91年2月

91 年 2 月 SECTION 1 Time-30 minutes 38 Questions 1. The Chinese, who began systematic astronomical and weather observations shortly after the ancient Egyptians, were assiduous record-keepers, and because of this, can claim humanity's longest continuous -------- of natural events. (A) defiance (B) documentation (C) maintenance (D) theory (E) domination 2. Because many of the minerals found on the ocean floor are still ------- on land, where mining is relatively inexpensive, mining the ocean floor has yet to become a ------- enterprise. (A) scarce. . common (B) accessible.. marginal (C) unidentified.. subsidized (D) conserved . . public (E) plentiful.. profitable 3. The valedictory address, as it has developed in American colleges and universities over the years, has become a very strict form, a literary ------- that permits very little-------. (A) text.. clarity (B) work.. tradition (C) genre.. deviation (D) oration.. grandiloquence (E) achievement.. rigidity 4. A human being is quite ------- creature, for the gloss of rationality that covers his or her fears and ------- is thin and often easily breached. (A) a logical.. problems (B) a frail.. insecurity (C) a valiant.. phobias (D) an ambitious.. morality (E) a ludicrous.. laughter 5. Although the passage of years has softened the initially hostile reaction to his poetry, even now only a few independent observers ------- his works. (A) praise (B) revile (C) scrutinize (D)criticize (E) neglect 6. Unlike philosophers who constructed theoretically ideal states, she built a theory based on -------; thus, although her constructs may have been inelegant, they were ------sound. (A) reality.. aesthetically (B) intuition.. intellectually (C) surmise.. scientifically (D) experience.. empirically (E) conjecture.. factually 7. Once a duckling has identified a parent, the instinctive bond becomes a powerful ------- for additional learning since, by ------- the parent, the duckling can acquire further information that is not genetically transmitted. (A) impulse.. surpassing (B) referent.. recognizing (C) force.. acknowledging (D) inspiration.. emulating (E) channel.. mimicking 8. INFLATE: BURST:: (A)​ atrophy: evaporate (B)​ pull: tear (C)​ expose: hide (D)​ excavate : increase (E)​ break: shatter 9. FLIP: RESPECT:: (A)​ curt : ignorance (B)​ bleak: firmness (C)​ wry: humor (D)​ nonchalant: concern (E)​ rash: promptness 10. REQUEST: COMMAND:: (A)​ propose: stipulate (B)​ enlist: support (C)​ relegate : consign (D)​ volunteer: accept (E)​ select: reject 11. BOUNDLESS: LIMIT:: (A)​ truncated : length (B)​ voracious ; appetite (C)​ impeccable: flaw (D)​ fascinating : interest (E)​ syncopated : beat 12. MOLT: BIRD:: (A)​ slough : snake (B)​ hibernate: bear (C)​ metamorphose: spider (D)​ shuck : oyster (E)​ hatch: egg 13. RENOUNCE: PLEDGE:: (A)​ exculpate: victim (B)​ desecrate : shrine (C)​ recriminate : hero (D)​ redeem : honor (E)​ rescind : order 14. COWARD: CRAVEN:: (A)​ liar: facetious (B)​ dupe: gullible (C)​ commentator: caustic (D)​ judge: impartial (E)​ criminal: hostile 15. ENFRANCHISE: VOTE:: (A)​ advertise: sell (B)​ fumigate: kill (C)​ filter: purify (D)​ illuminate: see (E)​ ignite: burn 16. STRUT: WING:: (A)​ beam: door (B)​ axle: wheel (C)​ guy: pylon (D)​ root: plant (E)​ twig: branch 　　As Gilbert White, Darwin, and others 　　observed long ago, all species appear to 　　have the innate capacity to increase 　　their numbers from generation to (5) generation. The task for ecologists is 　　to untangle the environmental and 　　biological factors that hold this 　　intrinsic capacity for population growth 　　in check over the long run. The great (10) variety of dynamic behaviors exhibited 　　by different populations makes this task 　　more difficult: some populations remain 　　roughly constant from year to year; 　　others exhibit regular cycles of (15) abundance and scarcity; still others 　　vary wildly, with outbreaks and crashes 　　that are in some cases plainly 　　correlated with the weather, and in 　　other cases not. (20) 　To impose some order on this 　　kaleidoscope of patterns, one school of 　　thought proposes dividing populations 　　into two groups. These ecologists posit 　　that the relatively steady populations (25) have "density-dependent" growth 　　parameters; that is, rates of birth, 　　death, and migration which depend 　　strongly on population density. The 　　highly varying populations have (30) "density-independent" growth parameters, 　　with vital, rates buffeted by 　　environmental events; these rates 　　fluctuate in a way that is wholly 　　independent of population density. (35) 　This dichotomy has its uses, but it 　　can cause problems if taken too 　　literally. For one thing, no population 　　can be driven entirely by 　　density-independent factors all the (40) time. No matter how severely or 　　unpredictably birth, death and migration 　　rates may be fluctuating around their 　　long-term averages, if there were no 　　density-dependent effects, the (45) population would, in the long run, 　　either increase or decrease without 　　bound (barring a miracle by which gains 　　and losses canceled exactly). Put 　　another way, it may be that on average (50) 99 percent of all deaths in a population 　　arise from density-independent causes, 　　and only one percent from factors 　　varying with density. The factors 　　making up the one percent may seem (55) unimportant, and their cause may be 　　correspondingly hard to determine. Yet, 　　whether recognized or not, they will 　　usually determine the long-term average 　　population density. (60) 　In order to understand the nature of 　　the ecologist's investigation, we may 　　think of the density-dependent effects 　　on growth parameters as the "signal" 　　ecologists are trying to isolate and (65) interpret, one that tends to make the 　　population increase from relatively low 　　values or decrease from relatively high 　　ones, while the density-independent 　　effects act to produce "noise" in the (70) population dynamics. For populations 　　that remain relatively constant, or that 　　oscillate around repeated cycles, the 　　signal can be fairly easily 　　characterized and its effects described, (75) even though the causative biological 　　mechanism may remain unknown. For 　　irregularly fluctuating populations, we 　　are likely to have too few observations 　　to have any hope of extracting the (80) signal from the overwhelming noise. But 　　it now seems clear that all populations 　　are regulated by a mixture of 　　density-dependent and density- independent effects in varying proportions. 17. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with (A) discussing two categories of factors that control population growth and assessing their relative importance (B) describing how growth rates in natural populations fluctuate over time and explaining why these changes occur (C) proposing a hypothesis concerning population sizes and suggesting ways to test it (D) posing a fundamental question about environmental factors in population growth and presenting some currently accepted answers（A） (E) refuting a commonly accepted theory about population density and offering a new alternative 18. It can be inferred from the passage that the author considers the dichotomy discussed in the second paragraph to be (A) applicable only to erratically fluctuating populations (B) useful, but only if its limitations are recognized (C) dangerously misleading in most circumstances (D) a complete and sufficient way to account for observed phenomena（B） (E) conceptually valid, but too confusing to apply on a practical basis 19. Which of the following statements can be inferred from the last paragraph? (A) For irregularly fluctuating populations, doubling the number of observations made will probably result in the isolation of density-dependent effects. (B) Density-dependent effects on population dynamics do not occur as frequently as do density-independent effects. (C) At present, ecologists do not understand any of the underlying causes of the density-dependent effects they observe in population dynamics. (D) Density-dependent effects on growth parameters are thought to be caused by some sort of biochemical “signaling” that ecologists hope eventually to understand.（E） (E) It is sometimes possible to infer the existence of a density-dependent factor controlling population growth without understanding its causative mechanism. 20. According to the passage, which of the following is a true statement about density-dependent factors in population growth? (A) They ultimately account for long-term population levels. (B) They have little to do with long-term population dynamics. (C) They are always more easily isolated and described than those that are density-independent. (D) They include random environmental events.（A） (E) They contradict current ecological assumptions about population dynamics. 21. According to the passage, all of the following behaviors have been exhibited by different populations EXCEPT: (A) roughly constant population levels from year to year (B) regular cycles of increases and decreases in numbers (C) erratic increases in numbers correlated with the weather (D) unchecked increases in numbers over many generations（D） (E) sudden declines in numbers from time to time 22. The discussion concerning population in lines 24-40 serves primarily to (A) demonstrate the difficulties ecologists face in studying density-dependent factors limiting population growth (B) advocate more rigorous study of density-dependent factors in population growth (C) prove that the death rates of any population are never entirely density-independent (D) give an example of how death rates function to limit population densities in typical populations（E） (E) underline the importance of even small density-dependent factors in regulating long-term population densities 23. In the passage, the author does all of the following EXCEPT: (A) cite the views of other biologists (B) define a basic problem that the passage addresses (C) present conceptual categories used by other biologists (D) describe the results of a particular study（D） (E) draw a conclusion 　　In Raisin in the Sun, Lorraine 　　Hansberry does not reject integration or 　　the economic and moral progress of the 　　American dream; rather, she remains (5) loyal to this dream while looking, 　　realistically, at its incomplete 　　realization. Once we recognize this 　　dual vision, we can accept the play's 　　ironic nuances as deliberate social (10) commentaries by Hansberry rather than 　　as the "unintentional" irony that Bigsby 　　attributes to the work. Indeed a 　　curiously persistent refusal to credit 　　Hansberry with a capacity for (15) intentional irony has led some critics 　　to interpret the play's thematic 　　conflicts as mere confusion, 　　contradiction, or eclecticism. Isaacs, 　　for example, cannot easily reconcile (20) Hansberry's intense concern for her race 　　with her ideal of human reconciliation. 　　But the play's complex view of Black 　　self-esteem and human solidarity as 　　compatible is no more "contradictory" (25) than Du Bois' famous, well-considered 　　ideal of ethnic self-awareness 　　coexisting with human unity, or Fanon's 　　emphasis on an ideal internationalism 　　that also accommodates national (30) identities and roles. 24. The author’s primary purpose in this passage is to (A) explain some critics’ refusal to consider Raisin in the Sun a deliberately ironic play (B) suggest that ironic nuances ally Raisin in the Sun with Du Bois’ and Fanon’s writings (C) analyze the fundamental dramatic conflicts in Raisin in the Sun (D) justify the inclusion of contradictory elements in Raisin in the Sun（E） (E) affirm the thematic coherence underlying Raisin in the Sun 25. It can be inferred from the passage that the author believes which of the following about Hansberry’s use of irony in Raisin in the Sun? (A) It derives from Hansberry’s eclectic approach to dramatic structure. (B) It is justified by Hansberry’s loyalty to a favorable depiction of American life. (C) It is influenced by the themes of works by Du Bois and Fanon. (D) It is more consistent with Hansberry’s concern for Black Americans than with her ideal of human reconciliation.（E） (E) It reflects Hansberry’s reservations about the extent to which the American dream has been realized. 26. In which of the following does the author of the passage reinforce his criticism of responses such as Isaacs’ to Raisin in the Sun? (A) The statement that Hansberry is “loyal” (line 3) to the American dream (B) The description of Hansberry’s concern for Black Americans as “intense” (line 13) (C) The assertion that Hansberry is concerned with “human solidarity” (line 15) (D) The description of Du Bois’ ideal as “well-considered” (line 17)（D） (E) The description of Fanon’s internationalism as “ideal” (line 19) 27. The author of the passage would probably consider which of the following judgments to be most similar to the reasoning of critics described in lines 8-12? (A) The world is certainly flat; therefore, the person proposing to sail around it is unquestionably foolhardy. (B) Radioactivity cannot be directly perceived; therefore, a scientist could not possibly control it in a laboratory. (C) The painter of this picture could not intend it to be funny, therefore, its humor must result from a lack of skill. (D) Traditional social mores are beneficial to culture; therefore, anyone who deviates from them acts destructively.（C） (E) Filmmakers who produce documentaries deal exclusively with facts; therefore, a filmmaker who reinterprets particular events is misleading us. 28. ADVOCATE: (A)​ rectify (B)​ enforce (C)​ observe (D)​ denounce (E)​ reimburse 29. CORRUGATED: (A)​ pliant (B)​ smooth (C)​ fragile (D)​ vaporous (E)​ permeable 30. COVERT: (A)​ acquainted (B)​ acclaimed (C)​ spontaneous (D)​ open (E)​ alert 31. EXTRANEOUS: (A)​ fruitful (B)​ expeditious (C)​ neutral (D)​ relevant (E)​ precipitous 32. DISTENSION: (A)​ release (B)​ dilution (C)​ implosion (D)​ angularity (E)​ compression 33. CONVERSANCE: (A)​ anonymity (B)​ brevity (C)​ lack of familiarity (D)​ lack of manners (E)​ lack of enthusiasm 34. EMBOSS: (A)​ turn over (B)​ flatten out (C)​ whittle away (D)​ roughen (E)​ unfold 35. QUOTIDIAN: (A)​ resourceful (B)​ serious (C)​ unusual (D)​ expensive (E)​ combative 36. TORRIDNESS: (A)​ solubility (B)​ volatility (C)​ frigidity (D)​ viscosity (E)​ purity 37. OPPROBRIUM: (A)​ good repute (B)​ fair recompense (C)​ fidelity (D)​ exposure (E)​ patience 38. DISABUSE: (A)​ afflict with pain (B)​ lead into error (C)​ force into exile (D)​ remove from grace (E)​ free from obligation SECTION 5 Time-30 minutes 38 Questions 1. Nearly two-thirds of the country's mushroom crop is produced by 160 growers in a single county, the greatest------- growers anywhere. (A) cause of (B) agreement among (C) indication of (D) interaction between (E) concentration of 2. The disjunction between educational objectives that stress independence and individuality and those that emphasize obedience to rules and cooperation with others reflects a------ that arises from the values on which these objectives are based. (A) conflict (B) redundancy (C) gain (D) predictability (E) wisdom 3. It is ------- for a government to fail to do whatever it can to eliminate a totally ------ disease. (A) folly.. innocuous (B) irresponsible.. preventable (C) crucial.. fatal (D) instinctive.. devastating (E) detrimental.. insignificant 4. Dramatic literature often ------- the history of a culture in that it takes as its subject matter the important events that have shaped and guided the culture. (A) confounds (B) repudiates (C) recapitulates (D) anticipates (E) polarizes 5. The legislators of 1563 realized the ------ of trying to regulate the flow of labor without securing its reasonable remuneration, and so the second part of the statute dealt with establishing wages. (A) intricacy (B) anxiety (C) futility (D) necessity (E) decadence 6. Scientists who are on the cutting edge of research must often violate common sense and make seemingly------- assumptions because existing theories simply do not -------newly observed phenomena. (A) radical.. confirm (B) vague.. incorporate (C) absurd.. explain (D) mistaken.. reveal (E) inexact.. corroborate 7. The ------- with which the French aristocracy greeted the middle-class Rousseau was all the more ------- because he showed so little respect for them. (A) deference.. remarkable (B) suspicion.. uncanny (C) reserve.. unexpected (D) anger.. ironic (E) appreciation.. deserved 8. BRUSH: PAINTING:: (A)​ piano: sonata (B)​ body: dance (C)​ typewriter: novel (D)​ chisel: sculpture (E)​ voice: soliloquy 9. DECIBEL: SOUND:: (A)​ volt : electricity (B)​ odometer: distance (C)​ radius: circle (D)​ color: light (E)​ wavelength: spectrum 10. DIPLOMAT: TACT:: (A)​ administrator: education (B)​ merchant: catalog (C)​ politician: flamboyance (D)​ inventor: ingenuity (E)​ accountant: flexibility 11. ATTORNEY: DISBAR:: (A)​ monarch: abdicate (B)​ emissary: debrief (C)​ officer: demote (D)​ landlord: evict (E)​ student: expel 12. DIRGE: MUSIC:: (A)​ fable.: narrative (B)​ elegy : poetry (C)​ violin: strings (D)​ rhyme: tone (E)​ heroine: character 13. LOG: SHIP:: (A)​ archive: data (B)​ inventory : store (C)​ roster: team (D)​ bulletin: event (E)​ diary: person 14. APOLOGIZE: CONTRITE:: (A)​ aggravate: contemptuous (B)​ endorse: esteemed (C)​ extenuate: guilty (D)​ compliment: impressed (E)​ rationalize: modest 15. EUPHEMISM: OFFENSE:: (A)​ rhetoric: persuasion (B)​ prevarication : truth (C)​ metaphor: description (D)​ repetition: boredom (E)​ conciliation: appeasement 16. SENSITIZATION: ALLERGIC:: (A)​ immunity: vulnerable (B)​ habituation: inured (C)​ invigoration: stimulating (D)​ sleep: anesthetic (E)​ disinfection: preventive 　　　Some recent historians have argued 　　that life in the British colonies in 　　America from approximately 1763 to 1789 　　was marked by internal conflicts among (5) colonists. Inheritors of some of the 　　viewpoints of early twentieth-century 　　Progressive historians such as Beard and 　　Becker, these recent historians have put 　　forward arguments that deserve (10) evaluation. 　　　The kind of conflict most emphasized 　　by these historians is class conflict. 　　Yet with the Revolutionary War 　　dominating these years, how does one (15) distinguish class conflict within that 　　larger conflict? Certainly not by the 　　side a person supported. Although many 　　of these historians have accepted the 　　earlier assumption that Loyalists (20) represented an upper class, new evidence 　　indicates that Loyalists, like rebels, 　　were drawn from all socioeconomic 　　classes. (It is nonetheless probably 　　true that a larger percentage of the (25) well-to-do joined the Loyalists than 　　joined the rebels.) looking at the rebel 　　side, we find little evidence for the 　　contention that lower-class rebels were 　　in conflict with upper-class rebels. (30) Indeed, the war effort against Britain 　　tended to suppress class conflicts. 　　Where it did not, the disputing rebels 　　of one or another class usually became 　　Loyalists. Loyalism thus operated as a (35) safety valve to remove socioeconomic 　　discontent that existed among the 　　rebels. Disputes occurred, of course, 　　among those who remained on the rebel 　　side, but the extraordinary social (40) mobility of eighteenth-century American 　　society (with the obvious exception of 　　slaves) usually prevented such disputes 　　from hardening along class lines. 　　Social structure was in fact so (45) fluid-though recent statistics suggest a 　　narrowing of economic opportunity as the 　　latter half of the century 　　progressed-that to talk about social 　　classes at all requires the use of loose (50) economic categories such as rich, poor, 　　and middle class, or eighteenth-century 　　designations like "the better sort." 　　Despite these vague categories, one 　　should not claim unequivocally that (55) hostility between recognizabl