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直肠癌分期及治疗指南

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直肠癌分期及治疗指南 亘垦堂 ! 生9 eq 第27卷 第9期 ● 医学外语辅导(肛肠外科) Guidelines in Staging and Treatment of Rectal Cancer 直 肠 癌 分 期 及 治 疗 指 南 NCCN(National Comprehensive Cancer Network) 广西医科大学第一附属医院大肠肛门病外科 (南宁 530021) 张小龙 译 Staging(分期) The NCCN rectal ca/leer guidelines adIlere to the...
直肠癌分期及治疗指南
亘垦堂 ! 生9 eq 第27卷 第9期 ● 医学外语辅导(肛肠外科) Guidelines in Staging and Treatment of Rectal Cancer 直 肠 癌 分 期 及 治 疗 指 南 NCCN(National Comprehensive Cancer Network) 广西医科大学第一附属医院大肠肛门病外科 (南宁 530021) 张小龙 译 Staging(分期) The NCCN rectal ca/leer guidelines adIlere to the current TNM staging system(Table 1).hi this version of tire staging system,smooth metastatic nodules in the pericolic or pedrectal fat are considered lymph node metastatic and should be counted in the N sta百ng、Irregularly contoured metastatic nodules in the pefitumoral fat areconsidered vascularinvasion.Stnge II is now subdivided into IIA (ifthe primary tumor is T3)andⅡB(for L lesions).StageⅢ is subdivided intoⅢA(T1—2,N1 M0),ⅢB(T1.4,Nl,Mo),andⅢC (any T, ,M0).In addition,the current staging sugg~ts that the surgeonmark the area ofthe speeinren with the deepest ttmlor pene. trat.ion 80 that the pathologist can directly evaluate file radial n. The surgeon is encouraged to score the completeness of the resection as(1)R0for completetumorresectionwith all nl~ ns negative;(2) R1 for incomplete tumor resection with microscopic involvement of a :and(3)R2forincompletetumorresectionwith gross residual tunlor not resected 、 美国国家综合癌症网络(NCCN)直肠癌分期指南坚持使 用通用的 TA,'M分期体系(表 1)。在这个分期系统中,结肠或 直肠周围脂肪中圆滑的转移结节被认定为淋巴结转移,在 N 分期计数中应被包括进去。肿瘤周围脂肪中轮廓不规则的转 移结节则被认定为血管浸润。 Ⅱ期现在被进一步分为 ⅡA (原发肿瘤为 )和 IIB(原发肿瘤为 L),Ⅲ期被进一步分为 ⅢA( .2,Nl,Mo),ⅢB(T3一 ,N1,Mo)和 ⅢC(任何 T, ,Mo)。 该分期系统要求外科医生在切除标本中标记出肿瘤浸润最深 的部位,以便于病理 医生能直接估计肿瘤浸润延伸的边缘。 外科医生应该对肿瘤切除的完全性加以:所有切缘均阴 性的完全切除记录为 R0,显微镜下一侧切缘阳性的不完全切 除记录为 RI,肉眼可见肿瘤残留的不完全切除记录为 R2。 Table 1 American JointCommittee on Cancer(A『CC)TNM st~ng System forColoreetal Cancer Primary Ⅱn0r(T) Tx 蹦 mary tumor cannot be assessed T0 No evidenee of primary tumor Tis Carcinoma in situ:intraepithelial or invasion of lamina prop. ria Tumorinvades$abmucosa Tumorinvades mu._c43ulaYis pmpria L Tumor invades thro~,the muscularis pmpria into the subse· rosa,or into nonpefitonealized peficolic or perirectal tissues L Tumor directly im'ade other organs or sL-'uctures,and/or per· forates visceral peritoneum R 伽 l Lymph Nodes(N)。 Nx Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed . N0 No regional lymph node metastasis、 N1 Metastasis in 1 to 3 regional lym ph nodes . N2 Metastasis in 4 ormore regional lym ph nodes. Distant metastasis(M) Mx Distantmetastasis cannot be assessed. M0 No distant metastasis. Ml Distant metastasis. 1491 表 1 美国癌症联合委员会结直肠癌 TNM分期系统 原发性肿瘤(T) Tx 原发肿瘤无法估计 T0 未发现原发肿瘤 Tis 原位癌:上皮内癌或肿瘤侵犯固有层 肿瘤侵及黏膜下 肿瘤侵犯肌层 L 肿瘤穿透肌层至浆膜下或至无腹膜的结肠或直肠周 围组织 L 肿瘤直接侵犯其它器官或(和)穿透脏器 MAC is the nxxtified Astler-Coller classification.(,MAC’是 改良Asfler-Coller分期法) 维普资讯 http://www.cqvip.com l492 瑚 c gra~(G) GI:Grade cannot be assessed;Gl:Well differentiated;G2:Mod. erately differentiated ;G3:poody differentiatied;G4:Undifferentiated. 组织学分级(G) GI:分级不能确定;Gl:高分化;G2:中分化; :低分化; Gd:未分化 ClinicalE~luafion Rectal carcinoma should be fully staged .Endoscopic biopsy speciments of the lesion should undergo careful pathology review for evidence of invasion into the museularis mucosa.If available,endo. rectal ultrasound ormagneticiL~onanceillkqgine can assistthe surgeon in determining the extent of disease.These modalities have been use— ful is assessing the depth of invasion and the lymph node status. Computed tomographic(CT)s(舢 ofthe abdomen and peMs are r。c— ommended because they might provide additional imformation about the extent of the disease.If removal of the rectum is contemplated , early consultation wifll an enterostonml therapist is recommended for preoperative marking of the site and for patient teaching puJp0ses. 临床评估 应尽可能通过各种检查对直肠癌进行分期。对经内镜取 得的病变活检标本进行仔细的病理学检查,可能观察到肿瘤 侵及黏膜肌层。如果能够进行直肠内超声或 MPd检查则可 协助外科医生判定病变的范围,这些方法在评估肿瘤浸润深 度及淋巴结状况时是有用的。腹部及盆腔 CT扫描可能提供 更多病变累及范围的信息而受到推荐。如果考虑需行直肠切 除,应早期请肠造口治疗师进行术前造 口定位并对病人进行 造口相关教育。 lk'eatment(治疗) Treatment 0fT1 and T2 I.~ olls w池 Favorable Characteristics Inselected T1 andT2lesionswithout positivemal~ns or adverse features(eg,no lymphovaseular invasion【LV1]or perineural inva— sion;size<3cm;well to modemtely differentiated),local excision rIlisht ve results comparable to anterior-posterior resection. T~rsanal excision is the preferred procedure for small tumors within 8 锄 ofthe anal verge and limited to 30% of the rectal circumference (category 2B for T2 tumors).Local reeLuTence rates for T2 lesions have been 25% when lesions ale not suitablefor wansanal surgery.If postsurgical pathology review after local excision reveals a ade 3 to 4 lfistology,positive ma nS,or LVI,then a transabdominal reresec— tion should be performed.AT2lesionwith negativemar6n~and none ofthe poor prognostic factors can be treated with transabdomihal re— section or adjuvant 5 fluomuracil/radiation therapy(5一~/RT). 预后良好的 Tl和 ,I2期肿瘤的治疗 在一些切缘无阳性发现或不合并不利因素的Tl和 ,I2肿 瘤(如无淋巴、血管及周围神经浸润;大小在 3 em 以下;高到 中度分化),局部切除可达到与前切除术同样的效果。经肛门 切除对距肛缘 8厘米以内、占据直肠周径 30%以下的小肿瘤 是首选术式。对不适合行经肛门手术的 ,I2期肿瘤行局部切 除术的局部复发率是 25%。局部切除术后病理检查发现肿 瘤组织学分级为 3—4级,切缘阳性或淋巴、血管浸润,则应进 行开腹手术。切缘阴性且无预后不利相关因素的 ,I2期肿瘤 可行经腹手术亦可给予辅助性 5.F1J化疗及放疗(5.FU/I订)。 Treatment ofInvasive Carcinoma For patients with T1 to T2 lesiom not amenable to local exci. sion,a radical resection is required.For lesiom in the mid to upper rectum,a low anterior resection is the tream~ent of choice.For low rectal lesions,abdominoperincal resection or colomml anastomosis is required.To decrease the risk of local recurrence,patients should undergo optin~d pelvic dissection with sl~,p nresorectal excision,in- cluding mesentery distal to the tumor as an intact unit.No a(iiuvant therapy is indicated for patients with T1 or T2 lesiom.Patients with lymph node--negative'13 or T4 lesiom or any lymph node---positive cancer should recei~re adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy(cate— gory 1),either preoperatively or postopemtively.In the Intergroup Trial U114,allpatients received 6 cycles ofpostoperative chemo ther— apy plus concuiTent RT dm'ing cycles 3 and 4.After a n弛diarIfollow- up of4 years,neither the rate of local control nor survival differed among 3 different combinatiom of modulated 5.FU chcmo thempy.In addition,the Mdyo/NC 6_47—51 trial showed that single-agent, continuous-infusion 5.FU was inore effective finn bolus 5.FU.As a result,continuous hffusion 5一FU plus radiotherapy or bolus 5-FU plus radiotherapy is an acceptable chemo mdiafion tegi/t~n.Patients widl '13 or T4 rectal carcinomas should be considered for preoperative combined—modallty therapy.A major goal ofpreoperative therapy is to decrease the vohmm of the primary hanor and thus enhance spltincter preservation.Patients who recei~re preoperative radiotherapy should receive postopemtive 5-FU/leucovorin.For patients in whom radical resection is not indicated for medical ressolls,adjuvaat clremoradio- therapy is recommended after local excision to decrease local n,cllr. rence rates.Patients 山 stage IV lesiom may be candidates for pal· hative resection fulguration or radiotherapy followed by systenfic ther· 印Y· 浸润性直肠癌的治疗 对不能行局部切除的 Tl和 ,I2肿瘤需要行根治性切除。 中至高位直肠癌可选择低位前切除。低位直肠癌需行经腹会 阴联合切除或结肠肛管吻合术。为了降低局部复发的风险, 应对患者的盆腔进行合理的解剖分离,锐性分离切除包括肿 瘤远端肠系膜在内的直肠系膜,并保持其完整无损。Tl和 ,I2 期患者无须辅助治疗,淋巴结阴性的 ,B 和 T4期肿瘤及所有 淋巴结阳性肿瘤患者均应在术前或术后接受辅助性放疗及化 疗。在 Ul14分组试验中,患者均接受 6个周期的术后化疗, 并在第 3、第 4周期时同时接受放疗。通过平均4年的随访发 现,局控率及生存率在 3种不同的5.FU化疗组合之间无 差别。另外,Mayo/NCC3G86-47.51试验显示在 单因素 比较 时,5.FU持续注入效果优于单次推注给药。故 5.FU持续给药 加放疗或 5.FU推注加放疗是可选的放化疗组合方案。,B、T4 期直肠癌患者应接受术前联合方案治疗,其主要 目的是使原 维普资讯 http://www.cqvip.com 厂_亘垦堂 生9月 第27卷 第9期 发肿瘤体积缩小进而提高保肛率。术前接受放疗的患者术后 应给予 5一FU/CF化疗。对无须行根治性切除的患者,局部切 除后给予辅助性放、化疗可以降低局部复发率。IV期肿瘤患 者可选择姑息性切除、电灼或放疗并进一步接受系统治疗。 Surveillance andManagement ofRecurrence The approach to monitoring and surveillance of patients with rec tal carcinoma is ess姐~tially the same as for colon cancer . Patients with suspected r、。cun℃noe(bases on increasing carcinoembuonic an— tigen or suspicious CT scan)should have a positron-emi~ion tomog raphy scan ,~pecially if salvage surgery is under consideration.Th e salvage chemotherapy treatments for metastatic or recurrent rectal cancer are sinfilar to the recommendations for colon cancer.Patients with good performance status and ability to tolerate intensive therapy should be considered for irinoteean alone,bolus or infusional 5一FU/ leucovorin/irinotecan,5一FU/leucovorin/oxaliplafin,or a capecitabine combination.Because weekly bolus 5一FU/leucovorin/irinotecan may cause severe Fc~stmintestinal toxicity,patients on this regimo n should be carefully mo nitored during the first 60 days of therapy.Patients who aie unabletotolerateintensivetherapy shouldbe offered capecit— abine,protracted intravenous 5一FU,or bolus or infusional 5一FU/leuco— vorln 术后复发的监测及处理 直肠癌患者的追踪和监测方法与结肠癌是相同的。可疑 复发(CEA升高或可疑的 CT扫描)的患者,特别是不考虑行再 次手术时,应进行 PET(正电子发射计算机断层扫描)检查。 直肠癌转移或复发时的化学药物治疗与结肠癌相似。身体状 况可耐受强烈治疗的患者可选择单用 CPT-1l,推注或滴注 5一 FUICFICtrF-1l,5.FU/CF/L-OI~ 或联合应用卡培他滨。因 每周 应用 5一FUICFICI~一l1可导致严重的胃肠道毒性,使用该方案 的患者在治疗的前 60天中应受到仔细监控。不能耐受强烈 治疗的患者可给予卡培他滨,延时静脉使用 5.FU或推注、滴 注 5一FU,CF治疗。 Principles 0f adjuvanttherapy Adjm,ant flrempy for rectal cancer consists of re6m~ns that in— clude both concurrent chemotherapy/RT and adjuvant chemotherapy. The chemo thempy/RT may be administered either pre or postopem— tively. 1.Postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy for patients receiving preopcmtive chemothempy/l{T: ● 5.FU 380mg/m2/day Oil days 1-5+leucovorin IV 20 mg/nl Oil days 1-5 every 28 days×4 cycles ● 5一FU S00,~ IV bolus injection 1 h afterthe start oflcucovor- in infusion,once a wk for 6wks×3 cycles Leucovorin 500mg/rn2 IV over 2 h once a wk for 6weeks×3 cy— cles 2.Postoperative adjuvant regiments for patients not receiving preo perative therapy: ● 5一F1J+ leucevorin× 1 cycles,then concurrent chen~othempy/ 1493 XaT(see below for regimens),then 5 FU/leucovorin×2 cycles ★●5一FU 500mg/rnz IV bolus injection 1 h after the start ofthe leucovorin infusion,once a wk for 6 wks+ leucovorin 500 mg/,d IV over 2 h once a wk for 6 wks . ★ A cycle is comprised of6 wks followed by 2 wks of rest . ● Oxaliplatin 85 mg/m~on dav l and bolus 5 一 FU 400 n rn2+ leucovorin 20OⅡ rnz followed by 5一FU 600metrn2 in 22一h infu— sions on days l and 2 every 2 weeks 3.Dosing Schedules for concurrent chemo therapy/RT: ● RT+ 5一FU/leucovorin 5一FU 400 m + lencovorin 200rag/ m2for 4 d during wk l and 5 of RT ‘ ● RT+capecitabine Capecitabine 825 mg/m~P0 BID throughout collIse of RT(be~nning 2 hottrs before start of RT and ending 出tie last dose of RT). 辅助治疗原则 直肠癌辅助治疗包括同时接受放、化疗和辅助性化疗。 放、化疗可于术前或术后进行。 l 术前已行放化疗患者的术后辅助化疗 : ● 5一FU 38omg,n ,天+CFⅣ 0,20 n I ,天,28天,周期,第 1— 5天用药,共用4周期。 ● 5.FU 500mg/m2在 CF滴注开始后 l h推注,1次,周,6周,周 期,共用 3周期。 CF 500m#d静脉使用超过 2 h,1次,周,6周,周期,共用 3 周期。 2 术前未行放化疗患者的术后辅助治疗: ● 5.f1J+CF使用 l周期,接着同时行放、化疗 ,再使用 5.F1J +CF 2周期。 ★ 5一FU 500mg/m2在 CF滴注开始后l h推注,1次,周,用 6周 +CF 500mg,/d静脉使用,超过 2 h,1次,周,用 6 周。 ★ 6周为 l周期,接下来休息 2周。 ● 第 l天用 L-OI~ 85 mg/ 静滴,同时推注 5.FU 400 mg/ rn2,CF200a,gl,n~静滴,接着 5.FU 600ms/m~滴注 22 h,第 2 天再予 5.FU 600mg, 滴注 22 h,2周,周期。 3 放化疗同时进行时的剂量 ● 放疗 +5-FU/CF 放疗的第 l、5周时给予 5一FU 400 ms/m~·天 +CF~Z3Om~ rn2,天,用药 4天。 ● 放疗 +卡培他滨 放疗期间一直使用卡培他滨 825 mgCn?口服,2次,天(第 一 次故疗前 2 h开始,放疗结束后停止) Sunnnary Th e NCCN Rectal Cm~cer G~fidehnes panel believes dmt a mnl— tidisciphtmry approach is rI( essary fortreating patients with colorectal cancer.Patients with T1 orT2 lesions that are node-negative by endo— rectal ulu~ouM and who meet carefully defined criteria can be man— aged with a trausanal excision.Abdominal peritoneal resection or low anterior resection 出 total mesorectal excision is appropriate for all other rectal lesion.Either preoperative clremo mdiation or postoperative 维普资讯 http://www.cqvip.com chen~mdialion is standard for patients witIl suspected or proven F~:ro- salinvasion(pT3)or re孚onal nodeinvolvement.Patients withteeth'rent localized disease should be considered for I~ ction with or without radiotherapy.Chemotherapy re mens using irinotecan Or oxaliplatin should be considered for Da e吣 with distant metastasis.The panel 目dDr懿 the conceptthatt~ ting 吐ial协in a clinicaltrial has priori- ty over standard or accepted therapy. 小结 NCCN直肠癌指导小组认为结直肠癌患者需要接受多学 ● 学科文献信息导示(肛肠外科) 科的综合治疗。经过认真的按照判定 ,肿瘤为 1'1、rI2期 且经直肠超声检查淋巴结阴性的患者可行经肛门切除,其他 患者适合行经腹会阴联合切除或低位前切除并行全直肠系膜 切除,怀疑或证实浆膜浸润及区域淋巴结受累的患者应行术 前、术后放化疗,局部复发患者应行手术切除或手术同时接受 放疗,有远处转移的患者应采用联合 CFr-11或 L-OHP的方案 进行化疗。该小组认同治疗病人时I临床验证优先于标准或公 认方案的观念。 摘 自 Clinical Pierce Guidelines in Oncology-v.2.2004 大 肠 肛 门 病 外 科 医 生 常 用 期 刊 及 网 络 资 源 广西医科大学第一附属医院大肠肛门病外科 (南宁 530021) 甘嘉亮 1 大肠肛门病外科的国内重要期刊 (1)大肠肛门病外科杂志 地址 :广西南宁市双拥路 6号广西医科大学院内 邮政编码:530021 电话:0771.5358436 E-mail:dcgm@chinajouma1.net.cn (2)实用肿瘤杂志 地址:杭州解放路 88号浙大医学院附属二院内 邮政编码:310009 电话:0571.87783659 传真:0571.8778365-4 E-mail:SYZZ@clfinajouma1.net.cn (3)癌 症 地址:广州市东风东路 651号 网址:WWW.aizh.chinajourna1.net.cn 邮政编码:51006o 电话:020-87343336 E-mail:cjegz@gzsums.edu.cn (4)肿瘤防治杂志 地址:山东省济南市济兖路440号 邮政编码:250117 电话:0531.7984777.82516 传真:o531.7984783 E-mail:础 @public.in.sd.CB (5)中国普外基础与临床杂志 地址:四川成都国学巷 37号四川大学华西医院 邮政编码:610041 电话:028.85422072 传真:0船.85432724 (6)国外医学.肿瘤学分册 地址:济南市经十路 89号 邮政编码:250o62 电话:0531-2949227,2919917 E-mail:GW @cltinajouma1.net.cn (7)中国实用外科杂志 地址:辽宁省沈阳市和平区砂阳路 252号 邮政编码:110005 电话:024-23395362 传真:024-23395362 E-mail:journal@mail.sy.In.C/I (8)肿 瘤 地址:上海市斜土路 220o弄25号 邮编:200032 电话:021.64047029*1405或 021.64032388 (9)中华胃肠外科杂志 地址 :广州市中山二路 58号中山大学附属第一医院内 邮政编码:51008o 电话:09_0-87335945 mail: i @chinajourna1.net.cn 2 大肠肛门病外科部分国外重要参考期刊 (1)International Jounml ofColorectalDisease 国际结直肠疾病杂志(英国大肠肛门病外科协会主办) http://link.springer.de/link/service/jounMs/OO384/index.him (2)ainical Colorectal Cllneer I临床结直肠癌 hap://www.eaneerinformafongroup.c0Ⅱl,ccc.html (3)American Journal of Crrm'eal Oneology 美国临床肿瘤学杂志 hup:llwww.amjclinicaloncology.corn/ (4)Imeases offileColon&Rectum 结直肠疾病(美国结直肠外科医师学会主办) http://www.discolrect.corn/ (5)AmericanJournal ofGastroenterology 美国胃肠病学杂志(美国胃肠病学学会主办) http://www.blackwe~pubhsHng.corn/journa1.asp (6)Gastroenterology 胃肠病学 http://www.gas卸0jol1ma1.ore (7)raa-omm Journal of Gastroenterology and llepalolol~" 欧洲胃肠病学和肝脏病学杂志(欧洲胃肠病学和内窥镜协 会主办) http:llwww.euroj 1.com/ (8)a'ae Canadian Journal of Ga~roenterology 加拿大胃肠病学杂志(/11拿大胃肠病学和肝脏病学协会主办) http://www.pulsus.co.gGASTRO/home.htm 维普资讯 http://www.cqvip.com
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