安工大java胡宏智复习题

Chapter 2  Understanding Cultures and Their Values Ⅰ. The Nature of Culture Definitions of Cultures P43 Dictionary: "the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively". Ⅱ.The basics of cultural values Definition of Value "Values are matters of preference". Three types of values  P48 Universal values Cultural-specific values Peculiar expression or deviations of individuals within cultures III. Understanding Cultural Patterns 1. Five basic values that appear on Kluckholn and Strodtbeck's chart for each orientation:  P52-55 1）Human nature ：good, evil, a mixture of good and evil 2）Relationship to nature ：subjugation to nature, harmony with nature, mastery over nature 3）Sense of time：past, present, future 4）Activity ：being-oriented, being-and-becoming, doing-oriented 5）Social relationship ：hierarchy, group, individual 2. The GLOBE Study:  P60-61 9 dimensions of cultural variation： 1）Institutional collectivism 2）In-group collectivism 3）Power distance 4）Uncertainty avoidance 5）Gender egalitarianism 6）Assertiveness 7）Humane orientation 8）Future orientation 9）Performance orientation Power distance: Refers to attitudes toward differences in authority. High power distance cultures: power is distributed unequally; some members have greater resources and influence; status and rank are clear-cut; employees have a great deal of respect for those in high positions. Decisions and activities focus around personal face-to-face relationships, often around a central person who has authority. Low power distance cultures: Power is not emphasized; employees are more comfortable approaching and even challenging their superiors. Task-centered. Decisions and activities focus around what needs to be done. Division of responsibilities. 3. Hall's High-and Low-context Orientation  p61-63 Hall distinguishes among cultures on the basis of the role of context in communication. Definition:P61 (1) High-context culture: most of the information is in the physical context or is internalized in the people who are a part of the interaction. (2) Low-context: most of the information is contained in the verbal message, and very little is embedded in the context or within the participants. Contrasing High-context and Low-context cultures:P62 From high-context to low-context: Chinese,Korean,Japanese,Arab,Greek,Spanish,Italian,English,North American, Swiss, German Establish social trust first High-context          Value personal relations and goodwill Agreement by relations and goodwill Negotiation slow Get down to business first Low-context          Value experience and performance Agreement by specific, legalistic contrast Negotiation as efficient as possible Four major differences in how high-context and low-context cultures affect the settings:P63 (1) Verbal messages are extremely important in low-context cultures. (2) Low-context people who rely primarily on verbal messages for information are perceived as less attarctive and less credible by people in high-context cultures. (3) People in high-context cultures are more adapt at reading nonverbal behavior and the environment. (4) People in high-context cultures have an expectation that others are also able to understand the unarticulated communication; hence, they do not speak as much. Comparison between Low Context and High Context P63 Low Context High Context Prefer direct verbal interaction Prefer indirect verbal interaction Understand meaning at one level only Understand meanings embedded at many social-culture levels Less proficient in reading nonverbal cues more proficient in reading nonverbal cues Values individualism Values group membership Relies more on logic Relies more on context and feeling Employs linear logic Employs spiral logic Says "no" directly Talks around point, avoids saying "no" Communication in highly structured messages, provides details, stressed literal meaning, gives authority to written information Communicates in simple, ambiguous, non-contexted messages; understand visual messages readily     Questions: Compare high-power distance with low-power distance cultures and give a list of some major differences between Chinese and Western cultures.