4 that的用法

That专题 That专题 1指示形容词that 2指示代词that 作为指示代词的that后面不接名词，从而与上述的指示形容词that区分开来。例句: （1）Creating a "European identity" that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice----that of producing programs in Europe for Europe. 05年英译汉 我们看到这里其实有两个that。第一个that是定语从句的关系代词，引导定语从句来修饰European identity。我们要讨论的是第二个that，即that of producing...，这个that就是一个指示代词，指代前文出现过的名词choice 不同的文化和传统把欧洲大陆编织成一体，要创造出一种尊重这些不同文化和传统的 “欧洲品牌”绝非易事，这需要人们做出战略性的选择，即选择在欧洲为欧洲制作节目。 （2）His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision. 96英译汉 这里that是一个指示代词，指代前文由现过的名词function 他的职责与法官的职责相似，必须承担这样的责任:用尽可能明了的方式来展示自己 做出决定的推理过程。 3连词that 用作连词的that主要引导名词从句，即主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。此时that在从句中不作成分，只起连接作用，这是与关系代词that最大的不同。 (1) That the seas are being overfished has been known for years. (2006年阅读第三篇) 海洋正在被人们过度捕捞，多年以来这已是人尽皆知的了。 (2) A woman marries a man with the ridiculous belief that she can change him; a man marries a woman with the naive idea that she will continue to be the same. 这里that引导了两个同位语从句，补充说明先行词belief和idea 女人在嫁给男人时，都抱有这样一个不切实际的幻想—她能够改变他;同样，男人在娶一个女人时，也会有一个很幼稚的想法—她就这样了，永远不会改变了。 4关系代词that 用作关系代词的that就是用来引导定语从句的，此时that一定会在从句中充当成分，如作从句的主语、宾语等。这在三大从句中详细讨论过，在此不再赘述。 5 that引导定语从句与同位语从句的区分 that引导的定语从句和同位语从句结构相似，都是用在一个名词后边。我们现在讨论一下两者的区别。 （1)在同位语从句中，that不充当从句的成分，所以that后面一定要接完整的陈述句。结构是“名词+that+完整句子”。 （2)在定语从句中，that一定充当句子成分，如作主语、宾语或表语，所以that后面接不完整的陈述结构是“名词++that+不完整句子”。 a. The rumor that he spread everywhere turned out to be untrue. b: The rumor that Tom was a thief turned out to be untrue. 这两句的先行词都是the rumor，连词都是that。但a句中的that在从句he spread everywhere中充当spread的宾语，故为定语从句。b句中的that在从句Tom was a thief中不作任何成分，因为从句Tom was a thief是一个完整的句子，故为同位语从句。该从句作the rumor的同位语，补充说明the rumor的具体内容。 a.他到处散布的那个传言，结果证明是假的。 b.有传言说Tom是小偷，结果证明是假的。 (3) a. The fact that we talked about is very important. b. The fact that he succeeded in the experiment pleased everybody. 在a句中，that作about的宾语，故为定语从句;在b句中，that不充当成分，故为同位 语从句。 a.我们讨论过的这个事实很重要。 b.他的实验取得成功，这让大家都很高兴。 (4) The definition also excludes the majority of teachers, despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living. (2006年英译汉) 这里that后边接有一个完整句子，故为同位语从句。 这个定义还将大多数教师排除在外，尽管教书一直是许多知识分子谋生的方式。 (5) Such behaviour is regarded as "all too human", with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. ( 2005年阅读第一篇) 这里that后边接有一个完整句子，故为同位语从句。 这样的行为被认为是“人之常情”，其潜台词就是其他动物不会将这种不满情绪发挥到如此地步。 6 that从句的并列结构 在考研阅读文章中，经常会出现多个t}}.t从句并列使用的情形。请看例句: (1) No birth Certificate is issued when a friendship is born. There is nothing tangible. There is just a feeling that your life is different and that your capacity to love and care has miraculously been enlarged without any effort an your part. 这里两个that从句都是同位语从句，补充说明先行词feeling 友谊诞生时，不会颁发出生证明。因为友谊是一种无形的感受，你的生活从此不同了，你关爱的能力不知不觉地被神奇放大了。 （2）Today, surrounded by premises of easy happiness, we need art to tell us as religion ance did, Memento marl: remember that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in denying this but in lining with it. (2006年阅读第四篇) 这里三个that从句作remember的宾语，是宾语从句。 今天，我们的周围充斥着可以轻易得到幸福的许诺，我们需要艺术来告诉我们。正如宗教曾经告诉过我们的:记住你终将死亡，一切都会结束，幸福不会因否定这一点而到来，.后足与之共存的。 (3) Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn't know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the anti-smoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves. ( 2005阅读第二篇) 这里有四个that宾语从句并列使用，需要注意的是，第一个that从句that smoking would kilt.us是在及物动词argued后面作宾语，而其他三个that从句都是在insisted后面作宾语。也就足说，后面三个宾语从句所表达的观点是怀疑论者的观点，而非科学家 的观点。若没有理解到这一层，定会造成时整个句子的误解。最后一个that是指示形容词，后接名词nonsense 那些年科学家们争论说吸烟会致命，但是有些怀疑论者坚持说我们尚不能肯定这一点二 对此你还有印象吗?怀疑论者的这些观点—认为证据不确凿，科学也不能够确定;认为反对吸烟的游说议员是要破坏我们的生活方式，而政府对吸烟这件事应该置身事外—你还记得吗?很多美国人对这些谬论很买账，以致在三十年中，约有一千万烟民过早地进入了坟墓。 练习题 （1）Boston Globe reporter Chris Reidy notes that the situation will improve only when there are comprehensive programs that address the many needs of the homeless. (2006年完形填空) 第一个that从句是宾语从句，作note:的宾语，that不作从句的任何成分; 第二个that从句是定语从句，修饰先行词programs, that作从句的主语。 《波士顿环球报》记者Chris Reidy指出，只有通过全面的来解决无家可归者的诸多需要，形势才会有所改善。 （2） This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989. (2005年英译汉第48题) 第一个that从句是宾语从句，作 demonstrates的宾语，that不作从句的任何成分;’ 第二个that从句是定语从句，修饰先行词statistics, that作从句的主语。 第三个that从句是宾语从句，作show的宾语，that不作从句的任何成分。 仅这一点就表明在电视行业里生存不那么容易，这个事实通过统计数字也是一目了然，统计表明80家欧洲电视网中1989年出现亏损的不下50% （3）Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account in his society? I am going to suggest that it is not true. Father Bruckbergen told part of the story when he observed that it is the intellectuals who have rejected American. But they have done more than that They have grown dissatisfied with the role of intellectual. It is they, not American, who have become anti-intellectual. (2006年英译汉) 第一个that从句是主语从句，that不作从句的任何成分; 第二个that从句是宾语从句，作suggest的宾语，that不作从句的任何成分; 第三个that从句是宾语从句，作observed的宾语，that不作从句的任何成分; 第四个that是指示代词，代指前边的that从句:It is the intellectuals who have rejected American. 美国的知识分子在他们的社会中被拒绝，而且被认为没有价值，这是真的吗?我想指出这不是真的。当Sruckhergen神父说梅观察到的是知识分子拒绝了美国时，他只说对了一部分。实际上，知识分子们做得更过分，他们已经不满足于知识分子的身份。是他们，而不是美国。变得“反知识分子”。 The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth's atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the preface to the panel's report "Science never has all the answers. But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions." [2005年阅读第二篇) 第一个that从句是宾语从句，作tell的直接宾语，that不作从句的任何成分 第二个that从句是宾语从句，作tell的另一个直接宾语，that不作从句的任何成分; 第三个that从句是表语从句，that不作从句的任何成分; 第四个that从句是主语从句，that不作从句的任何成分; 第五个that从句是定语从句，修饰先行词judgments, that作从句谓语provide的宾语。 最近的事情是，得到白宫支持的国家科学院的一次专家论坛告诉我们，地球周围的大 气正在变暖，而问题很大程度上是人为的。信息很明确，我们应该行动起来保护自己。科学院院长Bruce Alberts在小组提交的报告序言里加入了一个关键点:“科学不能提供所有的答案，但是确实为我们提供了关于未来的最佳指南。重要的是，我们的国家和全世界，在有关目前的行动所产生的未来后果上，应该把重要政策建立在科学所能提供的最佳判断的基拙上。” （5）In fact, when we say that all of us must be educated to fit us for life, it means that we must be educated in such a way that, firstly, each of us can do whatever job is suited to his .brain and ability, and secondly, that we can realize that all jobs are necessary to society, and that it is very bad to be unwilling to do one's work, or to laugh at someone else's. Only such a type of education can be called valuable to society. 第一个that从句是宾语从句，作say的宾语，that不作从句的任何成分; 第二个that从句是宾语从句，作means的宾语，that不作从句的任何成分; 第三个that是such...that搭配，是定语从句; 第四个that是such...that搭配，是定语从句; 第五个that从句是宾语从句，作realize的宾语，that不作从句的任何成分; 第六个that从句是宾语从句，作realize的宾语，that不作从句的任何成分。 事实上，我们说所有的人都必须接受教育以适应生活，也就是说我们必须以这样的方式接受教育:首先，我们每一个人能做与他自己脑力、体力相适应的工作;其次，我们 能够认识到，时社会来说所有工作都是必要的，不愿干自己的工作或嘲笑别人的工作都是不讨的。只有这样的一种教育才能叫做时社会有价值的教育。