名词

nullnull名 词null名词专有名词普通名词具体的人事物， 地点，机构 等 China 可数名词 不可数名词（个体名词；集体名词）（物质名词；抽象名词）null 一. 专有名词null 人名、地名： Jenny, China, the Great Wall 组织机构、时间、籍报刊等的名称： the United Nations, Sunday, Times 家庭关系名称、个人头衔： Grandpa， Doctor Black, Mr. Lee, Miss Whitenull 专有名词前一般不加冠词, 但是 由多个普通名词构成的专有名词前 要加the the Great Wall the People’s Republic of China null The United Nations ____ organized in 1945.wasnullnull 1. 专有名词与不定冠词 nulla.表示有姓名的人，而说者又不认识此人时，专有名词前可用a/an. A Mr. Lee came to see you during your absence. 根据具体情况，有时甚至可用复数。 There are three Johns in our class. nullb. 表示与某位 名人 类似的人。 He wishes to be ___ Edison. A. an B. / nullc. 表示 某时 或 某种样子 时的某地 Have you ever dreamed of ______ Shanghai ? A. such B. such a nulla. 姓氏的前面加the，在后面加上-s，表示“一家人”。 The Blacks have moved to America.nullnull 2. 专有名词与定冠词null b. 在 of短语 或 定语从句 修饰的专有名词前用定冠词。 ___ Long You that you see today is different from that of ten years ago. A. A B. The C. /nullc. 表示与某人或某地相似的人或地 Shanghai is the New York of China. You are the Lei Feng of the age.nulld. 有 性质形容词 修饰的名词 the ambitious Caesar Do remember you are the strong-minded Tom.null----Could you tell me the way to ___ Johnsons? ----Sorry we don’t have ___ here. the ; the B. the ; a C. / ; the D. the ; /null George couldn’t remember when he first met Alice, but he was sure it was ___ Sunday because everybody was at ___ church. A. / ; the B. the ; / C. a ; / D. / ; anullnull二. 可数名词 1.名词变复数的规则变化 null以 s, x, sh, ch 结尾的词， 加-es buses watchesnullThe ant has two ____. A. stomaches B. stomacks C. stomach D. stomachsnull2. 辅音+y结尾，把y改成i，再加-es baby --- babies story --- storiesnull 元音+y结尾，直接加s boys null3. 以f或fe结尾的，一般将f或fe改为 v, 再加es （书上口诀） leaf → leaves 但以下名词，直接加s， gulf, roof, chief, surf, belief, proof, handkerchiefnull4. 以O结尾的名词，加S pianos , photos Negroes, heroes, potatoes, tomatoesnull 2. 名词复数的不规则变化 nulla. 改变元音的词 man --- men woman --- women goose --- geese tooth --- teeth foot --- feet mouse --- micenullb. 变换词尾的词 child --- children ox --- oxennullc. 外来语的复数形式 basis --- bases crisis --- crises analysis --- analyses medium --- medianulld. 复合名词的变化 主体名词改为复数 passers-by fathers-in-law grown-upsnull 前后两词均改为复数 men-doctors women-teachersnull3. 单复数同形的词 Chinese / Japanese; deer / fish / sheep; means 4 jin, 3 yuan, li, mu null 4. 单数形式，复数内容 people, cattle, the police，表民族的词 The police are in command of the street.null The Chinese _____ diligent and intelligent.arenull 5. 以S结尾但仍是 单数 的词 maths, politics, physics 等学科名词; the United States, the United Nations; 《Times》，《The Arabian Nights》等报刊，杂志，书名，剧名null 另：news 是不可数名词 a piece of newsnull6. 某些 名词 / 名词词组 常用其复数形式 gloves / pants / jeans scissors / compasses savings / earnings / funds null surroundings living conditions circumstances arms / forces greetings congratulations nullburst into tears in other words at all costs on second thoughts make preparations for the Olympic Games nullmake friends with sb. shake hands with be on good terms with exchange ideas take turns to do nullkeep up one’s spirits （振奋精神） in high spirits （情绪高昂） null7. 有些名词的复数形式表特殊意义 times(时代) works(著作) goods(货物) greens(蔬菜) regards(问候) papers(；文件) directions/instructions (指示；用法) measures/means (/手段) remains(遗迹/残余) pains(辛苦) gains(收获)nullMy family raise a lot of ____, including two ____. A. cattle, cows B. cows, cattle C. cattles, cows D. cow, cattlesnull7. 有些名词的复数形式表特殊意义 times(时代) works(著作) goods(货物) greens(蔬菜) regards(问候) papers(论文；文件) directions/instructions (指示；用法) measures/means (措施/手段) remains(遗迹/残余) pains(辛苦) gains(收获)nullnull三. 不可数名词 物质名词食品饮料固体、液体、气体化学元素woodnull抽象名词：表抽象概念的词value, difficulty, success … …nullnull不可数名词需要借助一定的 单位词来表示相应的数量 a bottle of water a piece of news/advice a bowl of rice 2 tons of coalnull 物质名词变可数 a paper a tea a beer a coffee a glass一篇论文，一张试卷一杯茶一杯啤酒一杯咖啡一个玻璃杯nullnull sand ---- sands water ---- waters rain ---- rains wind ---- winds time ---- times wood ---- woods stone ---- stones paper ---- papersnullwork ---- works 著作，工厂 cloth ---- clothes custom ---- customs 关税 force ---- forces 军队 line ---- lines 台词 null interest 利息 --- interests 利益 look ---- looks 外貌 manner方法，样子 --- manners 规矩，礼貌null spirit 精神--- spirits 情绪;酒精 term学期--- terms 条件;关系 We are in high spirits. Try to be on good terms with them. null Children are playing on the sands.nullnull 抽象名词具体化nullbeauty --- a beauty 美人/美丽的东西 the beauty of nature He regarded his wife as a beauty. nullexperience 经验 an experience 一次经历 Experience is the best teacher. an unusual experiencenullsurprise a surprise 令人吃惊的人或事 in surprise / to one’s ~ What a surprise to see you here! null pleasure 愉快、高兴 a pleasure 一件乐事、一种乐趣 with pleasure 高兴地、乐意地 take pleasure in 以…为乐 It’s a pleasure to work with him. null pride a pride 令人骄傲的人或事 He takes pride in his son. He is a pride to us.null honor 荣誉、信誉 an honor 一种光荣的人或事 for the honor of the country It’s an honor to speak here.null success a success 一个成功的人 一件成功的事 be sure of success He is a great success as a scientist.null failure a failure / failures Failure is the mother of success. He had had six failures and would have a seventh try.nullnull comfort a comfort 一个令人安慰的人 一件令人安慰的事 take comfort in …null difficulty a difficulty / difficulties have difficulty in doing overcome difficultiesnull Knowledge is power. have/acquire a good knowledge of Englishnull 表行为的抽象名词，强调其具体表现形式时，常以a/an加抽象名词，或a/an+形容词+抽象名词。 have a wonderful supper have a strong character have a bright future have a good timenullhave a population of have a good knowledge of have a good understanding of have an income of receive a good education receive a warm welcomenull reach a height of It’s a waste of time/money. It’s a great help to me.null表示具体动作意义的抽象名词，加a/an与某些动词（have, take, make, give）等词连用时，表示某一次短暂的动作。 have a rest/look/discussion/ wash/sleep/break/walk/talk have a try make an apology take/have a great interest in …null接同源宾语的短语，通常名词表具体化意义 die a heroic death live/lead a … life dream a strange dreamnullnull 以下名词分别可作 可数 与 不可数 名词null chicken （鸡肉 小鸡） room （空间 房间 ） glass （玻璃 玻璃杯） fish （鱼肉 鱼） exercise（运动；锻炼 练习 ） light （光 灯） fruit work （工作 作品常用复数）nullTry to make some _____ for the computer. We can’t find so ______ fish as we did before in the river. Lu Xun is famous for his _______ which are always so critical.roommanyworksnullDo do enough __________ after class to consolidate what you have learnt. Outdoor ________ is of great benefit for you. exercisesexercisenullnullWhat nice weather ! What fun it is to do make progress in … some furniture a piece of information equipment advice news纯不可数名词null不同国家的人的单复数 中国人the Chinese　 a Chinese two Chinese 瑞士人the Swiss　a Swiss two Swiss 澳大利亚人 the Australians an Australian two Australiansnull俄国人the Russians a Russian two Russians 意大利人the Italians　an Italian two Italians 希腊人the Greek a Greek　two Greeks 法国人the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen 日本人the Japanese　 a Japanese two Japanesnull美国人the Americans an American two American 印度人the Indians　an Indian two Indians 加拿大人the Canadians　 a Canadian two Canadians 德国人the Germans a Germans two Germans 英国人the English an Englishman two Englishmen 瑞典人the Swedish　a Swede two Swedenullnullnullnullnull It is often said that ___ teachers have ___ very easy life. A. /；/ B. /；a C. the; / D. the; / nullHe developed ___ deep interest in insects when he was at ___ age of 8. A. a; a B. the; the C. a; the D. the; a null It’s ___ pity that the meeting was ___ complete failure. A. the; / B. a; a C. a; / D. /; a null She tried to make the children live _____ , which is ___ great comfort to her. A. in comfort ; a B. in comforts ; / C. in a comfort ; a D. in comfort ; /nullWhat a great _____ it is to work here! Everybody is so kind to me. A. failure B. job C. fun D. pleasure null One way to understand thousands of new words is to gain ___ good knowledge of basic word formation. A. / B. the C. a D. one null----Do you think an advertisement is __ help when you look for a job? ----Well, it depends. Anyway, it gives me more of ___ chance to try. A. a; a B. /; / C. the; the D. a; thenull“What ___ great surprise to meet you here!” She said in ___ surprise. A. /; / B. a; / C. /; the D. a; a null Reading is __ good habit. Stick to it, and you’ll make ___ great progress. A. a; / B. a; a C. the; a D. /; a nullnull 名词的数与一致性nullMen are the master of nature. Man is the master of nature. The men are the master of nature. The man is the master of nature.Man is the master of nature.nullman, mankind, humanity 做主语时，谓语动词一定要用 单数 . 且前无冠词 Man is the master of nature.nullThe cattle ____ raised by my grandfather. The youth of our country ____ working hard.arearenull2. 以下集体名词的谓语动词一定要用 复数 。用代词代替它们时，也一定要用 they, them, their. people, cattle, youth, police a policeman two policemennull3. 当family, team, group, class, public, crowd, enemy, company, audience, crew等作主语时，若把它们当作整体，谓语用单数；若当成其中的成员，谓语用复数。 Our family ___ a happy one. When I came in, the class ___ talking aloud.isarenullThe government ___ being reorganized. The team ____ won the match. ishasnull 4. 表示双部分工具的名称，或者衣服名称等做主语时，谓语用复数。 The trousers are new.nullA pair of shoes __ not enough. Two pairs of compasses ___ needed.isarenull4. 表示双部分工具的名称，或者衣服名称等做主语时，谓语用复数。 但是，如果由pair, suit, piece, series, kind + of 修饰时，谓语动词看这些词而定。 null5. A journalist and author ____ in the next door. A journalist and an author ____ coming to our school.livesarenull6. and连接几个主语，且主语前有each, every, no, many a 修饰时， 谓语动词用单数 Each boy and each girl ___ invited. Many a boy and many a girl ____ present.isisnull7. A，B为两个不可分的或配套出现的东西时，谓语动词用单数. needle and thread watch and train knife and fork Bread and butter ___ nutritious.isnull8. 就近原则 & 就远原则 not only … but (also) … not … but … or neither … nor … either … ornull as well as rather than like / unlike with / along with / together with but / except / besides / in addition to including nullAll but one _____ here just now. A library with 2000 books ____ presented to the city.werewasnull 9. to do, doing , 从句做主语，谓语动词用单数 What I said just now is very important.null10. 距离，时间，长度，金钱， 度量衡，四则运算等， 谓语动词用单数。 30 yuan is enough. 3 times 3 makes nine. null11. one, every one, each one, each, either, neither + of + 复数名词，谓语动词用单数 Neither of them is right. nullNone of the money is mine. None of the books is/are attractive. null12. 分数/百分数 + of + 名词,谓语动词看of后的名词而定。 Tens of tons of waste ___ into the river. 80 percent of the population in China ___ peasants.isarenull More than one student ___ absent. More than two Ss are …isnull13. The elderly ____ taken good care of here. The beautiful ___ here.areisnullnull 名词的所有格null ’s 或 ’ 的用法null1. 主要用于人和有生命的东西。 a. 在 单数名词 / 不以S结尾的复数名词 词尾加 ’s。 　 my sister’s book Children’s Daynullb. 以s或es结尾的复数名词，只在词尾加 ’ Teachers’ Daynull c.如果是以S结尾的单数名词，则仍加 ’s 或 ’ 女主人的房间 the hostess’s room Dickens’ books = Dickens’s booknull 但也可用于表示城市、国家，世界等非生命的事物。 Europe’s future China’s industrynull2. 用于时间，距离，价值，度量衡等词后 today’s newspaper five minutes’ walk six pounds’ worth of coffee null three days’ leave = a three-day leavenull3.表示两者共同拥有时，后一个名词加’s（或’）；如果表示两者各自所有，则每个 名词词尾都加上’s（或’）。 Tom and Bill’s room Tom’s and Bill’s roomnull4.表示 诊所、店铺、某人的家 等地点名词，其名词所有格后的被修饰语常常省略 I met her at Tom’s. He has gone to the tailor’s.null5. 复合名词的所有格，在 最后 一个名词前加 ’s 我女婿的书 my son-in-law’s book 别人的书 someone else’s camera 一两天的假 a day or two’s leavenull6. 名词所有格可表类别 women’s clothing girls’ school Ss’ Unionnull of 所有格的用法null一般用于无生命的事物的名词中 a map of the world the story of a heronull 双重所有格 ( of + 名词所有格； of + 名词性物主代词 ) nulla, two, several, some, no, any + n. + of + 名词性物主代词 我的一个朋友 a good friend of mine 他的几本书 several books of his null2. a, two, several, some, no, any + n. + of + 名词所有格 some friends of Tom’s null3. 用 this / that / these / those 的话，带有厌恶，批评，或赞扬等色彩 Look at that long nose of Tom’s.nullOh dear! It will be 3 years before we meet again, so give me a photo of you. Oh dear! It will be 3 years before we meet again, so give me a photo of yours.你本人的照片你所拥有的照片中的一张（可能是别人的,也可能是风景照等。）nullnull 名词作定语null名词作定语，一般用单数 a book store a shoe factory null但是，只有复数形式的名词，就用复数做定语 goods train      an arts degree customs officer null 有些习惯上用复数的也要用复数作定语 savings bank sports meeting students reading-room 数词+名词 作定语时，要用“-”，且这个名词用单数 一个2岁的男孩 一段10英里的行走路程 a two-year-old boy a ten-mile walknull