanish 6%， German Greek 5%， Russian Yiddish犹太人使用的 4% 第三章　Chapter 3 Word Formation I 　 　　1. Morpheme —— A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of a language. （The smallest functional unit in the composition of words.） 　　2.Morph—— A morpheme must be realized by discrete units. These actual spoken minimal carriers of meaning are morphs. 　　3.Monomorphenic words – morphemes are realized by single morphs. 　　4.Allomorph——Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position. Such alternative morphs are allomorphemes. E.g. the morpheme of plurality （-s） has a number if allomorphemes in different sound context， e.g. in cats/s/， in bags/z/， in matches/iz/. 　　5. Free morphemes or Free root —— The morphemes have complete meaning and van be used as free grammatical units in sentences， e.g. cat， walk. They are identical with root words. morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are considered to be free. 　　6. Bound Morphemes —— The morphemes cannot occur as separate words. They are bound to other morphemes to form words， e.g. recollection （re+collect+ion） collect – free morpheme re-and –ion are bound morphemes. （include bound root and affix） Bound morphemes are found in derived words. 　　7. Bound root —— A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root， it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. Take -dict- for example： it conveys the meaning of “say or speak” as a Latin root， but not as a word. With the prefix pre-（=before） we obtain the verb predict meaning “tell beforehand”。 Contradict “ speak against”。 Bound roots are either Latin or Greek. 　　Although they are limited in number， their productive power is amazing. 　　8. Affixes —— Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function. Almost affixes are bound morphemes. 　　9. Inflectional morphemes or Inflectional affixes —— Affixes attaches to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional， thus known as inflectional morphemes. The number of inflectional affixes is small and stable. 　　a. There is the regular plural suffix -s（-es） which is added to nouns such as machines， desks. 　　b. Simple present for the third person singular. –s（-es） 　　c. The possessive case of nouns. ’s 　　d. –er and –est to show comparative and superlative degree 　　e. The past tense marker –ed 　　f. –ing to form present participles or gerunds. 　　10. Derivational morphemes or Derivational affixes —— Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. 　　11. Prefixes —— Prefixes are affixes that come before the word， such as， pre+war， sub+sea 　　12. Suffixes —— suffixes are affixes that come after the word， for instance， blood+y. 　　13. Root —— A root is the basic form of a word， which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity. （What remains of a word after the removal of all affixes.） .e.g. “internationalists” removing inter-， -al-， -ist， -s， leaves the root nation. 　　14. Stem —— a form to which affixes of any kind can be added. E.g. “internationalists”， nation is a root and a stem as well. 　　a stem may consist of a single root or two roots and a root plus a affix. 　　a stem can be a root or a form bigger than a root. 第四章　Chapter 4 Word Formation II 　 　 　　The expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on word-formation. 　　Not all the words that are produced by applying the rules are acceptable. 　　Rules only provide a constant set of models from which new words are created from day to day. 　　Rules themselves are not fixed but undergo changes. 　　affixation 30%-40% compounding 28%-30% conversion 26% shortening 8%-10% （clipping and acronymy） blending and others 1%-5% 　　1. Affixation （Derivation） —— the formation of words by adding word forming or derivational affixes to stems. （derivative派生词） 　　According to their position， affixation falls into： prefixation and suffixation. 　　1）. Prefixation —— the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. It does not change the word-class of the stem but change its meaning. 　　1. Negative prefixes – a- （abnormal）， dis- （disobey）， in- （il-， ir-， im-） （injustice）， non- （non-smoker）， un- （unwilling） un- are the most productive and can usually replace in- or dis- with adj. 　　2. Reversative prefixes – de- （decentralize）， dis- （disunite）， un- （unwrap） 　　3. Pejorative prefixes – mal- （maltreat）， mis- （mistrust）， pseudo- （pseudo-science） 　　4. Prefixes of degree or size – arch- （archbishop）， extra-（extra-strong）， hyper-（hyperactive）， macro- （macrocosm）， micro- （microcomputer）， mini- （mini-election）， out- （outlive）， over- （overweigh）， sub- （subheading）， super- （superfreeze）， sur- （surtax）， ultra- （ultra-conservative）， under-（underdeveloped） 　　5. Prefixes of orientation and attitude – anti- （anti-nuclear）， contra- （contraflow）， counter-， pro-（pro-student） 　　6. Locative prefixes – extra- （extraordinary）， fore- （forehead）， inter- （inter-city）， intra- （intra-party）， tele-， trans- 　　7. Prefixes of time and order – ex- （ex-wife）， fore- （foretell）， pre-， re- （reconsider） 　　8. Number Prefixes – bi-， multi- （poly-） （multi-purpose）， semi- （hemi-）， tri- （tricycle）， uni-（mono-） （uniform） 　　9. Miscellaneous prefixes – auto-， neo- （neo-Nazi）， pan- （pan-European）， vice- 　　2）. Suffixation ——Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems. Change the grammatical function of stems （the word class）. Suffixes can be grouped on a grammatical basis. 　　Noun suffixes 　　Denominal nouns （名词+suffix ——名词） 　　a. Concrete —— -eer （engineer）， -er （teenager）， -ess （hostess）， -ette （cigarette）， -let （booklet） 　　b. Abstract —— -age （wastage）， -dom （处于…状态）（officialdom）， -ery （slavery）， -ery （-ry）， -hood （childhood）， -ing （farming）， - ism（…主义） （terrorism）， -ship（状态） （sportsmanship） 　　Deverbal nouns （动词+suffix——名词） 　　a. Denoting people —— -ant （assistant）， -ee （trainee）， -ent （respondent）， -er（-or） 　　b. Denoting action， result， process， state， ect. —— -age （linkage）， -al （dismissal）， -ance （attendance）， -ation（-ition， -tion， -sion， -ion）， -ence （existence）， -ing （savings）， -ment （statement） 　　De-adjective nouns （形容词+suffix——名词） —— -ity （popularity）， -ness （happiness） 　　Nouns and adjectives suffixes —— -ese （Chinese）， -an （Australian）， -ist （主义） （socialist） 　　Adjective suffixes 　　Denominal suffixes —— -ed （wooded）， -ful （successful）， -ish （foolish）， -less （priceless）， -like （lady-like）， -ly （friendly）， -y （smoky） 　　-al（-ial， -ical） （cultural， residential）， -esque （picturesque）， -ic （economic）， -ous（-eous， -ious） （coutageous） 　　-ic and –ical can be affixed to the stem in some cases， but differ in meaning. 　　Historic （important in history） historical （of history） 　　Classic （great， memorable） classical （of Latin or Greek） 　　Comic （of comedy） comical （funny） 　　Economic （in the economy） economical （money-saving） 　　Electric （powered by electricity） electrical （of electricity） 　　Deverbal suffixes —— -able （-ible） （washable）， -ive（-ative， -sive） （active， decisive） 　　Adverb suffixes —— -ly （calmly）， -ward（s） （homewards）， -wise （clockwise） 　　Verb suffixes —— -ate（originate）， -en （darken）， -（i）fy （beautify）， -ize （ise） （modernize） 　　Nik most of them are considered slang. 　　2. Compounding （Composition）——Compounding is a process of word-formation by joining two or more stems. 　　Compounds- a lexical unit consisting of more than one stem and functioning both grammatically and semantically as a single word. 　　三种形式solid， hyphenated， open 　　1）. Characteristics （differ from free phrases） 　　Phonetic features 　　Compound （not absolute） Free phrase 　　Stress on the first element Stress on the second element 　　Semantic features 　　Compounds are different from free phrases in semantic unity. 　　Every compound should express a single idea just as one word. 　　A lot of compounds are transparent and the meaning can be inferred from the separate elements of compounds. 　　Grammatical features 　　A compound plays a single grammatical role in a sentence. 　　In adjective-noun compounds， the adjective element cannot take inflectional suffixes. 　　Compound Free phrase 　　fine art finer art 　　Formation 　　Most compounds consist of 2 stems， but are formed on a rich variety of patterns and the internal grammatical relationship within the words is considered complex. 　　Noun compounds 　　Adjective compounds 　　Verb compounds （through conversion and back formation） 　　Back formed verb compounds are formed mainly by dropping the suffixes， -er， -ing，-ion， -etc. 　　3.Conversion （zero-derivation， functional shift） ——Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. These words are new only in a grammatical sense. The most productive is between nouns and verbs. 　　A change of grammatical function 　　The different range of meaning 　　Conversion to noun 　　Verb to noun-almost all monomorphemic verbs can be used as nouns. 　　1. State （of mind or sensation） 　　2. Event or activity 　　3. Result of the action 　　4. Doer of the action 　　5. Tool or instrument 　　6. Place of the action 　　Adjective to noun （full conversion， partial conversion） 　　1. Words fully converted-a noun converted from an adjective has all the characteristics of nouns. It can take an identical article or –e（s）. 　　2. Words partially converted – do not possess all the qualities a noun does. They must be used together with definite articles. They retain some of the adjective features. Words of this class generally refer to a group of the kind. 　　3. Miscellaneous conversion 　　Conversion to verbs 　　1. Noun to verb-verbs of this kind are all transitive. 　　2. Adjective to verb 　　3. Miscellaneous conversion 　　4.Blending—is the word formation by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. 　　Head + tail autocide / motel/ slurb / cremains / chunnel 　　Head + head comsat / telex / Amerind / sitcom / FORTRAM 　　Head + word medicare / Eurasia / telequiz / atuocamp 　　Word + tail lunarnaut / bookmobile / workfare / tourmobile 　　The overwhelming majority of blends are nouns， very few are verbs and adjectives are even fewer. 　　5.Clipping – shorten a longer word by cutting a part of the origin and using what remains instead. P