英语——动词不定式

动词不定式 不定式由“to+动词原形”构成,其否定形式是“not/never to do”,不定式可以带宾语或状语构成不定式短语,没有人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化。不定式可以作主语、宾语、状语、表语和定语，但不能单独作谓语。不定式的逻辑主语有时用“for+名词或代词宾格”构成。 一. 结构：to do （否定）not/never to do 二. 时态与语态  不定式 主动语态 被动语态 一般式  to do  to be done 进行式  to be doing  --------------------- 完成式  to have done  to have been done 完成进行式  to have been doing ------------------------  例句： He pretended to be sleeping. (在谓语动词发生的同时,不定式的动作也正在进行) They pretended not to see me. (一般式表示与谓语的动作同时/发生在它之后.) She pretended to have known it before. (完成式表示动作发生在谓语动作之前) I am happy to have been working with you. (完成进行式表示谓语动作发生之前,不定式的动作一直在进行而且可能之后也继续) 三.动词不定式 1.作主语 ​ 单个不定式作主语时,谓语动词用单数 ​ 若不定式太长,往往用it作形式主语,不定式置后. To say is one thing, to do is another. It’s important to learn English well . 2.作宾语 ​ 在及物动词后常接动词不定式作宾语，如带有宾语补足语时，要用it作形式宾语，而真正的宾语不定式后置. I feel it a great honor to be invited to the party. He refused to give me any help. 3. 作表语 ​ 直接放在be动词之后，起解释说明作用，位于seen, appear , remain, prove等系动词之后. The problems remain to be settled. 4. 作定语 ​ 不定式作定语时，应放在被修饰词的后面，而且放在其他后置定语之后。 I have something to say. He has a lot of homework to do . He is looking for a room to live in . There is nothing to worry about. ​ 不定式所修饰的名词如果是time, place或way，不定式后面的介词习惯上要省去。 He had no money and no place to live. 他没钱没地方住。 ​ something, anything, nothing, everything等复合不定代词常用不定式做后置定语。 Do you have anything to send? 5.作状语（表示目的或结果） ​ 在一些短语中有体现 in order to , so as to , enough to , only to , too….to., 四. 一般后接to do 的词 afford, agree, appear, arrange, ask, attempt, care, choose, claim, come, consent, dare, decide, demand, deserve, determine, elect, endeavor, expect, fail, get, guarantee, hate, help, hesitate, hope, hurry, intend, learn, long, manage, mean, need, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, say, seem, tend, threaten, want, wish 五.一般后接Ving的词 avoid, consider, delay, deny, dislike, endure, enjoy, escape, forgive, finish, imagine, keep, mind, miss, pardon, prevent, resist, suggest, understand, can’t help 六. 一般后接Ving或接to do 的词 love, like, hate, prefer, dislike, begin, continue, intend, attempt, propose, want, need, remember, forget, regret, try, deserve, start 七.疑问词＋不定式 ​ 不定式与疑问词who,which, when, how, what等连用，在句中起名词作用，可充当主语、表语、宾语等。 He didn’t know what to say.他不知道说什么。(宾语) How to solve the problem is very important.如何解决这个问题很重要。(主语) My question is when to start.我的问题是什么时候开始。(表语) ​ 在与why连用时，只用于why或why not开头的简短疑问句中，后面紧跟的动词不定式不带to。 Why not have a rest?