3 写作提高

null写作提高写作提高用词用词选词原则： 1.恰当proper Gre词汇，书面语vs.口语，文化背景 2.变化varied 3.具体specific 4.形象vivid用词------恰当用词------恰当1.书面语vs.口语 I have heard many wonderful things about such cosmopolitan cities as Paris，London，Tokyo，and Hong Kong and I would love to visit these cities to check them out． 改： I have heard many good compliments about such cosmopolitan cities as Paris，London，Tokyo，and Hong Kong．I am eager to verify these cities myself． I was kind of mad at the guy who said dirty words to me． 改： I was angry with the young man who said dirty words to me． 用词------恰当用词------恰当1)动词:单词更正式； go on----continue； look into----investigate； come across----meet； put up with----bear，endure，tolerate； get away----leave turn out----produce； do away with----abandon用词------恰当 用词------恰当 2)浅易简短的词多为非正式词，相同意思的词，一般音节越多越正式； begin--commence； deep--profound； lucky--fortunate； end----terminate； continue--proceed； same---identical； try--endeavor； buy---purchase； chance---opportunity； help--assistance； thank (n．)--gratitude；用词------恰当 用词------恰当 3)不用口语中的缩略式； （1)don’t，mustn’t，he’s，I've，etc： do not，must not，he is，I have，etc． （2) kids--children； cop---policeman； buck--dollar； buddy—friend pop---popular； pro--professional；用词------恰当 用词------恰当 一个词的意思有两方面：Denotation和Connotation Denotation 【di:nəu’teiʃən】指示 是词的字面意思，正如字典上所定义的一样 Connotation 【kɔnə’teiʃən】 1. 含义；隐含意义2. 言外之意; 内含 是由词引申联想到的意思和情感用词------恰当 用词------恰当 1. 褒义vs 贬义 Peasant （贬义） 1. 农民，佃农，贫穷国家的农民 2. 粗俗的人 Farmer (褒义)经营农业的人，有公民权利 propaganda (贬义) 宣传；鼓吹 Publicity (褒义) 用词------恰当用词------恰当 “瘦” slender 褒义 Skinny 贬义 Underweight 中性 Green: 汉语: 希望、活力， 英语: be green with envy，green-eyed 妒忌 green hand 新手 green horn 无经验易受骗之人,新移民 用词------恰当用词------恰当内涵不同 Landlord 房东 地主 Phoenix 汉语: 祥瑞 西方：复活，再生 Peach 汉语: 长寿 英语：特别讨人喜爱的人/物 用词------恰当用词------恰当Family 指家庭成员，与人有关 Home 指所居住的地点、住宅 State 政权 Country 国土 nation 国民 用词------恰当用词------恰当Send 她送信给我 she sent me the letter. she brought me the letter send sth to a place 应该是请别人送去，自己不去 他将送朋友去机场 He will send his friend to the airport He will go to the airport with his friend to see him off. 用词------变化varied 用词------变化varied Paraphrasing---改述，意译，释义,“重写’’， 内容 长度 使用同义词和短语 改变句子结构：倒装、虚拟、比喻、非人物主语开头… 灵活原则：不拘泥于原文，把意思达出来 用词------变化varied 用词------变化varied Eg 1：A large company has announced that it wishes to build a large factory near the community. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this new influence on your community. Do you support or oppose the factory? 同义词： large-big Announce- claim, declare Wish-want, hope, expect, anticipate Influence-impact, effect Community-neighborhood 用词------变化varied 用词------变化varied 关键词：建工厂 To build a factory, the construction plan, the establishment of a factory，set up, the project,.. Revised： A large factory is supposed to be built near the community according to the announcement issued by a company. 用词------变化varied 用词------变化varied Original: The hardest language to learn is Chinese. Unacceptable: The most difficult language to learn is Chinese. Acceptable: The most difficult language to master is Chinese. Excellent: Chinese is the most difficult language to master. 用词------变化varied 用词------变化varied 例2：Science and technology will have deep impacts on the daily life. 同义词 Exert / exercise/ produce Profound / far-reaching Remarkable / considerable / beneficial / favorable Undesirable / disastrous Effects / influences用词------变化varied 用词------变化varied 例３ ：Discuss 近义词： confer， argue，debate，dispute，hash over，reason, elaborate，explain， 同根词discussion 近义词argument，conversation，discourse，用词------变化varied 用词------变化varied Last month，I had a dispute with my parents．It started as a simple conversation that turned Into an argument．I wanted to take a year off from school．Of course，my parents argued that I should stay in school．I tried to reason with them；I tried to persuade them that taking a year off from school and working would be valuable experience．My explanation fell on deaf ears，and they refused to let me continue the discussion．They felt I had not thoroughly examined the issue and saw no reason to debate the subject any longer．I conferred with my sister who felt we could harsh it over later when my parents were in a better mood． 用词------变化varied 用词------变化varied 例4：A major factor contributing to our present energy crisis is that the necessary research and development efforts which could have provided us with the technological options and capabilities we now need so desperately were not undertaken in the past. 1)找出关键词的同义词： Major factor present provided options desperately undertaken 用词------变化varied 用词------变化varied A major factor contributing to our present energy crisis is that the necessary research and development efforts which could have provided us with the technological options and capabilities we now need so desperately were not undertaken in the past. 意译：It is believed that one of the main reasons for the current energy crisis is that in the past no one conducted the sorts of studies and experiments that could have given us the energy alternatives we now need earnestly． “energy crisis’’用词------变化varied 用词------变化varied Eg 5：There is a growing awareness of both the positive and negative influences that living outside campus for university students bring to their development. There is a heat discussion concerning whether university students should live inside campus or outside campus.用词------变化varied 用词------变化varied 综合使用多种进行变换 例6. Happy 同义词替换：pleased 名词变换：happiness 副词变换：happily 短语变换：with pleasure 动词变换：please sb.—make sb. happy用词------变化varied 用词------变化varied appraise the writers correctly make a correct appraisal of the writers It is alleged that he could… Allegedly, he could… be disappointed with the new machine the new machine was a disappointment 用词------变化varied 用词------变化varied Original: We know that sometimes success is measured by how much money you earn. Revised: It does not surprise us to discover that sometimes success is measured in terms of the money you earn. Original: We all know that most factories would be of no use if there were not clean water supply. Revised: It goes without saying that most factories would be of no use if there were not clean water supply.用词------变化varied 用词------变化varied Original: I really believe that smoking is harmful to people’s health. Revised: I have a profound conviction that smoking is harmful to people’s health.null 好处-坏处boons—banes, pros—cons, advantages—disadvantages, merit—demerit, strength-- weakness, 优点benefit，blessings, reward 缺点drawback, defect, shortcoming，handicap 积极的,好的 beneficial, advantageous 消极的,坏的 baneful, detrimental 支持 support---favor, advocate, prefer, argue for, vote for, be in favor of , back up I support you. I stand on your side. I share your opinion. 反对 Object ---objection, oppose ,opposition，be opposed to , Argue against, vote against, null改变、变化： Change Modify Alter Shift Transform convert varynull流行、普遍：popular prevalent， prevailing， current， common， Universal 无处不在的 prevalent, pervasive null增进enhance代替improve 表示"提高,增进", enhance boost 要表达"产生"的意思,后面是好的结果,用bring about 后面是不好的结果用engender 后面是抽象名词比如心理活动,用 induce 破坏undermine, jeopardize, endanger, ruin, wreck, havoc on, spoil, devastate null不同：different，difference，differ， differentiation，differential vary from…to… various，a variety of，variation Conflicting，opposing diverse，diversified，diversity Discrepancy disparity null影响(名词)impact, repercussions, ramifications, implications 危险(名词)perils, hazards, dangers null心理健康 psychological soundness/ well-being/ welfare 学习能力(先天就有的)aptitude/ talent 学习能力(后天学习到的)ability/ skill null表示上升的动词 Go up(went up) /rise(rose)/ grow(grew)/ increase(increased)/ ascend(ascended) , 其中rise和increase 也经常作名词, grow-growth 表示急剧上升的动词 Jump(jumped)/ surge(surged)/shoot up (shot up)/ soar(soared) 其中surge也可以做名词 表示下降的动词 Decline/ fall/ drop/ sink/ dip/ decrease/ descend, 其中decline/ fall/ drop/ decrease也经常做名词 表示急剧下降的动词 Plummet/ plunge 表示速度快的形容词 Sharp/ dramatic/ drastic/ rapid/precipitous/steep 副词加 -ly null表示幅度大的形容词 Marked/ substantial / significant, 副词加 -ly 表示缓慢,逐渐的形容词 Gradual/ steady/ gentle / slow, 副词加 -ly 表示小幅度的形容词 Modest/ moderate/ slight, 副词加 -ly 表示波动的动词 Fluctuate, 不及物动词,名词fluctuation 表示稳定在一个水平上的动词 Level off at/ level out at/ hover at/ stabilize at/ reached a plateau at 表示达到最高的动词 Peak at/ reach the highest point at , peak 也可以做名词 null表示达到最低的动词 Reach the bottom at/ the lowest point at/ bottom out at, bottom 也可以做名词 表示经历了某种变化的及物动词 Experience/ witness/ see 表示达到了多少数量的及物动词或词组 Reach/arrive at/ amount to / hit/ register/ stand at 表示占…(后面跟百分数或数字)的及物动词或词组 Account for/ represent / constitute / make up 表示数据由某几个部分组成的既无动词或者词组 A is composed of/comprise/ is made up of/ consists of B, C and D. 注意和include 区别 表示对未来数字的预测的及物动词 Project/ predict / forecast 表示"分别"的副词 Respectively—in the 2004 Olympics, China and Russia won X and Y gold medals respectively. 表示"大约"的副词或者词组 About, around, approximately, roughly, just over, just under null应该：should ought to it is/would be better it is advisable to null看作： look on Consider View See take…as… regard …as…， null意识到：realize， understand， be aware of/that， be awake to， it/sth. dawns on sb. null认为： Think View Say State Suggest Present the view discuss believe Hold Debate Argue Proclaim Claim Maintain null培养 Cultivate， nurture Instill Foster developnull考虑的因素， Consideration Concern Factor element null品质，特点： Quality Trait Characteristic feature null非常的，明显的（great） Remarkable Dramatically noticeablenull保护、保存： Keep Store save Preserve Conserve protect safeguard null吸引人的：attractive Appealing taking Inviting tempting Fascinating charming Alluring Glamorous Absorbing enticing null 想到：think of come up with occur to sb strike sb come to Remind suggest null关于：about on， with regard to as regards Concerning relating to null另外：moreover in addition Besides Furthermore one more thing 用词------具体specific用词------具体specific Original: The unexpected win of the match gives us confidence. Revised: The unexpected win of the match boosts our confidence. The change of management has boosted morale throughout the company. 用词------具体specific用词------具体specificOriginal: Science and technology have greatly influenced our lives and our society is changing very rapidly. Revised: Science and technology have come to pervade every aspect of our lives and, as a result, society is changing at a speed which is quite unprecedented.句子 句子 扩充句子 改述句子 句式多样性扩充句子扩充句子not简单句，以长句为主 不同的语法结构，如同位语、插入语、各种从句、并列结构等。 Eg：我喜欢吃鱼。 我小时候一生病，就喜欢吃爸爸做的鱼，因为我觉得爸爸做的鱼比什么药都灵，一吃我的病就好了。（20word+，至少3句） 丰富的语意，复杂的结构，深厚的文字功底，vivid image，and lots of details扩充句子扩充句子短句拉长要领: 名词+形容词+同位语+定语从句 动词+状语(时间、地点、目的、方式、结果….)扩充句子扩充句子例1：Officials have built highways． In recent years，responsible，hard-working and warm-hearted officials have built a great number of highways which have brought much convenience to the local citizens． 例2：Factories have discharged gases and liquids． The newly-built chemical factories have discharged harmful and even poisonous gases and liquids which have had a seriously negative impact on the surrounding environment．句子改述句子改述E.g. 1：A对B很重要。 A is important to B. 同义词 A is essential\significant\crucial\vital to B. 同根词 A is of great importance\significance to B. 同义词组 A plays an important role\part in B. 句子改述句子改述A matters\counts to B. A is everything\the whole world to B. 双重否定表达肯定 B cannot live\develop\grow\survive without A. 比较级表达最高级 Nothing is more important to B than A. 用否定表达肯定 The importance of A to B can never be exaggerated \ denied \ ignored \ doubted.句子改述句子改述E.g.2：我绝不嫁给你。 I will never marry you. 倒装 Never/under no circumstances will I marry you. 肯定表否定 You are the last man I am willing to marry. 句子改述句子改述虚拟 I would rather die than marry you. If the sun rose in the west/Bill Gates were your father, I would marry you. If you were the last man in the world, I would definitely remain single. If you were to marry me, I would go to the temple/ jump into the water/well/sea/river. 句式多样性句式多样性E.g.：动名词做主语 Cheating on tests repeatedly invites self-defeat．弄巧成拙 强调句 1)It is repeated cheating on tests that invites self-defeat． 不定式做主语，前后对称 2)To cheat on tests repeatedly is to invite self-defeat． 主语从句 3)Whoever cheats on tests is to invite self-defeat． 4)What invites self-defeat is cheating on tests repeatedly． 句式多样性句式多样性使用非人物主语开头的句子 汉语：近100万中国人在过去15年里去过了美国。 英语：The past 15 years brought almost one million Chinese to the United States． 1)We reached the conclusion through investigation． 1)Investigation led us to the conclusion． 2)He was so angry that he choked． 2)Anger choked his words． 句式多样性句式多样性使用非人物主语开头的句子 3)Students should make ceaseless efforts． 3)Continuous efforts on the part of the students are certainly required． 4)We have almost forgotten this event． 4)This event is now almost fading from our memory．null意识到 it/sth. dawns on sb that…. it/sth. occurs to sb that…. it/sth. strikes sb that…. E.g. :It suddenly struck me that we ought to make a new plan. 句式多样性句式多样性少用“There be” 1)There are fewer and fewer green trees in many big cities，while there are more and more concrete buildings． 1)The number of concrete buildings in many big cities has enormously increased at the expense of green belts．null少用“There be” 2)There are many people who prefer to go by bike，because they are not satisfied with bus service． 2)The public preference for riding bicycles reflects people’s dissatisfaction with bus service． 句式多样性句式多样性 少用“There be” 3)There are many people who complain of severe housing shortages． 3)Housing shortages become the source of great complaint． 表达客观 表达客观 1）恰当使用人称 “I”---------个人情感和主观意志多一些 “I would argue that…” “It could be argued that…” 2）．巧用One one might ask…… one could seriously question…… one may argue that ……. 3）．巧用“it" you could see clear that……. It would seem clear that……… null4）．使用试探性语气: 客观 & 严谨 “赌博引起离婚“ 1) The reason why so many people divorce is gambling. 2) The main reason why so many people divorce is gambling. 3)One of the main reasons why so many people divorce is gambling． 4)One of the main reasons why so many people divorce might be gambling． 5)According to Green(1992)，one of the main reasons why so many people divorce might be gambling．null4）．使用试探性语气: could，may, might， 不定式 appear to, seem to 副词：almost、perhaps、possible 、unlikely more or less或多或少 More or less they felt tired. to some extent 、up to a point 在一定程度上 Up to a point, I agree with you, but not entirely. in a certain way、 in a sense What you say is true in a sense 你的话在某种意义上属实. so to speak Your computer is, so to speak, in danger once being connected to the network to browse. 一旦连接上网测览，你的机器就可以说是处于危险之中了。 null表论据的试探性用语 The available statistics demonstrate that… Based on this survey，a majority of Engineering students think that... Published sources in the field suggest that..行文规范行文规范3.避免歧视性语言行文规范行文规范1.）名词: 单数换为复数 The runner who crosses the finish line first will have his medal awarded by the mayor． 改为： The runners who cross the finish line first will have their medal awarded by the mayor． A student should treat his teachers courteously． 改为：Students should treat their teachers courteously．行文规范行文规范2.） 避开代词的使用 A doctor needs to wash his hands before he examines his patients． 改为： A doctor needs to wash hands before examining patients． If one is considerate of others’ feeling，he will get along better． 改为： To get along better，one should be considerate of others’ feeling． 行文规范行文规范3）．使用the替代his，her Extra marks will be taken off from anyone who fails to submit his assignment on time． Extra marks will be taken off from anyone who fails to submit the assignment on time． Everyone has to recite his line． Everyone has to recite the line．谚语及名言 谚语及名言 Storms make trees take deeper roots． Prosperity is a great teacher；adversity a greater． In the middle of difficulty lies opportunity．--Albert Einstein nullOur destiny offers not the cup of despair，but the chalice of opportunity．----Nixon In every adversity there lies the seed of an equivalent advantage．In every defeat there is a lesson showing you how to win the victory next time．----Robert Collier． No pains, no gains． 谚语及名言 谚语及名言 Opportunities are usually disguised as hard work，so most people don’t recognize them． ----- Ann Landers God helps those who help themselves． Victory won’t come to me unless I go to it．-----Moore Luck is what happens when preparation meets opportunity． I will prepare and some day my chance will come．-----Abraham Lincoln 谚语及名言 谚语及名言 Opportunities are usually disguised as hard work，so most people don’t recognize them． God helps those who help themselves． No pains, no gains． 谚语及名言 谚语及名言 Knowledge is power． Faith moves mountains． He who makes no mistakes makes nothing． A fall into a pit，a gain in your wit． An optimist sees an opportunity in every calamity；a pessimist sees a calamity in every opportunity． -----Winston Churchill The early bird catches the worm．谚语及名言 谚语及名言 An hour in the morning is worth two in the evening． One hour today is worth two tomorrow． To save time is to lengthen life． No one can call back yesterday． Lost time is never found again． All things are difficult before they are easy． 谚语及名言 谚语及名言 No sweet without sweat． Luck is a dividend of sweat．The more you sweat，the luckier you get． I’m a great believer in luck，and I find the harder I work，the more I have of it．--Thomas Jefferson Rome was not built in a day． Success belongs to the persevering．